Murray Gell-Mann

Short description: American physicist

This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. To comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. (November 2019)

|

Murray Gell-Mann

Gell-Mann in 2007

Born| (1929-09-15)September 15, 1929

Manhattan, New York City, U.S.

Died| May 24, 2019(2019-05-24) (aged 89)

Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.

Known for|

* Coining the term "quark"
* Quark model
* Quantum chromodynamics
* Eightfold way
* Elementary particles
* Neutral particle oscillation
* Gell-Mann and Low theorem
* Gell-Mann matrices
* Gell-Mann−Low renormalization group equation
* Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
* Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula
* V−A theory
* Current algebra
* Sigma model of pions
* Seesaw theory of neutrino masses
* Strangeness
* Crossing symmetry
* Consistent histories
* Totalitarian principle
* Plectics
* Effective complexity

Children| 2
Awards|

* Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics (1959)
* E. O. Lawrence Award (1966)
* John J. Carty Award (1968)
* Nobel Prize in Physics (1969)
* ForMemRS (1978)[1]

Scientific career
Fields| Physics
Thesis| Coupling strength and nuclear reactions (1951)
Doctoral advisor| Victor Weisskopf[2]
Website| santafe.edu/~mgm

Murray Gell-Mann (/ˈmʌri ˈɡɛl ˈmæn/; September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019)Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag[3]

## Contents

* 1 Early life and education
* 2 Career
* 2.1 Nuclear physics
* 2.2 Complexity science and popular writing
* 2.3 Quantum foundations
* 3 Personal life
* 4 Awards and honors
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Early life and education

Gell-Mann was born in lower Manhattan into a family of Jewish immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, specifically from Chernivtsi (historical name: Czernowitz) in present-day Ukraine .[4][5] His parents were Pauline (née Reichstein) and Arthur Isidore Gell-Mann, who taught English as a second language (ESL).[6]

Propelled by an intense boyhood curiosity and love for nature and mathematics, he graduated valedictorian from the Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School aged 14 and subsequently entered Yale College as a member of Jonathan Edwards College.[7][8] At Yale, he participated in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition and was on the team representing Yale University (along with Murray Gerstenhaber and Henry O. Pollak) that won the second prize in 1947.[9]

Gell-Mann graduated from Yale with a bachelor's degree in physics in 1948 and intended to pursue graduate studies in physics. He sought to remain in the Ivy League for his graduate education and applied to Princeton University as well as Harvard University. He was rejected by Princeton and accepted by Harvard, but the latter institution was unable to offer him any of the financial assistance that he needed. He was accepted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and received a letter from Victor Weisskopf urging him to attend MIT and become Weisskopf's research assistant, which would provide Gell-Mann with the financial assistance he needed. Unaware of MIT's eminent status in physics research, Gell-Mann was "miserable" with the fact that he would not be able to attend Princeton or Harvard and considered suicide. He stated that he realized he could try to first enter MIT and commit suicide afterwards if he found it to be truly terrible. However, he couldn't first choose suicide and then attend MIT; the two "didn't commute", as Gell-Mann said.[10][11]

Gell-Mann received his Ph.D. in physics from MIT in 1951 after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "Coupling strength and nuclear reactions", under the supervision of Victor Weisskopf.[12][13][2]

## Career

Gell-Mann was a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1951,[7] and a visiting research professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 1952 to 1953.[14] He was a visiting associate professor at Columbia University and an associate professor at the University of Chicago in 1954–1955 before moving to the California Institute of Technology, where he taught from 1955 until he retired in 1993.[15]

### Nuclear physics

In 1958, Gell-Mann in collaboration with Richard Feynman, in parallel with the independent team of E. C. George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak, discovered the chiral structures of the weak interaction of physics and developed the V-A theory (vector minus axial vector theory).[16] This work followed the experimental discovery of the violation of parity by Chien-Shiung Wu, as suggested by Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, theoretically.[17]

Gell-Mann's work in the 1950s involved recently discovered cosmic ray particles that came to be called kaons and hyperons. Classifying these particles led him to propose that a quantum number called strangeness would be conserved by the strong and the electromagnetic interactions, but not by the weak interactions.[18] (Kazuhiko Nishijima arrived at this idea independently, calling the quantity [math]\displaystyle{ \eta }[/math]-charge after the eta meson.[19][20]) Another of Gell-Mann's ideas is the Gell-Mann–Okubo formula, which was, initially, a formula based on empirical results, but was later explained by his quark model.[21] Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining the puzzling aspect of the neutral kaon mixing.[22]

Murray Gell-Mann's fortunate encounter with mathematician Richard Earl Block at Caltech, in the fall of 1960, "enlightened" him to introduce a novel classification scheme, in 1961, for hadrons.[23][24] A similar scheme had been independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman, and is now explained by the quark model.[25] Gell-Mann referred to the scheme as the eightfold way, because of the octets of particles in the classification (the term is a reference to the Eightfold Path of Buddhism).[7][13]

Gell-Mann, along with Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma model of pions, which describes low-energy pion interactions.[26]

In 1964, Gell-Mann and, independently, George Zweig went on to postulate the existence of quarks, particles of which the hadrons of this scheme are composed. The name was coined by Gell-Mann and is a reference to the novel Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce ("Three quarks for Muster Mark!" book 2, episode 4). Zweig had referred to the particles as "aces",[27] but Gell-Mann's name caught on. Quarks, antiquarks, and gluons were soon established as the underlying elementary objects in the study of the structure of hadrons. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.[28]

In the 1960s, he introduced current algebra as a method of systematically exploiting symmetries to extract predictions from quark models, in the absence of reliable dynamical theory. This method led to model-independent sum rules confirmed by experiment and provided starting points underpinning the development of the Standard Model (SM), the widely accepted theory of elementary particles.[29][30]

In 1972 he and Harald Fritzsch introduced the conserved quantum number "color charge", and later, together with Heinrich Leutwyler, they coined the term quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as the gauge theory of the strong interaction.[31] The quark model is a part of QCD, and it has been robust enough to accommodate in a natural fashion the discovery of new "flavors" of quarks, which superseded the eightfold way scheme.[32]

Gell-Mann was responsible, together with Pierre Ramond and Richard Slansky,[33] and independently of Peter Minkowski, Rabindra Mohapatra, Goran Senjanović, Sheldon Lee Glashow, and Tsutomu Yanagida, for the seesaw theory of neutrino masses, that produces masses at the large scale in any theory with a right-handed neutrino. He is also known to have played a role in keeping string theory alive through the 1970s and early 1980s, supporting that line of research at a time when it was a topic of niche interest.[34][35]

### Complexity science and popular writing

At the time of his death, Gell-Mann was the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at California Institute of Technology as well as a University Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California.[36] He was a member of the editorial board of the Encyclopædia Britannica. In 1984 Gell-Mann was one of several co-founders of the Santa Fe Institute—a non-profit theoretical research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico intended to study various aspects of a complex system and disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory.[37][38]

Murray Gell-Mann in Nice, 2012

He wrote a popular science book about physics and complexity science, The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex (1994).[39] The title of the book is taken from a line of a poem by Arthur Sze: "The world of the quark has everything to do with a jaguar circling in the night".[40][41]

The author George Johnson has written a biography of Gell-Mann, Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics (1999),[42] which was shortlisted for the Royal Society Book Prize.[43] Gell-Mann himself criticized Strange Beauty for some inaccuracies, with one interviewer reporting him wincing at the mention of it.[44] In a review in the Caltech magazine Engineering & Science, Gell-Mann's colleague, the physicist David Goodstein, wrote: "I don't envy Murray the weird experience of reading so penetrating and perceptive a biography of himself. . . George Johnson has written a fine biography of this important and complex man".[45] Physicist and Nobel laureate Philip Anderson, called the book "a masterpiece of scientific explication for the layman" and a "must read" in a review for the Times Higher Education Supplement and in his chapter on Gell-Mann from a 2011 book.[46] Sheldon Lee Glashow, another Nobel laureate, gave Strange Beauty a generally positive review while noting some inaccuracies,[47] and physicist and science historian Silvan S. Schweber called the book "an elegant biography of one of the outstanding theorists of the twentieth century" though he noted that Johnson did not go into depth about Gell-Mann's work with military–industrial organizations like the Institute for Defense Analyses.[48] Johnson has written that Gell-Mann was a perfectionist and that The Quark and the Jaguar was consequently submitted late and incomplete.[46][49] In an item on Edge.org, Johnson described the back story of his relationship with Gell-Mann[50] and noted that an errata sheet appears on the biography's webpage.[51] Gell-Mann's one-time Caltech associate Stephen Wolfram called Johnson's book "a very good biography of Murray, which Murray hated".[52] Wolfram also wrote that Gell-Mann thought the writing of The Quark and the Jaguar to be responsible for a heart attack he (Gell-Mann) had had.

In 2012 Gell-Mann and his companion Mary McFadden published the book Mary McFadden: A Lifetime of Design, Collecting, and Adventure.[53]

### Quantum foundations

Gell-Mann was a proponent of the consistent histories approach to understanding quantum mechanics, which he advocated in papers with James Hartle.[35][54]

## Personal life

Gell-Mann married J. Margaret Dow in 1955; they had a daughter and a son. Margaret died in 1981, and in 1992 he married Marcia Southwick, whose son became his stepson.[7]

Gell-Mann's interests outside of physics included archaeology, birdwatching and linguistics.[55][56] Along with S. A. Starostin, he established the Evolution of Human Languages project[57] at the Santa Fe Institute. As a humanist and an agnostic, Gell-Mann was a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism.[58][59]

Gell-Mann died on May 24, 2019, at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[7][56][60] He was remembered by, among others, novelist Cormac McCarthy, who saw Murray as a polymath who "knew more things about more things than anyone I've ever met...losing Murray is like losing the Encyclopædia Britannica."[61]

## Awards and honors

Gell-Mann won numerous awards and honours including the following:

* 1959 – Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics[62]
* 1960 – Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences[63]
* 1962 – American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award [64]
* 1964 – Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[65]
* 1966 – Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award[66]
* 1967 – Franklin Medal[67]
* 1968 – National Academy of Sciences – John J. Carty Award[68]
* 1969 – Research Corporation Award [55]
* 1969 – Nobel Prize in Physics [55]
* 1978 – Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)[1]
* 1988 – United Nations Environment Programme Roll of Honor for Environmental Achievement (The Global 500) [69]
* 2005 – Albert Einstein Medal[70]
* 2005 – American Humanist Association – Humanist of the Year [71]
* 2014 – Helmholtz-Medal of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities [72]

Universities that gave Gell-Mann honorary doctorates include Cambridge, Columbia, the University of Chicago, Oxford and Yale.[55]

## See also

* Complex adaptive system
* Gell-Mann amnesia effect (Michael Crichton's perspective on inaccuracy in the media, which he named for Murray Gell-Mann)
* Kaon
* Non-linear sigma model
* Omega baryon
* Pseudoscalar meson
* Random phase approximation

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Professor Murray Gell-Mann ForMemRS". London: Royal Society. https://royalsociety.org/people/murray-gell-mann-11485/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Murray Gell-Mann at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
3. ↑ Scientific publications of M. Gell-Mann on INSPIRE-HEP
4. ↑ M. Gell-Mann (October 1997). "My Father". Web of Stories. http://www.webofstories.com/play/10555.
5. ↑ J. Brockman (2003). "The Making of a Physicist: A talk with Murray Gell-Mann". Edge Foundation, Inc.. http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/gell-mann03/gell-mann_print.html.
6. ↑ Profile, NNDB; accessed April 26, 2015.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `tnyt`
8. ↑ "Notable Alumni". Jonathan Edwards College. https://je.yalecollege.yale.edu/about-us/history/notable-alumni.
9. ↑ G. W. Mackey (1947). "The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition". The American Mathematical Monthly 54 (7): 400–3. doi:10.1080/00029890.1947.11990193.
10. ↑ (in en) Murray Gell-Mann - MIT or suicide (17/200), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfEvQMPDhOg, retrieved 2020-06-06
11. ↑ Strogatz, Steven (2013). The Joy of x: A Guided Tour of Math, from One to Infinity. Mariner Books. pp. 27. ISBN 978-0544105850.
12. ↑ Gell-Mann, Murray (1951). Coupling strength and nuclear reactions (Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/12195.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Murray Gell-Mann, Nobel Prize-winning physicist who named quarks, dies at 89". The Guardian. 26 May 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/may/26/murray-gell-mann-nobel-prize-physicist-quarks-dies.
14. ↑ in 1954, there, with Francis E. Low, he discovered the renormalization group equation of QED.
15. ↑ "Interview with Murray Gell-Mann [Oral History"]. http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/228/.
16. ↑ Sudarshan, E. C. G.; Marshak, R. E. (June 1, 2016). "Origin of the Universal V‐A theory". AIP Conference Proceedings 300 (1): 110–124. doi:10.1063/1.45454. ISSN 0094-243X.
17. ↑ Gleick, James (1992). Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-679-40836-3. OCLC 243743850.
18. ↑ Gell-Mann, M. (1956). "The Interpretation of the New Particles as Displaced Charge Multiplets". Il Nuovo Cimento 4 (supplement 2): 848–866. doi:10.1007/BF02748000. Bibcode: 1956NCim....4S.848G.
19. ↑ "Charge Independence Theory of V Particles". Progress of Theoretical Physics 13 (3): 285–304. 1955. doi:10.1143/PTP.13.285. Bibcode: 1955PThPh..13..285N.
20. ↑ "Kazuhiko Nishijima". Physics Today 62 (8): 58. 2009. doi:10.1063/1.3206100. Bibcode: 2009PhT....62h..58N.
21. ↑ Georgi, Howard (1999). Lie Algebras in Particle Physics: from Isospin to Unified Theories (2nd ed.). Perseus Books. ISBN 9780738202334. OCLC 479362196.
22. ↑ Squires, Gordon Leslie (July 26, 1999). "Quantum mechanics – Applications of quantum mechanics – Decay of the Kaon". https://www.britannica.com/science/quantum-mechanics-physics/Applications-of-quantum-mechanics#ref77525.
23. ↑ Gell-Mann, M. (March 15, 1961). ﻿The Eightfold Way: A Theory of Strong Interaction Symmetry﻿ (Report). Pasadena, CA: California Inst. of Tech., Synchrotron Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4008239. TID-12608. https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/4008239.
24. ↑ Murray Gell-Mann - Sheldon Glashow. The SU(2) times U1 theory: Part 2 (91/200). Web of Stories. May 19, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2019 - via YouTube.
25. ↑ Ne'eman, Y. (August 1961). "Derivation of Strong Interactions from a Gauge Invariance". Nuclear Physics (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.) 26 (2): 222–229. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90134-1. Bibcode: 1961NucPh..26..222N.
26. ↑ Gell-Mann, M.; Lévy, M. (1960). "The axial vector current in beta decay". Il Nuovo Cimento 16 (4): 705–726. doi:10.1007/BF02859738. Bibcode: 1960NCim...16..705G.
27. ↑ G. Zweig (1980). "An SU(3) model for strong interaction symmetry and its breaking II". Developments in the Quark Theory of Hadrons. 1. Hadronic Press. pp. 22–101. http://cdsweb.cern.ch/search.py?recid=570209&ln=en.
28. ↑ Simple listing of Nobel Prize in Physics, 1969 Retrieved February 15, 2017
29. ↑ Ellis, John (2011). "Prospects for New Physics at the LHC". in Fritzsch, Harald; Phua, K. K.; Baaquie, B. E.. World Scientific. ISBN 9789814335607.
30. ↑ Cao, Tian Yu (2010). From Current Algebra to Quantum Chromodynamics: A Case for Structural Realism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139491600.
31. ↑ Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M.; Leutwyler, H. (1973). "Advantages of the color octet gluon picture". Physics Letters 47B (4): 365–368. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4. Bibcode: 1973PhLB...47..365F.
32. ↑ Baez, John C. (2003). "The Eightfold Way". University of California, Riverside. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/qg-spring2003/eightfold/.
33. ↑ M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond and R. Slansky, in Supergravity, ed. by D. Freedman and P. Van Nieuwenhuizen, North Holland, Amsterdam (1979), pp. 315–321. ISBN:044485438X
34. ↑ Rickles, Dean (2014). A Brief History of String Theory: From Dual Models to M-Theory. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642451287. OCLC 968779591.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Siegfried, Tom (May 24, 2019). "Murray Gell-Mann gave structure to the subatomic world". https://www.sciencenews.org/node/205111.
36. ↑ "Caltech Mourns the Passing of Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019)". May 24, 2019. https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/caltech-mourns-passing-murray-gell-mann.
37. ↑ Mitchell M. Waldrop (1993). Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671872342. https://archive.org/details/complexityemergi00wald.
38. ↑ George A. Cowan (2010). Manhattan Project to the Santa Fe Institute: The Memoirs of George A. Cowan. University of New Mexico Press.
39. ↑ Reviews of The Quark and the Jaguar:
* Ferris, Timothy (September 21, 1995). "On the Edge of Chaos". The New York Review of Books. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1995/09/21/on-the-edge-of-chaos/. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
* Mermin, N. David. "A "Virtuosically Adaptive" System as Seen by a "Marginally Adaptive" One". Physics Today 47 (9): 89. doi:10.1063/1.2808634.
40. ↑ "Murray Gell-Mann – Physicist – The decision to write "The Quark and the Jaguar" – Web of Stories". https://www.webofstories.com/play/murray.gell-mann/190.
41. ↑ "Murray Gell-Mann - The decision to write "The Quark and the Jaguar" (190/200)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWcks_wwJSg.
42. ↑ Johnson, George. "Strange Beauty". Talaya.net. http://talaya.net/strangebeauty.html.
43. ↑ Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize winners list at docs.google.com/spreadsheets Retrieved February 15, 2017
44. ↑ Rodgers, Peter (June 1, 2003). "The many worlds of Murray Gell-Mann". https://physicsworld.com/a/the-many-worlds-of-murray-gell-mann/.
45. ↑ Goodstein, David L. (1999). "Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics". Engineering and Science (Caltech) 62 (4). ISSN 0013-7812. http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/3985/. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Anderson, Philip W. (2011). "Ch. V Genius. Search for Polymath's Elementary Particles". More and Different: Notes from a Thoughtful Curmudgeon. World Scientific. pp. 241–2. ISBN 978-981-4350-14-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=tU9yOac455kC&pg=PA241. Philip Anderson, More and Different, Chapter V, World Scientific, 2011.
47. ↑ Glashow, Sheldon Lee (2000). "Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics". American Journal of Physics 68 (6): 582. doi:10.1119/1.19489. Bibcode: 2000AmJPh..68..582J.
48. ↑ Schweber, Silvan S. (2000). "Strange Beauty: Murray Gell‐Mann and the Revolution in Twentieth‐Century Physics". Physics Today 53 (8): 43–44. doi:10.1063/1.1310122. Bibcode: 2000PhT....53h..43J.
49. ↑ Johnson, George (2000-07-01). "The Jaguar and the Fox" (in en-US). https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/07/the-jaguar-and-the-fox/378264/.
50. ↑ West, Geoffrey (May 28, 2019). "Remembering Murray". Edge Foundation, Inc.. https://www.edge.org/conversation/murray_gell_mann-remembering-murray/.
51. ↑ Johnson, George. "Errata". Talaya.net. http://talaya.net/strangebeauty.errata.html.
52. ↑ Stephen Wolfram, Remembering Murray Gell-Mann (1929-2019), Inventor of Quarks
53. ↑ Mary McFadden; Murray Gell-Mann (2012). Mary McFadden: A Lifetime of Design, Collecting, and Adventure. Random House Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-8478-3656-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=oKlOygAACAAJ.
54. ↑ Kent, Adrian (April 14, 1997). "Consistent Sets Yield Contrary Inferences in Quantum Theory". Physical Review Letters 78 (15): 2874–2877. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2874. Bibcode: 1997PhRvL..78.2874K.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 "Murray Gell-Mann – Biographical". https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1969/gell-mann/biographical/.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Marshall, Jenna (May 24, 2019). "Murray Gell-Mann passes away at 89". Santa Fe Institute (Press release). Retrieved May 24, 2019.
57. ↑ Peregrine, Peter Neal (2009). Ancient Human Migrations: A Multidisciplinary Approach. The University of Utah Press. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-87480-942-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=-AQNAQAAMAAJ. "Sergei Starostin and I established the Evolution of Human Languages project"
58. ↑ The International Academy of Humanism at the website of the Council for Secular Humanism. Retrieved October 18, 2007. Some of this information is also at the International Humanist and Ethical Union website
59. ↑ Herman Wouk (2010). The Language God Talks: On Science and Religion. Hachette Digital, Inc.. ISBN 9780316096751. "Feynman, Gell-Mann, Weinberg, and their peers accept Newton's incomparable stature and shrug off his piety, on the kindly thought that the old man got into the game too early. ... As for Gell-Mann, he seems to see nothing to discuss in this entire God business, and in the index to The Quark and the Jaguar God goes unmentioned. Life he called a "complex adaptive system", which produces interesting phenomena such as the jaguar and Murray Gell-Mann, who discovered the quark. Gell-Mann is a Nobel-class tackler of problems, but for him the existence of God is not one of them."
60. ↑ Dombey, Norman (2019-06-02). "Murray Gell-Mann obituary" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jun/02/murray-gell-mann-obituary.
61. ↑ Frazier, Kendrick (2019). "In Memory of Murray Gell-Mann, Who Gave Us Quarks and Ordered the Subatomic World". Skeptical Inquirer 43 (5): 10.
62. ↑ "1959 Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics Recipient". https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm. "For his contributions to field theory and to the theory of elementary particles."
63. ↑ Gell-Mann listing at member-directory of nasonline.org Retrieved February 15, 2017
64. ↑ "Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D. Biography and Interview". American Academy of Achievement. https://www.achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/#interview.
65. ↑ "Murray Gell-Mann". https://www.amacad.org/person/murray-gell-mann.
66. ↑ "Murray Gell-Mann 1966". May 3, 2016. https://science.energy.gov/lawrence/award-laureates/1960s/gell-mann/. "For his contributions of the highest significance to the theory of elementary and theoretical work in the field of physics."
67. ↑ "Murray Gell-Mann, Physics (1967)". January 15, 2014. https://www.fi.edu/laureates/murray-gell-mann.
68. ↑ "John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science". National Academy of Sciences. http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_carty.
69. ↑ "Murray Gell-Mann". https://www.global500.org/index.php/thelaureates/online-directory/item/621-murray-gell-mann.
70. ↑ "Albert Einstein Medal". http://www.einstein-bern.ch/en/einstein-society.
71. ↑ "The Humanist of the Year". American Humanist Association. https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/humanist-of-the-year-awards/.
72. ↑ Press Release, 10–2014, from Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften Retrieved February 15, 2017

## Further reading

* Encyclopædia Britannica biography of Murray Gell-Mann
* Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M.; Leutwyler, H. (November 26, 1973). "Advantages of the color octet gluon picture". Physics Letters B 47 (4): 365–8. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(73)90625-4. Bibcode: 1973PhLB...47..365F.
* Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M. (1972). "Current algebra- quarks and what else?". in Jackson, J.D.; Roberts, A.. Proceedings of the XVI International Conference on High Energy Physics. 2. National Accelerator Laboratory. pp. 135–165. OCLC 57672574. https://books.google.com/books?id=0_FAAQAAIAAJ.
* Murray Gell-Mann tells his life story at Web of Stories
* Johnson, George (October 1999). Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th Century Physics (1st ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-43764-2. https://archive.org/details/strangebeautymur00john.
* The Making of a Physicist: A Talk With Murray Gell-Mann
* Berreby, D. (May 8, 1994). "The Man Who Knows Everything". New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E6DB1530F93BA35756C0A962958260.
* The Man With Five Brains
* The Simple and the Complex, Part I: The Quantum and the Quasi-Classical with Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.

## External links

* {{INSPIRE-HEP author}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
* Gell-Mann's Home Page at SFI
* {{TED speaker}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
* "Beauty, truth and ... physics?" (TED2007)
* "The ancestor of language" (TED2007)
* Murray Gell-Mann Video Interview with the Academy of Achievement in 1990
* Murray Gell-Mann talks quarks (Video)
* Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations
* Miss nobel-id as parameter

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics

1901–1925|

* 1901: Röntgen
* 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman
* 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie
* 1904: Rayleigh
* 1905: Lenard
* 1906: J. J. Thomson
* 1907: Michelson
* 1908: Lippmann
* 1909: Marconi / Braun
* 1910: Van der Waals
* 1911: Wien
* 1912: Dalén
* 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes
* 1914: Laue
* 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg
* 1916
* 1917: Barkla
* 1918: Planck
* 1919: Stark
* 1920: Guillaume
* 1921: Einstein
* 1922: N. Bohr
* 1923: Millikan
* 1924: M. Siegbahn
* 1925: Franck / Hertz

1926–1950|

* 1926: Perrin
* 1927: Compton / C. Wilson
* 1928: O. Richardson
* 1929: De Broglie
* 1930: Raman
* 1931
* 1932: Heisenberg
* 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac
* 1934
* 1935: Chadwick
* 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson
* 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson
* 1938: Fermi
* 1939: Lawrence
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943: Stern
* 1944: Rabi
* 1945: Pauli
* 1946: Bridgman
* 1947: Appleton
* 1948: Blackett
* 1949: Yukawa
* 1950: Powell

1951–1975|

* 1951: Cockcroft / Walton
* 1952: Bloch / Purcell
* 1953: Zernike
* 1954: Born / Bothe
* 1955: Lamb / Kusch
* 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain
* 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee
* 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm
* 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain
* 1960: Glaser
* 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer
* 1962: Landau
* 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen
* 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov
* 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman
* 1966: Kastler
* 1967: Bethe
* 1968: Alvarez
* 1969: Gell-Mann
* 1970: Alfvén / Néel
* 1971: Gabor
* 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer
* 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson
* 1974: Ryle / Hewish
* 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater

1976–2000|

* 1976: Richter / Ting
* 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck
* 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson
* 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg
* 1980: Cronin / Fitch
* 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn
* 1982: K. Wilson
* 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler
* 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer
* 1985: von Klitzing
* 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer
* 1987: Bednorz / Müller
* 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger
* 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul
* 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor
* 1991: de Gennes
* 1992: Charpak
* 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor
* 1994: Brockhouse / Shull
* 1995: Perl / Reines
* 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson
* 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips
* 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui
* 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman
* 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby

2001–
present|

* 2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman
* 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi
* 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett
* 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek
* 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch
* 2006: Mather / Smoot
* 2007: Fert / Grünberg
* 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa
* 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith
* 2010: Geim / Novoselov
* 2011: Perlmutter / Riess / Schmidt
* 2012: Wineland / Haroche
* 2013: Englert / Higgs
* 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura
* 2015: Kajita / McDonald
* 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz
* 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne
* 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland
* 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz

* v
* t
* e

1969 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Derek Barton (Great Britain)
* Odd Hassel (Norway)

Literature|

* Samuel Beckett (Ireland)

Peace|

* International Labour Organization

Physics|

* Murray Gell-Mann (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Max Delbrück (United States)
* Alfred Hershey (United States)
* Salvador Luria (United States)

Economic Sciences|

* Ragnar Frisch (Norway)
* Jan Tinbergen (Netherlands)

Nobel Prize recipients
1990

2000

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.orghttps://handwiki.org/wiki/ Murray Gell-Mann. Read more

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