Paul Samuelson

Short description: American economist and Nobel Laureate (1915–2009)

Paul Samuelson

Samuelson between 1970 and 1975

Born|

Paul Anthony Samuelson

(1915-05-15)May 15, 1915

Gary, Indiana, U.S.

Died| December 13, 2009(2009-12-13) (aged 94)

Belmont, Massachusetts, U.S.

Spouse(s)|

* Marion Crawford
(m. 1938; died 1978)

[1]
* Risha Clay (m. 1981)

[2]

Institution| Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Field| Macroeconomics
School or
tradition| Neo-Keynesian economics
Doctoral
advisor| Joseph Schumpeter
Wassily Leontief
Doctoral
students| Lawrence Klein[3][4]
Robert C. Merton[5]
Influences| Keynes • Schumpeter • Leontief • Haberler • Hansen • Wilson • Wicksell • Lindahl
Contributions| Neoclassical synthesis
Mathematical economics
Economic methodology
Revealed preference
International trade
Economic growth
Public goods
Awards| John Bates Clark Medal (1947)
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1970)
National Medal of Science (1996)
Information at IDEAS / RePEc
Signature
File:Paul Samuelson Signature from the Goldman Collection.png
Part of a series on

Macroeconomics

Basic concepts

* Aggregate demand
* Aggregate supply
* Business cycle
* Deflation
* Demand shock
* Disinflation
* Effective demand
* Expectations
* Adaptive
* Rational
* Financial crisis
* Growth
* Inflation
* Demand-pull
* Cost-push
* Interest rate
* Investment
* Liquidity trap
* Measures of national income and output
* Microfoundations
* Money
* Endogenous
* Money creation
* Demand for money
* Liquidity preference
* Money supply
* National accounts
* SNA
* Nominal rigidity
* Price level
* Recession
* Shrinkflation
* Stagflation
* Supply shock
* Saving
* Unemployment

Policies

* Fiscal
* Monetary
* Commercial
* Central bank

Models

* IS–LM
* AD–AS
* Keynesian cross
* Multiplier
* Accelerator
* Phillips curve
* Arrow–Debreu
* Harrod–Domar
* Solow–Swan
* Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans
* Overlapping generations
* General equilibrium
* DSGE
* Endogenous growth
* Matching theory
* Mundell–Fleming
* Overshooting
* NAIRU

Related fields

* Econometrics
* Economic statistics
* Monetary economics
* Development economics
* International economics

Schools

Mainstream

* Keynesian
* Neo-
* New
* Monetarism
* New classical
* Real business-cycle theory
* Stockholm
* Supply-side
* New neoclassical synthesis
* Saltwater and freshwater

Heterodox

* Austrian
* Chartalism
* Modern Monetary Theory
* Post-Keynesian
* Circuitism
* Disequilibrium
* Marxian
* Market monetarism

People

* François Quesnay
* Adam Smith
* Thomas Robert Malthus
* Karl Marx
* Léon Walras
* Georg Friedrich Knapp
* Knut Wicksell
* Irving Fisher
* Wesley Clair Mitchell
* John Maynard Keynes
* Alvin Hansen
* Michał Kalecki
* Gunnar Myrdal
* Simon Kuznets
* Joan Robinson
* Friedrich Hayek
* John Hicks
* Richard Stone
* Hyman Minsky
* Milton Friedman
* Paul Samuelson
* Lawrence Klein
* Edmund Phelps
* Robert Lucas Jr.
* Edward C. Prescott
* Peter Diamond
* William Nordhaus
* Joseph Stiglitz
* Thomas J. Sargent
* Paul Krugman
* N. Gregory Mankiw

See also

* Macroeconomic model
* Publications in macroeconomics
* Economics
* Applied
* Microeconomics
* Political economy
* Mathematical economics

*   *

* v
* t
* e

Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. When awarding the prize in 1970, the Swedish Royal Academies stated that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory".[6]

Samuelson was one of the most influential economists of the latter half of the 20th century.[7][8] In 1996, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.[6] Samuelson considered mathematics to be the "natural language" for economists and contributed significantly to the mathematical foundations of economics with his book Foundations of Economic Analysis.[9] He was author of the best-selling economics textbook of all time: Economics: An Introductory Analysis, first published in 1948.[10] It was the second American textbook that attempted to explain the principles of Keynesian economics.

Samuelson served as an advisor to President John F. Kennedy and President Lyndon B. Johnson, and was a consultant to the United States Treasury, the Bureau of the Budget and the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Samuelson wrote a weekly column for Newsweek magazine along with Chicago School economist Milton Friedman, where they represented opposing sides: Samuelson, as a self described "Cafeteria Keynesian",[7] claimed taking the Keynesian perspective but only accepting what he felt was good in it.[7] By contrast, Friedman represented the monetarist perspective.[11] Together with Henry Wallich, their 1967 columns earned the magazine a Gerald Loeb Special Award in 1968.[12]

## Contents

* 1 Biography
* 1.1 Death
* 2 Fields of interest
* 3 Impact
* 4 Aphorisms and quotations
* 5 Publications
* 5.1 Foundations of Economic Analysis
* 5.2 Economics
* 5.3 Other publications
* 6 Memberships
* 7 Selected publications
* 7.1 Textbooks and chapters
* 7.2 Chapters
* 7.3 Journal articles
* 7.4 Collected works
* 7.5 Essays
* 7.6 Papers
* 8 See also
* 9 Notes
* 9.1 Explanatory annotations
* 9.2 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## Biography

Samuelson in 1997

Samuelson was born in Gary, Indiana, on May 15, 1915, to Frank Samuelson, a pharmacist, and Ella nee Lipton.[13] His family, he later said, was "made up of upwardly mobile Jewish immigrants from Poland who had prospered considerably in World War I, because Gary was a brand new steel-town when my family went there".[14] In 1923, Samuelson moved to Chicago where he graduated from Hyde Park High School (now Hyde Park Career Academy).

Samuelson attended the University of Chicago as an undergraduate, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1935. He said he was born as an economist at 8:00 am on January 2, 1932, in the University of Chicago classroom.[7] The lecture mentioned as the cause was on the British economist Thomas Malthus, who most famously studied population growth and its effects.[14] Samuelson felt there was a dissonance between neoclassical economics and the way the system seemed to behave; he said Henry Simons and Frank Knight were a big influence on him.[15] He next completed his Master of Arts degree in 1936, and his Doctor of Philosophy in 1941 at Harvard University. He won the David A. Wells Prize in 1941 for writing the best doctoral dissertation at Harvard University in economics, for a thesis titled "Foundations of Analytical Economics", which later turned into Foundations of Economic Analysis. As a graduate student at Harvard, Samuelson studied economics under Joseph Schumpeter, Wassily Leontief, Gottfried Haberler, and the "American Keynes" Alvin Hansen.

Samuelson moved to MIT as an assistant professor in 1940 and remained there until his death.[16] Samuelson's biographer argues that a central reason for Samuelson's move from Harvard to MIT was the anti-Semitism that was famously widespread at Harvard at the time. In a 1989 letter to his friend Henry Rosovsky, Samuelson blamed anti-Semitism in Harvard economics above all on chair Harold Burbank, as well as on Edward Chamberlin, John H. Williams, John D. Black, and Leonard Crum.[17]

Samuelson's family included many well-known economists, including brother Robert Summers, sister-in-law Anita Summers, brother-in-law Kenneth Arrow and nephew Larry Summers.

During his seven decades as an economist, Samuelson's professional positions included:

* Assistant professor of economics at MIT, 1940; associate professor, 1944.
* Member of the Radiation Laboratory 1944–45.
* Professor of international economic relations (part-time) at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1945.
* Guggenheim Fellowship from 1948 to 1949
* Professor of economics at MIT beginning in 1947 and Institute Professor beginning in 1962.
* Vernon F. Taylor Visiting Distinguished Professor at Trinity University (Texas) in spring 1989.

### Death

Samuelson died after a brief illness on December 13, 2009, at the age of 94.[18] His death was announced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[14] James M. Poterba, an economics professor at MIT and the president of the National Bureau of Economic Research, commented that Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands".[18] Susan Hockfield, the president of MIT, said that Samuelson "transformed everything he touched: the theoretical foundations of his field, the way economics was taught around the world, the ethos and stature of his department, the investment practices of MIT, and the lives of his colleagues and students".[19] His second wife died in 2019.

## Fields of interest

As professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Samuelson worked in many fields, including:[20]

* Consumer theory, where he pioneered the revealed preference approach, which is a method by which one can discern a consumer's utility function, by observing their behavior. Rather than postulate a utility function or a preference ordering, Samuelson imposed conditions directly on the choices made by individuals – their preferences as revealed by their choices.[21]
* Welfare economics and public finance theory, in which he popularised the Lindahl–Bowen–Samuelson conditions (criteria for deciding whether an action will improve welfare) and demonstrated in 1950 the insufficiency of a national-income index to reveal which of two social options was uniformly outside the other's (feasible) possibility function, and he is particularly known for his work on determining the optimal allocation of resources in the presence of both public goods and private goods.[22][23]
* Capital theory, where he is known for 1958 consumption loans model and a variety of turnpike theorems and involved in Cambridge capital controversy.[24][25]
* Finance theory, in which he is known for the random walk hypothesis and efficient-market hypothesis.[26][27][28]
* International economics, where he influenced the development of two important international trade models: the Balassa–Samuelson effect, and the Heckscher–Ohlin model (with the Stolper–Samuelson theorem).[29][30]
* Macroeconomics, where he popularized the overlapping generations model as a way to analyze economic agents' behavior across multiple periods of time,[31] developed multiplier-accelerator model,[32] analyzed Phillips curve,[33] and contributed to formation of the neoclassical synthesis.[34]

## Impact

Samuelson is considered one of the founders of neo-Keynesian economics and a seminal figure in the development of neoclassical economics. In awarding him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, the committee stated:

> More than any other contemporary economist, Samuelson has helped to raise the general analytical and methodological level in economic science. He has simply rewritten considerable parts of economic theory. He has also shown the fundamental unity of both the problems and analytical techniques in economics, partly by a systematic application of the methodology of maximization for a broad set of problems. This means that Samuelson's contributions range over a large number of different fields.

He was also essential in creating the neoclassical synthesis, which ostensibly incorporated Keynesian and neoclassical principles and still dominates current mainstream economics. In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.[35]

Samuelson believed unregulated markets have drawbacks, he stated, "free markets do not stabilise themselves. Zero regulating is vastly suboptimal to rational regulating. Libertarianism is its own worst enemy!" Samuelson strongly criticised Friedman and Friedrich Hayek, arguing their opposition to state intervention "tells us something about them rather than something about Genghis Khan or Franklin Roosevelt. It is paranoid to warn against inevitable slippery slopes ... once individual commercial freedoms are in any way infringed upon."[7]

## Aphorisms and quotations

Stanislaw Ulam once challenged Samuelson to name one theory in all of the social sciences that is both true and nontrivial. Several years later, Samuelson responded with David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage: "That it is logically true need not be argued before a mathematician; that it is not trivial is attested by the thousands of important and intelligent men who have never been able to grasp the doctrine for themselves or to believe it after it was explained to them."[36][37]

For many years, Samuelson wrote a column for Newsweek. One article included Samuelson's most quoted remark and a favorite economics joke:

> To prove that Wall Street is an early omen of movements still to come in GNP, commentators quote economic studies alleging that market downturns predicted four out of the last five recessions. That is an understatement. Wall Street indexes predicted nine out of the last five recessions! And its mistakes were beauties.[38]

In the early editions of his famous, bestselling economics textbook Paul Samuelson joked that GDP falls when a man "marries his maid".[39]

## Publications

The competitive price system adapted from Samuelson, 1961

### Foundations of Economic Analysis

Main article: Organization:Foundations of Economic Analysis

Paul Samuelson's book Foundations of Economic Analysis (1946) is considered his magnum opus. It is derived from his doctoral dissertation, and was inspired by the classical thermodynamic methods.[40] The book proposes to:

* Examine underlying analogies between central features in theoretical and applied economics and
* Study how operationally meaningful theorems can be derived with a small number of analogous methods (p. 3),

in order to derive "a general theory of economic theories" (Samuelson, 1983, p. xxvi). The book showed how these goals could be parsimoniously and fruitfully achieved, using the language of the mathematics applied to diverse subfields of economics. The book proposes two general hypotheses as sufficient for its purposes:

* Maximizing behavior of agents (including consumers as to utility and business firms as to profit) and
* Economic systems (including a market and an economy) in stable equilibrium.

The first tenet suggests that all actors, whether firms or consumers, are striving to maximize something. They could be attempting to maximize profits, utility, or wealth, but it did not matter because their efforts to improve their well-being would provide a basic model for all actors in an economic system.[41] His second tenet focuses on providing insight on the workings of equilibrium in an economy. Generally in a market, supply would equal demand. However, he noted that this isn't always the case and that the important thing to look at was a system's natural resting point. Foundations presents the question of how an equilibrium would react when it is moved from its optimal point.[41] Samuelson was also influential in providing explanations on how the changes in certain factors can affect an economic system. For example, he could explain the economic effect of changes in taxes or new technologies.

In the course of analysis, comparative statics, (the analysis of changes in equilibrium of the system that result from a parameter change of the system) is formalized and clearly stated.

The chapter on welfare economics "attempt(s) to give a brief but fairly complete survey of the whole field of welfare economics" (Samuelson, 1947, p. 252). It also exposits on and develops what became commonly called the Bergson–Samuelson social welfare function. It shows how to represent (in the maximization calculus) all real-valued economic measures of any belief system that is required to rank consistently different feasible social configurations in an ethical sense as "better than", "worse than", or "indifferent to" each other (p. 221).

### Economics

Samuelson is also author (and from 1985 co-author) of an influential principles textbook, Economics, first published in 1948 (19th ed. as of 2010; multiple reprints). The book sold more than 300,000 copies of each edition from 1961 through 1976 and was translated into forty-one languages. As of 2018, it had sold over four million copies. William Nordhaus joined as co-author on the 12th edition (1985). Sometime before 1988, it had become the best-selling economics textbook of all time.[42][43]

Samuelson was once quoted as saying, "Let those who will write the nation's laws if I can write its textbooks."[44] Written in the shadow of the Great Depression and the Second World War, it helped to popularize the insights of John Maynard Keynes. A main focus was how to avoid, or at least mitigate, the recurring slumps in economic activity.

Samuelson wrote: "It is not too much to say that the widespread creation of dictatorships and the resulting World War II stemmed in no small measure from the world's failure to meet this basic economic problem [the Great Depression] adequately."[45] This reflected the concern of Keynes himself with the economic causes of war and the importance of economic policy in promoting peace.[46][47][48]

Samuelson's book was the second to introduce Keynesian economics to a wide audience, and was by far the most successful. Canadian economist Lorie Tarshis, who had been a student attending Keynes's lectures at Harvard in the 1930s, published in 1947 an introductory textbook that incorporated his lecture notes, titled Elements of Economics.[49][50][51]

Samuelson's textbook was a watershed in introducing the serious study of business cycles to the economics curriculum. It was particularly timely because it followed the Great Depression. The study of business cycles along with the introduction of the Keynesian approach of aggregate demand set the stage for the macroeconomic revolution in America, which then diffused throughout the world through translations into every major language. Generations of students, who then became teachers, learned their first and most influential lessons from Samuelson's Economics. It attracted many imitators, who became successful in different niches of the college market.

The text was not without criticism. While it praised the "mixed economy" of market and government, some found that too radical and attacked it as socialist. As a precursor to criticisms of Samuelson's Economics textbook, Lorie Tarshis's textbook was attacked by trustees of, and donors to, American colleges and universities as preaching a "socialist heresy".[52] Piling on, William F. Buckley, Jr., in his 1951 book, God and Man at Yale, devoted an entire chapter, attacking both Samuelson's and Tarshis' textbooks. For Samuelson's book, Buckley drew from the Educational Examiner and credited it as an "excellent review of Samuelson's text." ("Note to Chapter Two." p. 234)[53][lower-alpha 1] For Tarshis' book, Buckley drew from Merwin K. Hart's organization to wit: "I am also grateful to the National Economic Council for its telling analysis of the Tarshis." ("Note to Chapter Two." p. 234)[53] Buckley essentially characterized both as – in the words of Paul Davidson – "communist inspired".[53][51] Buckley, for the rest of his life, defended the criticisms set forth in his book.

### Other publications

There are 388 papers in Samuelson's Collected Scientific Papers. Stanley Fischer (1987, p. 234) writes that taken together they are "unique in their verve, breadth of economic and general knowledge, mastery of setting, and generosity of allusions to predecessors".

Samuelson was co-editor, along with William A. Barnett, of Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists (Blackwell Publishing, 2007), a collection of interviews with notable economists of the 20th century.

## Memberships

* Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[54] the American Philosophical Society,[55] the United States National Academy of Sciences,[56]
* Fellow of the British Academy
* President (1965–68) of the International Economic Association
* Member and past president (1961) of the American Economic Association
* Member of the editorial board and past president (1951) of the Econometric Society
* Fellow, council member and past vice-president of the Royal Economic Society.
* Member of Phi Beta Kappa.

## Selected publications

### Textbooks and chapters

* Samuelson, Paul A. (1947), Enlarged ed. 1983. Foundations of Economic Analysis, Harvard University Press.
* Samuelson, Paul A. (1948), Economics: An Introductory Analysis, ISBN 0070747415; with William D. Nordhaus (since 1985), 2009, 19th ed., McGraw–Hill. ISBN 978-0071263832
* Samuelson, Paul A. (1958), Linear Programming and Economic Analysis with Robert Dorfman and Robert M. Solow, McGraw–Hill. Chapter-preview links.

### Chapters

* Samuelson, Paul A. (1966). "Efficient paths of capital accumulation in terms of the calculus of variations". Mathematical models in the social sciences, 1959: Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium. Stanford mathematical studies in the social sciences, IV. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 77–88. ISBN 978-0804700214.
* Samuelson, Paul A. (1982). "Quesnay's 'Tableau Economique' as a theorist would formulate it today". Classical and Marxian political economy: essays in honour of Ronald L. Meek. London: Macmillan. pp. 45–78. ISBN 978-0333321997.

### Journal articles

* Samuelson, Paul A. (1952). "Economic Theory and Mathematics – An Appraisal". American Economic Review 42 (2): 56–66. http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cp/p00b/p0061.pdf.
* Samuelson, Paul A (1954). "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure". Review of Economics and Statistics 36 (4): 387–89. doi:10.2307/1925895.

### Collected works

* The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson, MIT Press. Preview links for vol. 1–3 below. Contents links for vol. 4–7. OCLC 1079936608 (all editions).
* Samuelson, Paul A. (1966), Vol. 1 → via Google Books, 1937–mid-1964.
* ––. (1966), Vol. 2 → via Google Books, 1937–mid-1964.
* ––. (1972), Vol. 3 → via Google Books, mid-1964–1970.
* ––.(1977), Vol. 4 → via Internet Archive (registration required), 1971–76.
* ––. (1986), Vol. 5 → via Google Books, 1977–1985 Description → via
* ––. (2011), Vol. 6 , 1986–2009. Description → via Wayback Machine
* ––. (2011), Vol. 7 , 1986–2009.

### Essays

* Samuelson, Paul A. (1983). "My Life Philosophy", The American Economist, 27(2), pp. 5–12.
* Samuelson, Paul A. (2007), Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists with William A. Barnett, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1405159170
* Samuelson, Paul A. (2002), Paul Samuelson and the Foundations of Modern Economics, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 978-0765801142

### Papers

* Paul A. Samuelson Papers, 1933–2010, Rubenstein Library, Duke University. OCLC 664246147.

## See also

* Samuelson's inequality
* Samuelson's Iceberg transport cost model
* Keynesian economics
* New Keynesian economics
* Neo-Keynesian economics
* Neoclassical economics
* Paul Samuelson – Wikiquote
* List of Jewish Nobel laureates

## Notes

### Explanatory annotations

1. ↑ The Educational Reviewer was founded in 1949 by Lucille Cardin Crain (née Marie Lucille Gabrielle Cardin; 1901–1983), a conservative activist whose primary interest was in – as she stated in 1951 – "rooting out radical influences in American education." In each issue, arch-conservative academicians and writers offered their views of high school and college textbooks as evidence of collectivist content and the like. The publication, for the first three years, was chiefly financed by William F. Buckley, Jr. Crain's husband, Kenneth Cardwell Crain (1883–1969), was a brother of Gustavus Demetrious Crain, Jr. (1885–1973), founder of Crain Communications.

### References

1. ↑ "Marion Crawford Samuelson". The New York Times. 15 February 1978. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/15/archives/marion-crawford-samuelson.html. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
2. ↑ "Risha Clay Samuelson: Obituary". The Boston Globe. 4 June 2019. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/bostonglobe/name/risha-samuelson-obituary?id=1869420.
3. ↑ Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia, p. 361, at Google Books
4. ↑ De Vroey, Michel; Malgrange, Pierre (2012). "From The Keynesian Revolution to the Klein–Goldberger model: Klein and the Dynamization of Keynesian Theory". History of Economic Ideas 20 (2): 113–36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46473601.
5. ↑ Merton, Robert C. (1970). Analytical Optimal Control Theory as Applied to Stochastic and Non-Stochastic Economics (PhD dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/13875.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Frost, Greg (December 13, 2009). "Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94". MIT News. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/obit-samuelson-1213.html. "In a career that spanned seven decades, he transformed his field, influenced millions of students and turned MIT into an economics powerhouse"
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Paul Samuelson: The last of the great general economists died on December 13th, aged 94", The Economist, December 17, 2009
8. ↑ Dixit, Avinash (1 September 2012). "Paul Samuelson's Legacy" (in en). Annual Review of Economics 4 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110957. ISSN 1941-1383.
9. ↑ Solow, Robert (2010). "On Paul Samuelson". Challenge 53 (2): 113–116. doi:10.2753/0577-5132530207.
10. ↑ Skousken, Mark (Spring 1997). "The Perseverance of Paul Samuelson's Economics". Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (2): 137–152. doi:10.1257/jep.11.2.137.
11. ↑ Szenberg, Michael; Gottesman, Aron A.; Ramrattan, lall (2005). Paul Samuelson: On Being an Economist. New York: Jorge Pinto Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0974261539.
12. ↑ Devaney, James J. (May 22, 1968). "'Playboy', 'Monitor' Honored". Hartford Courant 131 (143): p. 36. https://newspapers.com/image/370559693/.
13. ↑ "SAMUELSON, PAUL". Marquis Who's Who in the World (18th 2001 ed.). New Providence, NJ: Reed Elsevier. 2000. p. 1894. https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinworld200000marq_n7d7/page/n5/mode/2up. Retrieved 11 February 2026.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Weinstein, Michael M. (December 13, 2009). "Paul A. Samuelson, Economist, Dies at 94". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/business/economy/14samuelson.html.
15. ↑ Parker, Randall E. (2002). Reflections on the Great Depression. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. p. 25. ISBN 978-1843763352.
16. ↑ Backhouse, R. E. (2014). "Paul A. Samuelson's Move to MIT". History of Political Economy 46: 60. doi:10.1215/00182702-2716118.
17. ↑ Backhouse, Roger (2017). Founder of Modern Economics: Paul Samuelson, vol. 1: Becoming Samuelson, 1915–1948. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 300–307. ISBN 978-0190664091.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Nobel economics laureate Samuelson died at 94". Reuters. December 14, 2006. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BC15620091213.
19. ↑ "Economics revolutionary Paul Samuelson dies aged 94", The Daily Telegraph, December 14, 2009
20. ↑ Fischer, Stanley. "Samuelson, Paul Anthony (1915–2009)". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Third Edition. Eds. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
21. ↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (1948). "Consumption Theory in Terms of Revealed Preference". Economica 15 (60): 243–253. doi:10.2307/2549561. ISSN 0013-0427. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2549561.
22. ↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (1950). "Evaluation of Real National Income". Oxford Economic Papers 2 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041383. ISSN 0030-7653. https://academic.oup.com/oep/article-abstract/2/1/1/2360396.
23. ↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (1954). "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure". The Review of Economics and Statistics 36 (4): 387–389. doi:10.2307/1925895. ISSN 0034-6535. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1925895.
24. ↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (June 1962). "Parable and Realism in Capital Theory: The Surrogate Production Function". The Review of Economic Studies 29 (3): 193–206. doi:10.2307/2295954. ISSN 0034-6527. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295954.
25. ↑ Samuelson, P. A. (1 January 1976). "The periodic turnpike theorem". Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 1 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1016/0362-546X(76)90004-3. ISSN 0362-546X. https://doi.org/10.1016/0362-546X(76)90004-3.
26. ↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (Spring 1965). "Proof That Properly Anticipated Prices Fluctuate Randomly" (in en). Industrial Management Review 6 (2): 41–49.
27. ↑ Samuelson, P. A. (1 October 1970). "The Fundamental Approximation Theorem of Portfolio Analysis in terms of Means, Variances and Higher Moments" (in en). The Review of Economic Studies 37 (4): 537–542. doi:10.2307/2296483. ISSN 0034-6527. https://doi.org/10.2307/2296483.
28. ↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (31 October 1974). "Challenge to Judgment". The Journal of Portfolio Management 1 (1): 17–19. doi:10.3905/jpm.1974.408496.
29. ↑ Stolper, W. F.; Samuelson, P. A. (1 November 1941). "Protection and Real Wages". The Review of Economic Studies 9 (1): 58–73. doi:10.2307/2967638. ISSN 0034-6527. https://doi.org/10.2307/2967638.
30. ↑ Samuelson, P. A. (1964). "Theoretical Notes on Trade Problems". Review of Economics and Statistics 46 (2): 145–154. doi:10.2307/1928178.
31. ↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (December 1958). "An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money" (in en). Journal of Political Economy 66 (6): 467–482. doi:10.1086/258100. ISSN 0022-3808. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/258100.
32. ↑ Samuelson, Paul A. (May 1939). "Interactions between the Multiplier Analysis and the Principle of Acceleration". The Review of Economics and Statistics 21 (2): 75–78. doi:10.2307/1927758.
33. ↑ Samuelson, Paul A.; Solow, Robert M. (1960). "Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy". The American Economic Review 50 (2): 177–194. ISSN 0002-8282. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1815021.
34. ↑ Tobin, James. "Macroeconomics and fiscal policy". Paul Samuelson and Modern Economic Theory. Eds. E. Cary Brown and Robert M. Solow. McGraw-Hill, 1983.
35. ↑ "Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts". April 3, 2003. http://www.epi.org/publications/entry/econ_stmt_2003/.
36. ↑ Samuelson, Paul (1969). "The Way of an Economist". in Samuelson, P. A.. International Economic Relations: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the International Economic Association. London: Macmillan. pp. 1–11.
37. ↑ Worstall, Tim (2009-12-16). "Second near random Paul Samuelson anecdote of the day" (in en-US). https://www.timworstall.com/2009/12/second-near-random-paul-samuelson-anecdote-of-the-day/.
38. ↑ Samuelson, Paul (September 19, 1966). "Science and Stocks". Newsweek: p. 92.
39. ↑ "The Trouble With GDP". The Economist. April 30, 2016. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2016/04/30/the-trouble-with-gdp.
40. ↑ Liossatos, Panagis, S. (2004). "Statistical Entropy in General Equilibrium Theory", (p. 3). Department of Economics, Florida International University.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Solow, Robert (January 15, 2010). "Paul A. Samuelson (1915–2009)". Science 327 (5963): 282. doi:10.1126/science.1186205. PMID 20075240. Bibcode: 2010Sci...327..282S.
42. ↑ Rosalsky, Gregory Ellis (March 14, 2018). "Freeing Econ 101: Beyond the Grasp of the Invisible Hand" (in en-US). Behavorial Scientist (Broad Street, Lower Manhattan). https://behavioralscientist.org/freeing-econ-101-beyond-the-grasp-of-the-invisible-hand/. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
43. ↑ Sanyal, Amal (2018). "After Keynes – Box 6.3: Paul Samuelson" (in en). Economics and Its Stories. London: Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. p. 174. ISBN 978-1351581691. https://books.google.com/books?id=OEcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174. ISBN 978-1138099609 (hard copy); ISBN 978-1315098968 (e-book); OCLC 989032184 (all editions).
44. ↑ "Paul Anthony Samuelson: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics | Library of Economics and Liberty". http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Samuelson.html.
45. ↑ See Mankiw, Gregory (January 10, 2009). "Is government spending too easy an answer?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/economy/11view.html.
46. ↑ See Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198292364.
47. ↑ Samuelson, Paul (1989). Economics (13th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 837. ISBN 978-0070547865. https://archive.org/details/economicsintrodu00paul.
48. ↑ "Paul A. Samuelson Biographical". https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1970/samuelson/biographical/.
49. ↑ Tarshis, Lorie (1947) (in en). The Elements of Economics: An Introduction to the Theory of Price and Employment. Houghton Mifflin Company – The Riverside Press. OCLC 989388561. https://archive.org/details/elementsofeconom030865mbp/page/n5/mode/2up. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
50. ↑ Harcourt, G. C. (July 1982). "An Early Post Keynesian: Lorie Tarshis (or: Tarshis on Tarshis by Harcourt)". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (Taylor & Francis, Ltd.) 4 (4): 609–619. doi:10.1080/01603477.1982.11489324. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4537699. Retrieved 2022-11-19. ISSN 0160-3477 (publication); OCLC 222424878, 5550180927, 7323662377 (article).
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Davidson, Paul (Autumn 2005). "Galbraith and the Post Keynesians" (in en-US). Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (Taylor & Francis, Ltd.) 28 (1): 103–113. http://www.jstor.com/stable/4538962. Retrieved April 22, 2021. ("William F. Buckley [ ... ] attacked Tarshis's book as being communist inspired." p. 107) ISSN 0160-3477 (print publication); ISSN 1557-7821 (online publication); OCLC 5550151503, 192224991 (article).
52. ↑ Davidson, Paul (Spring 2015). "What Was the Primary Factor Encouraging Mainstream Economists to Marginalize Post Keynesian Theory?" (in en-US). Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (Taylor & Francis, Ltd.) 37 (3): 369–383. doi:10.1080/01603477.2015.1000093. ISSN 0160-3477 (print publication); ISSN 1557-7821 (online publication); ProQuest 1673822215 (abstract; database → ABI/INFORM Collection); OCLC 8504916331 (article).
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Buckley, William F. Jr. (1977). "Chapter 2: Individualism at Yale" (in en-US). God and Man at Yale: The Superstitions of "Academic Freedom (4th printing). Chicago: Henry Regnery Company. pp. 45–113. ISBN 978-0895266927. https://archive.org/details/godmanatyale0000unse/page/44/mode/2up. Retrieved April 22, 2021. (Buckley's criticism of Tarshis's textbook, The Elements of Economics, begins at p. 49 and is expanded in Appendix VII → pp. 227, 230–231). OCLC 189667 (all editions).
54. ↑ "Paul Anthony Samuelson" (in en). https://www.amacad.org/person/paul-anthony-samuelson.
55. ↑ "APS Member History". https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Paul+Samuelson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced.
56. ↑ "Paul A. Samuelson". http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/50903.html.

## Further reading

* Backhouse, Roger E. (2017) (in en). Founder of Modern Economics: Paul A. Samuelson: Volume 1: Becoming Samuelson, 1915–1948.. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190664114. Description & arrow-scrollable preview.
* Fischer, Stanley (1987). The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. 4. London: Macmillan. pp. 234–41. ISBN 978-0935859102. .
* Fusfeld, Daniel R. (2002). "The Neoclassical Synthesis". The Age of the Economist (9th ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley. pp. 198–201. ISBN 978-0321088123. https://archive.org/details/ageofeconomist0087fusf. .

* Henderson, David R., ed (2008). "Paul Anthony Samuelson (1915–2009)". The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty Fund. pp. 582–583. ISBN 978-0865976665. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Samuelson.html.

* Silk, Leonard (1976). The Economists. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465018109. https://archive.org/details/economists0000unse. .
* Sobel, Robert (1980). The Worldly Economists. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0029297803. .

## External links

* Paul Samuelson at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
* Miss nobel-id as parameter
* Presentation Speech by Professor Assar Lindbeck, Stockholm School of Economics, Award Ceremony, The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1970
* A History of Economic Thought biography, 2004
* Paul Samuelson, Yale Honorands biography, May 2005
* "Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94", MIT News, December 13, 2009
* Error in Template:Internet Archive author: Paul Samuelson doesn't exist.
* Appearances on C-SPAN
* Paul Samuelson publications indexed by Google Scholar

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Laureates of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences

1969–1975|

* 1969: Ragnar Frisch / Jan Tinbergen
* 1970: Paul A. Samuelson
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* 1972: John R. Hicks / Kenneth J. Arrow
* 1973: Wassily Leontief
* 1974: Gunnar Myrdal / Friedrich August von Hayek
* 1975: Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich / Tjalling C. Koopmans

1976–2000|

* 1976: Milton Friedman
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1970 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Luis Federico Leloir (Argentina)

Literature|

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Peace|

* Norman Borlaug (United States)

Physics|

* Hannes Alfvén (Sweden)
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Physiology or Medicine|

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Economic Sciences|

* Paul Samuelson (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
1990

2000

* v
* t
* e

United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

| 1960s|

1964
Roger Adams
Othmar H. Ammann
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Neal Elgar Miller

|

1980s|

1986
Herbert A. Simon
1987
Anne Anastasi
George J. Stigler
1988
Milton Friedman

1990s|

1990
Leonid Hurwicz
Patrick Suppes
1991
Robert W. Kates
George A. Miller
1992
Eleanor J. Gibson
1994
Robert K. Merton
1995
Roger N. Shepard
1996
Paul Samuelson
1997
William K. Estes
1998
William Julius Wilson
1999
Robert M. Solow

2000s|

2000
Gary Becker
2001
George Bass
2003
R. Duncan Luce
2004
Kenneth Arrow
2005
Gordon H. Bower
2008
Michael I. Posner
2009
Mortimer Mishkin

2010s|

2011
Anne Treisman
2014
Robert Axelrod
2015
Albert Bandura

Biological sciences

| 1960s|

1963
C. B. van Niel
1964
Marshall W. Nirenberg
1965
Francis P. Rous
George G. Simpson
Donald D. Van Slyke
1966
Edward F. Knipling
Fritz Albert Lipmann
William C. Rose
Sewall Wright
1967
Kenneth S. Cole
Harry F. Harlow
Michael Heidelberger
Alfred H. Sturtevant
1968
Horace Barker
Bernard B. Brodie
Detlev W. Bronk
Jay Lush
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1969
Robert Huebner
Ernst Mayr

|

1970s|

1970
Barbara McClintock
Albert B. Sabin
1973
Daniel I. Arnon
Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1974
Britton Chance
Erwin Chargaff
James V. Neel
James Augustine Shannon
1975
Hallowell Davis
Paul Gyorgy
Sterling B. Hendricks
Orville Alvin Vogel
1976
Roger Guillemin
Keith Roberts Porter
Efraim Racker
E. O. Wilson
1979
Robert H. Burris
Elizabeth C. Crosby
Arthur Kornberg
Severo Ochoa
Earl Reece Stadtman
George Ledyard Stebbins
Paul Alfred Weiss

1980s|

1981
Philip Handler
1982
Seymour Benzer
Glenn W. Burton
Mildred Cohn
1983
Howard L. Bachrach
Paul Berg
Wendell L. Roelofs
Berta Scharrer
1986
Stanley Cohen
Donald A. Henderson
Vernon B. Mountcastle
George Emil Palade
Joan A. Steitz
1987
Michael E. DeBakey
Theodor O. Diener
Harry Eagle
Har Gobind Khorana
Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988
Michael S. Brown
Stanley Norman Cohen
Joseph L. Goldstein
Maurice R. Hilleman
Eric R. Kandel
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1989
Katherine Esau
Viktor Hamburger
Philip Leder
Joshua Lederberg
Roger W. Sperry
Harland G. Wood

1990s|

1990
Baruj Benacerraf
Herbert W. Boyer
Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
Edward B. Lewis
David G. Nathan
E. Donnall Thomas
1991
Mary Ellen Avery
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
Elvin A. Kabat
Salvador Luria
Paul A. Marks
Folke K. Skoog
Paul C. Zamecnik
1992
Maxine Singer
Howard Martin Temin
1993
Daniel Nathans
Salome G. Waelsch
1994
Thomas Eisner
Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995
Alexander Rich
1996
Ruth Patrick
1997
James Watson
Robert A. Weinberg
1998
Bruce Ames
Janet Rowley
1999
David Baltimore
Jared Diamond
Lynn Margulis

2000s|

2000
Nancy C. Andreasen
Peter H. Raven
Carl Woese
2001
Francisco J. Ayala
Mario R. Capecchi
Ann Graybiel
Gene E. Likens
Victor A. McKusick
Harold Varmus
2002
James E. Darnell
Evelyn M. Witkin
2003
J. Michael Bishop
Solomon H. Snyder
Charles Yanofsky
2004
Norman E. Borlaug
Phillip A. Sharp
Thomas E. Starzl
2005
Anthony S. Fauci
Torsten N. Wiesel
2006
Rita R. Colwell
Nina Fedoroff
Lubert Stryer
2007
Robert J. Lefkowitz
Bert W. O'Malley
2008
Francis S. Collins
Elaine Fuchs
J. Craig Venter
2009
Susan L. Lindquist
Stanley B. Prusiner

2010s|

2010
Ralph L. Brinster
Shu Chien
Rudolf Jaenisch
2011
Lucy Shapiro
Leroy Hood
Sallie Chisholm
2014
May Berenbaum
Bruce Alberts
2015
Stanley Falkow
Rakesh K. Jain
Mary-Claire King
Simon Levin

Chemistry

| 1980s|

1982
F. Albert Cotton
Gilbert Stork
1983
Roald Hoffmann
George C. Pimentel
Richard N. Zare
1986
Harry B. Gray
Yuan Tseh Lee
Carl S. Marvel
Frank H. Westheimer
1987
William S. Johnson
Walter H. Stockmayer
Max Tishler
1988
William O. Baker
Konrad E. Bloch
Elias J. Corey
1989
Richard B. Bernstein
Melvin Calvin
Rudolph A. Marcus
Harden M. McConnell

|

1990s|

1990
Elkan Blout
Karl Folkers
John D. Roberts
1991
Ronald Breslow
Gertrude B. Elion
Dudley R. Herschbach
Glenn T. Seaborg
1992
Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1993
Donald J. Cram
Norman Hackerman
1994
George S. Hammond
1995
Thomas Cech
Isabella L. Karle
1996
Norman Davidson
1997
Darleane C. Hoffman
Harold S. Johnston
1998
John W. Cahn
George M. Whitesides
1999
Stuart A. Rice
John Ross
Susan Solomon

2000s|

2000
John D. Baldeschwieler
Ralph F. Hirschmann
2001
Ernest R. Davidson
Gábor A. Somorjai
2002
John I. Brauman
2004
Stephen J. Lippard
2006
Marvin H. Caruthers
Peter B. Dervan
2007
Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2008
Joanna Fowler
JoAnne Stubbe
2009
Stephen J. Benkovic
Marye Anne Fox

2010s|

2010
Jacqueline K. Barton
Peter J. Stang
2011
Allen J. Bard
M. Frederick Hawthorne
2014
Judith P. Klinman
Jerrold Meinwald
2015
A. Paul Alivisatos
Geraldine L. Richmond

Engineering sciences

| 1960s|

1962
Theodore von Kármán
1963
Vannevar Bush
John Robinson Pierce
1964
Charles S. Draper
1965
Hugh L. Dryden
Clarence L. Johnson
Warren K. Lewis
1966
Claude E. Shannon
1967
Edwin H. Land
Igor I. Sikorsky
1968
J. Presper Eckert
Nathan M. Newmark
1969
Jack St. Clair Kilby

|

1970s|

1970
George E. Mueller
1973
Harold E. Edgerton
Richard T. Whitcomb
1974
Rudolf Kompfner
Ralph Brazelton Peck
Abel Wolman
1975
Manson Benedict
William Hayward Pickering
Frederick E. Terman
Wernher von Braun
1976
Morris Cohen
Peter C. Goldmark
Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979
Emmett N. Leith
Raymond D. Mindlin
Robert N. Noyce
Earl R. Parker
Simon Ramo

1980s|

1982
Edward H. Heinemann
Donald L. Katz
1983
Bill Hewlett
George Low
John G. Trump
1986
Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
Tung-Yen Lin
Bernard M. Oliver
1987
Robert Byron Bird
H. Bolton Seed
Ernst Weber
1988
Daniel C. Drucker
Willis M. Hawkins
George W. Housner
1989
Harry George Drickamer
Herbert E. Grier

1990s|

1990
Mildred Dresselhaus
Nick Holonyak Jr.
1991
George H. Heilmeier
Luna B. Leopold
H. Guyford Stever
1992
Calvin F. Quate
John Roy Whinnery
1993
Alfred Y. Cho
1994
Ray W. Clough
1995
Hermann A. Haus
1996
James L. Flanagan
C. Kumar N. Patel
1998
Eli Ruckenstein
1999
Kenneth N. Stevens

2000s|

2000
Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2001
Andreas Acrivos
2002
Leo Beranek
2003
John M. Prausnitz
2004
Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005
Jan D. Achenbach
Tobin J. Marks
2006
Robert S. Langer
2007
David J. Wineland
2008
Rudolf E. Kálmán
2009
Amnon Yariv

2010s|

2010
Shu Chien
2011
John B. Goodenough
2014
Thomas Kailath

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Norbert Wiener
1964
Solomon Lefschetz
H. Marston Morse
1965
Oscar Zariski
1966
John Milnor
1967
Paul Cohen
1968
Jerzy Neyman
1969
William Feller

|

1970s|

1970
Richard Brauer
1973
John Tukey
1974
Kurt Gödel
1975
John W. Backus
Shiing-Shen Chern
George Dantzig
1976
Kurt Otto Friedrichs
Hassler Whitney
1979
Joseph L. Doob
Donald E. Knuth

1980s|

1982
Marshall Harvey Stone
1983
Herman Goldstine
Isadore Singer
1986
Peter Lax
Antoni Zygmund
1987
Raoul Bott
Michael Freedman
1988
Ralph E. Gomory
Joseph B. Keller
1989
Samuel Karlin
Saunders Mac Lane
Donald C. Spencer

1990s|

1990
George F. Carrier
Stephen Cole Kleene
John McCarthy
1991
Alberto Calderón
1992
Allen Newell
1993
Martin David Kruskal
1994
John Cocke
1995
Louis Nirenberg
1996
Richard Karp
Stephen Smale
1997
Shing-Tung Yau
1998
Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999
Felix Browder
Ronald R. Coifman

2000s|

2000
John Griggs Thompson
Karen Uhlenbeck
2001
Calyampudi R. Rao
Elias M. Stein
2002
James G. Glimm
2003
Carl R. de Boor
2004
Dennis P. Sullivan
2005
Bradley Efron
2006
Hyman Bass
2007
Leonard Kleinrock
Andrew J. Viterbi
2009
David B. Mumford

2010s|

2010
Richard A. Tapia
S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2011
Solomon W. Golomb
Barry Mazur
2014
Alexandre Chorin
David Blackwell
2015
Michael Artin

Physical sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Luis W. Alvarez
1964
Julian Schwinger
Harold Clayton Urey
Robert Burns Woodward
1965
John Bardeen
Peter Debye
Leon M. Lederman
William Rubey
1966
Jacob Bjerknes
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Henry Eyring
John H. Van Vleck
Vladimir K. Zworykin
1967
Jesse Beams
Francis Birch
Gregory Breit
Louis Hammett
George Kistiakowsky
1968
Paul Bartlett
Herbert Friedman
Lars Onsager
Eugene Wigner
1969
Herbert C. Brown
Wolfgang Panofsky

|

1970s|

1970
Robert H. Dicke
Allan R. Sandage
John C. Slater
John A. Wheeler
Saul Winstein
1973
Carl Djerassi
Maurice Ewing
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
Vladimir Haensel
Frederick Seitz
Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Paul Flory
William Alfred Fowler
Linus Carl Pauling
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975
Hans A. Bethe
Joseph O. Hirschfelder
Lewis Sarett
Edgar Bright Wilson
Chien-Shiung Wu
1976
Samuel Goudsmit
Herbert S. Gutowsky
Frederick Rossini
Verner Suomi
Henry Taube
George Uhlenbeck
1979
Richard P. Feynman
Herman Mark
Edward M. Purcell
John Sinfelt
Lyman Spitzer
Victor F. Weisskopf

1980s|

1982
Philip W. Anderson
Yoichiro Nambu
Edward Teller
Charles H. Townes
1983
E. Margaret Burbidge
Maurice Goldhaber
Helmut Landsberg
Walter Munk
Frederick Reines
Bruno B. Rossi
J. Robert Schrieffer
1986
Solomon J. Buchsbaum
H. Richard Crane
Herman Feshbach
Robert Hofstadter
Chen-Ning Yang
1987
Philip Abelson
Walter Elsasser
Paul C. Lauterbur
George Pake
James A. Van Allen
1988
D. Allan Bromley
Paul Ching-Wu Chu
Walter Kohn
Norman F. Ramsey
Jack Steinberger
1989
Arnold O. Beckman
Eugene Parker
Robert Sharp
Henry Stommel

1990s|

1990
Allan M. Cormack
Edwin M. McMillan
Robert Pound
Roger Revelle
1991
Arthur L. Schawlow
Ed Stone
Steven Weinberg
1992
Eugene M. Shoemaker
1993
Val Fitch
Vera Rubin
1994
Albert Overhauser
Frank Press
1995
Hans Dehmelt
Peter Goldreich
1996
Wallace S. Broecker
1997
Marshall Rosenbluth
Martin Schwarzschild
George Wetherill
1998
Don L. Anderson
John N. Bahcall
1999
James Cronin
Leo Kadanoff

2000s|

2000
Willis E. Lamb
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Gilbert F. White
2001
Marvin L. Cohen
Raymond Davis Jr.
Charles Keeling
2002
Richard Garwin
W. Jason Morgan
Edward Witten
2003
G. Brent Dalrymple
Riccardo Giacconi
2004
Robert N. Clayton
2005
Ralph A. Alpher
Lonnie Thompson
2006
Daniel Kleppner
2007
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Charles P. Slichter
2008
Berni Alder
James E. Gunn
2009
Yakir Aharonov
Esther M. Conwell
Warren M. Washington

2010s|

2011
Sidney Drell
Sandra Faber
Sylvester James Gates
2012
Burton Richter
Sean C. Solomon
2014
Shirley Ann Jackson

* v
* t
* e

John von Neumann Lecturers

* Lars Ahlfors (1960)
* Mark Kac (1961)
* Jean Leray (1962)
* Stanislaw Ulam (1963)
* Solomon Lefschetz (1964)
* Freeman Dyson (1965)
* Eugene Wigner (1966)
* Chia-Chiao Lin (1967)
* Peter Lax (1968)
* George F. Carrier (1969)
* James H. Wilkinson (1970)
* Paul Samuelson (1971)
* Jule Charney (1974)
* James Lighthill (1975)
* René Thom (1976)
* Kenneth Arrow (1977)
* Peter Henrici (1978)
* Kurt O. Friedrichs (1979)
* Keith Stewartson (1980)
* Garrett Birkhoff (1981)
* David Slepian (1982)
* Joseph B. Keller (1983)
* Jürgen Moser (1984)
* John W. Tukey (1985)
* Jacques-Louis Lions (1986)
* Richard M. Karp (1987)
* Germund Dahlquist (1988)
* Stephen Smale (1989)
* Andrew Majda (1990)
* R. Tyrrell Rockafellar (1992)
* Martin D. Kruskal (1994)
* Carl de Boor (1996)
* William Kahan (1997)
* Olga Ladyzhenskaya (1998)
* Charles S. Peskin (1999)
* Persi Diaconis (2000)
* David Donoho (2001)
* Eric Lander (2002)
* Heinz-Otto Kreiss (2003)
* Alan C. Newell (2004)
* Jerrold E. Marsden (2005)
* George C. Papanicolaou (2006)
* Nancy Kopell (2007)
* David Gottlieb (2008)
* Franco Brezzi (2009)
* Bernd Sturmfels (2010)
* Ingrid Daubechies (2011)
* John M. Ball (2012)
* Stanley Osher (2013)
* Leslie Greengard (2014)
* Jennifer Tour Chayes (2015)
* Donald Knuth (2016)
* Bernard J. Matkowsky (2017)
* Charles F. Van Loan (2018)

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the Econometric Society

1931–1950|

* Irving Fisher (1931–1934)
* François Divisia (1935)
* Harold Hotelling (1936–1937)
* Arthur Bowley (1938–1939)
* Joseph Schumpeter (1940–1941)
* Wesley Mitchell (1942–1943)
* John Maynard Keynes (1944–1945)
* Jacob Marschak (1946)
* Jan Tinbergen (1947)
* Charles Roos (1948)
* Ragnar Frisch (1949)
* Tjalling Koopmans (1950)

1951–1975|

* R. G. D. Allen (1951)
* Paul Samuelson (1952)
* René Roy (1953)
* Wassily Leontief (1954)
* Richard Stone (1955)
* Kenneth Arrow (1956)
* Trygve Haavelmo (1957)
* James Tobin (1958)
* Marcel Boiteux [fr; fr] (1959)
* Lawrence Klein (1960)
* Henri Theil (1961)
* Franco Modigliani (1962)
* Edmond Malinvaud (1963)
* Robert Solow (1964)
* Michio Morishima (1965)
* Herman Wold (1966)
* Hendrik Houthakker (1967)
* Frank Hahn (1968)
* Leonid Hurwicz (1969)
* Jacques Drèze (1970)
* Gérard Debreu (1971)
* W. M. Gorman (1972)
* Roy Radner (1973)
* Don Patinkin (1974)
* Zvi Griliches (1975)

1976–2000|

* Hirofumi Uzawa (1976)
* Lionel McKenzie (1977)
* János Kornai (1978)
* Franklin M. Fisher (1979)
* J. Denis Sargan (1980)
* Marc Nerlove (1981)
* James A. Mirrlees (1982)
* Herbert Scarf (1983)
* Amartya K. Sen (1984)
* Daniel McFadden (1985)
* Michael Bruno (1986)
* Dale Jorgenson (1987)
* Anthony B. Atkinson (1988)
* Hugo Sonnenschein (1989)
* Jean-Michel Grandmont [de; de] (1990)
* Peter Diamond (1991)
* Jean-Jacques Laffont (1992)
* Andreu Mas-Colell (1993)
* Takashi Negishi (1994)
* Christopher Sims (1995)
* Roger Guesnerie (1996)
* Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (1997)
* Jean Tirole (1998)
* Robert B. Wilson (1999)
* Elhanan Helpman (2000)

2001–present|

* Avinash Dixit (2001)
* Guy Laroque [fr; fr] (2002)
* Eric Maskin (2003)
* Ariel Rubinstein (2004)
* Thomas J. Sargent (2005)
* Richard Blundell (2006)
* Lars Peter Hansen (2007)
* Torsten Persson (2008)
* Roger B. Myerson (2009)
* John H. Moore (2010)
* Bengt Holmström (2011)
* Jean-Charles Rochet [ru; ru; Роше, Жан-Шарль] (2012)
* James J. Heckman (2013)
* Manuel Arellano (2014)
* Robert Porter [ru; ru; Портер, Роберт] (2015)
* Eddie Dekel (2016)
* Drew Fudenberg (2017)
* Tim Besley (2018)

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the American Economic Association

1886–1900|

* Francis A. Walker (1886)
* Charles F. Dunbar (1893)
* John B. Clark (1894)
* Henry C. Adams (1896)
* Arthur T. Hadley (1898)
* Richard T. Ely (1900)

1901–1925|

* Edwin R. A. Seligman (1902)
* Frank W. Taussig (1904)
* Jeremiah W. Jenks (1906)
* Simon N. Patten (1908)
* Davis R. Dewey (1909)
* Edmund J. James (1910)
* Henry W. Farnam (1911)
* Frank A. Fetter (1912)
* David Kinley (1913)
* John H. Gray (1914)
* Walter F. Willcox (1915)
* Thomas N. Carver (1916)
* John R. Commons (1917)
* Irving Fisher (1918)
* Henry B. Gardner (1919)
* Herbert J. Davenport (1920)
* Jacob H. Hollander (1921)
* Henry R. Seager (1922)
* Carl C. Plehn (1923)
* Wesley C. Mitchell (1924)
* Allyn A. Young (1925)

1926–1950|

* Edwin W. Kemmerer (1926)
* Thomas S. Adams (1927)
* Fred M. Taylor (1928)
* Edwin F. Gay (1929)
* Matthew B. Hammond (1930)
* Ernest L. Bogart (1931)
* George E. Barnett (1932)
* William Z. Ripley (1933)
* Harry A. Millis (1934)
* John M. Clark (1935)
* Alvin S. Johnson (1936)
* Oliver M. W. Sprague (1937)
* Alvin Hansen (1938)
* Jacob Viner (1939)
* Frederick C. Mills (1940)
* Sumner Slichter (1941)
* Edwin G. Nourse (1942)
* Albert B. Wolfe (1943)
* Joseph S. Davis (1944)
* I. Leo Sharfman (1945)
* Emanuel A. Goldenweiser (1946)
* Paul Douglas (1947)
* Joseph Schumpeter (1948)
* Howard S. Ellis (1949)
* Frank Knight (1950)

1951–1975|

* John H. Williams (1951)
* Harold A. Innis (1952)
* Calvin B. Hoover (1953)
* Simon Kuznets (1954)
* John D. Black (1955)
* Edwin E. Witte (1956)
* Morris A. Copeland (1957)
* George W. Stocking (1958)
* Arthur F. Burns (1959)
* Theodore W. Schultz (1960)
* Paul A. Samuelson (1961)
* Edward S. Mason (1962)
* Gottfried Haberler (1963)
* George J. Stigler (1964)
* Joseph J. Spengler (1965)
* Fritz Machlup (1966)
* Milton Friedman (1967)
* Kenneth E. Boulding (1968)
* William J. Fellner (1969)
* Wassily Leontief (1970)
* James Tobin (1971)
* John Kenneth Galbraith (1972)
* Kenneth J. Arrow (1973)
* Walter W. Heller (1974)
* R. Aaron Gordon (1975)

1976–2000|

* Franco Modigliani (1976)
* Lawrence R. Klein (1977)
* Jacob Marschak (1978)
* Tjalling C. Koopmans (1978)
* Robert M. Solow (1979)
* Moses Abramovitz (1980)
* William J. Baumol (1981)
* Gardner Ackley (1982)
* W. Arthur Lewis (1983)
* Charles L. Schultze (1984)
* Charles P. Kindleberger (1985)
* Alice M. Rivlin (1986)
* Gary S. Becker (1987)
* Robert Eisner (1988)
* Joseph A. Pechman (1989)
* Gérard Debreu (1990)
* Thomas C. Schelling (1991)
* William Vickrey (1992)
* Zvi Griliches (1993)
* Amartya Sen (1994)
* Victor R. Fuchs (1995)
* Anne O. Krueger (1996)
* Arnold C. Harberger (1997)
* Robert W. Fogel (1998)
* D. Gale Johnson (1999)
* Dale W. Jorgenson (2000)

2001–present|

* Sherwin Rosen (2001)
* Robert Lucas Jr. (2002)
* Peter Diamond (2003)
* Martin Feldstein (2004)
* Daniel McFadden (2005)
* George Akerlof (2006)
* Thomas J. Sargent (2007)
* Avinash Dixit (2008)
* Angus Deaton (2009)
* Robert Hall (2010)
* Orley Ashenfelter (2011)
* Christopher A. Sims (2012)
* Claudia Goldin (2013)
* William Nordhaus (2014)
* Richard Thaler (2015)
* Robert J. Shiller (2016)
* Alvin E. Roth (2017)
* Olivier Blanchard (2018)
* Ben Bernanke (2019)
* David Card (2020)

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the International Economic Association

* Joseph Schumpeter (1950)
* Gottfried Haberler (1950–1953)
* Howard S. Ellis (1953–1956)
* Erik Lindahl (1956–1959)
* E. A. G. Robinson (1959–1962)
* Giuseppe Ugo Papi (1962–1965)
* Paul A. Samuelson (1965–1968)
* Erik Lundberg (1968–1971)
* Fritz Machlup (1971–1974)
* Edmond Malinvaud (1974–1977)
* Shigeto Tsuru (1977–1980)
* Víctor L. Urquidi (1980–1983)
* Kenneth Arrow (1983–1986)
* Amartya Sen (1986–1989)
* Anthony B. Atkinson (1989–1992)
* Michael Bruno (1992–1995)
* Jacques Drèze (1995–1999)
* Robert M. Solow (1999–2002)
* János Kornai (2002–2005)
* Guillermo Calvo (2005–2008)
* Masahiko Aoki (2008–2011)
* Joseph E. Stiglitz (2011–2014)
* Tim Besley (2014–)

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