Rainer Weiss

Short description: Nobel Prize-winning American physicist

Rainer Weiss

Weiss in June 2018

Born|  (1932-09-29) September 29, 1932 (age 91)

Berlin, Germany

Education| Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS, PhD)
Known for| Pioneering laser interferometric gravitational wave observation
Awards| Einstein Prize (2007)
Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (2016)
Gruber Prize in Cosmology (2016)
Shaw Prize (2016)
Kavli Prize (2016)
Harvey Prize (2016)
Princess of Asturias Award (2017)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2017)
Scientific career
Fields| Physics
Laser physics
Experimental gravitation
Cosmic background measurements
Institutions| Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Princeton University
Tufts University
Thesis| Stark Effect and Hyperfine Structure of Hydrogen Fluoride (1962)
Doctoral advisor| Jerrold R. Zacharias
Doctoral students| Nergis Mavalvala
Philip K. Chapman
Rana X. Adhikari
Other notable students| Bruce Allen
Sarah Veatch

Rainer Weiss during Nobel Prize press conference in Stockholm, December 2017

Rainer "Rai" Weiss (/waɪs/ WYSSE, German: [vaɪs]; born September 29, 1932) is a German-born American physicist, known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics. He is a professor of physics emeritus at MIT and an adjunct professor at LSU. He is best known for inventing the laser interferometric technique which is the basic operation of LIGO. He was Chair of the COBE Science Working Group.[1][2][3]

In 2017, Weiss was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Kip Thorne and Barry Barish, "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves".[4][5][6][7]

Weiss has helped realize a number of challenging experimental tests of fundamental physics. He is a member of the Fermilab Holometer experiment, which uses a 40m laser interferometer to measure properties of space and time at quantum scale and provide Planck-precision tests of quantum holographic fluctuation.[8][9]

## Contents

* 1 Early life and education
* 2 Achievements
* 3 Honors and awards
* 4 Selected publications
* 5 Notes
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Early life and education

Rainer Weiss was born in Berlin, Germany, the son of Gertrude Loesner and Frederick A. Weiss.[10][11] His father, a physician, neurologist, and psychoanalyst, was forced out of Germany by Nazis because he was Jewish and an active member of the Communist Party. His mother, an actress, was Christian.[12] His aunt was the sociologist Hilda Weiss.

The family fled first to Prague, but Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia after the 1938 Munich Agreement caused them to flee again; the philanthropic Stix family of St. Louis helped them obtain visas to enter the United States.[13] Weiss spent his youth in New York City, where he attended Columbia Grammar School. He studied at MIT, dropped out during his junior year,[14] but eventually returned to receive his S.B. degree in 1955 and Ph.D. degree in 1962 under Jerrold Zacharias.[15]

He taught at Tufts University from 1960 to 1962, was a postdoctoral scholar at Princeton University from 1962 to 1964, and then joined the faculty at MIT in 1964.[10]

In a 2022 interview given to Federal University of Pará in Brazil, Weiss talks about his life and career, the memories of his childhood and youth, his undergraduate and graduate studies at MIT, and the future of gravitational waves astronomy.[16]

## Achievements

Weiss brought two fields of fundamental physics research from birth to maturity: characterization of the cosmic background radiation,[3] and interferometric gravitational wave observation.

In 1973 he made pioneering measurements of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation, taken from a weather balloon, showing that the microwave background exhibited the thermal spectrum characteristic of the remnant radiation from the Big Bang.[14] He later became co-founder and science advisor of the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite,[1] which made detailed mapping of the radiation.

Weiss also pioneered the concept of using lasers for an interferometric gravitational wave detector, suggesting that the path length required for such a detector would necessitate kilometer-scale arms. He built a prototype in the 1970s, following earlier work by Robert L. Forward.[17][18] He co-founded the NSF LIGO (gravitational-wave detection) project,[19] which was based on his report "A study of a long Baseline Gravitational Wave Antenna System".[20]

Both of these efforts couple challenges in instrument science with physics important to the understanding of the Universe.[21]

In February 2016, he was one of the four scientists of LIGO/Virgo collaboration presenting at the press conference for the announcement that the first direct gravitational wave observation had been made in September 2015.[22][23][24][25][lower-alpha 1]

## Honors and awards

Rainer Weiss has been recognized by numerous awards including:

* In 2006, with John C. Mather, he and the COBE team received the Gruber Prize in Cosmology.[2]
* In 2007, with Ronald Drever, he was awarded the APS Einstein Prize for his work.[26]
* In 2016 and 2017, for the achievement of gravitational waves detection, he received:

* The Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics,[27]
* Gruber Prize in Cosmology,[28]
* Shaw Prize,[29]
* Kavli Prize in Astrophysics[30]
* The Harvey Prize together with Kip Thorne and Ronald Drever.[31]
* The Smithsonian magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Physical Science category, with Kip Thorne and Barry Barish.[32]
* The Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics, 2017.[33]
* Princess of Asturias Award (2017) (jointly with Kip Thorne and Barry Barish).[34]
* The Nobel Prize in Physics (2017) (jointly with Kip Thorne and Barry Barish)[4]
* Fellowship of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters[35]

* In 2018, he was awarded the American Astronomical Society's Joseph Weber Award for Astronomical Instrumentation "for his invention of the interferometric gravitational-wave detector, which led to the first detection of long-predicted gravitational waves."[36]
* In 2020 he was elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society.[37]

## Selected publications

* Weiss, R.; Stroke, H.H.; Jaccarino, V.; Edmonds, D.S. (1957). "Magnetic Moments and Hyperfine Structures Anomalies of Cs133, Cs135 and Cs137". Phys. Rev. 105 (2): 590–603. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.590. Bibcode: 1957PhRv..105..590S.
* R. Weiss (1961). "Molecular Beam Electron Bombardment Detector". Rev. Sci. Instrum. 32 (4): 397–401. doi:10.1063/1.1717386. Bibcode: 1961RScI...32..397W.
* R. Weiss; L. Grodzins (1962). "A Search for a Frequency Shift of 14.4 keV Photons on Traversing Radiation Fields". Physics Letters 1 (8): 342. doi:10.1016/0031-9163(62)90420-1. Bibcode: 1962PhL.....1..342W.
* Weiss, Rainer (1963). "Stark Effect and Hyperfine Structure of Hydrogen Fluoride". Phys. Rev. 131 (2): 659–665. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.131.659. Bibcode: 1963PhRv..131..659W.
* R. Weiss; B. Block (1965). "A Gravimeter to Monitor the OSO Dilational Model of the Earth". J. Geophys. Res. 70 (22): 5615. doi:10.1029/JZ070i022p05615. Bibcode: 1965JGR....70.5615W.
* R. Weiss; G. Blum (1967). "Experimental Test of the Freundlich Red-Shift Hypothesis". Phys. Rev. 155 (5): 1412. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.155.1412. Bibcode: 1967PhRv..155.1412B.
* R. Weiss (1967). "Electric and Magnetic Field Probes". Am. J. Phys. 35 (11): 1047–1048. doi:10.1119/1.1973723. Bibcode: 1967AmJPh..35.1047W.
* R.Weiss and S. Ezekiel (1968). "Laser-Induced Fluorescence in a Molecular Beam of Iodine". Phys. Rev. Lett. 20 (3): 91–93. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.20.91. Bibcode: 1968PhRvL..20...91E.
* R. Weiss; D. Muehlner (1970). "A Measurement of the Isotropic Background Radiation in the Far Infrared". Phys. Rev. Lett. 24 (13): 742. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.742. Bibcode: 1970PhRvL..24..742M.
* R. Weiss (1972). "Electromagnetically Coupled Broadband Gravitational Antenna". Quarterly Progress Report, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT 105: 54. https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/56271/RLE_QPR_105_V.pdf?sequence=1#page=38.
* R. Weiss; D. Muehlner (1973). "Balloon Measurements of the Far Infrared Background Radiation". Phys. Rev. D 7 (2): 326. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.7.326. Bibcode: 1973PhRvD...7..326M.
* R. Weiss; D. Muehlner (1973). "Further Measurements of the Submillimeter Background at Balloon Altitude". Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (16): 757. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.757. Bibcode: 1973PhRvL..30..757M.
* R. Weiss; D.K. Owens (1974). "Measurements of the Phase Fluctuations on a He-Ne Zeeman Laser". Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45 (9): 1060. doi:10.1063/1.1686809. Bibcode: 1974RScI...45.1060O.
* R. Weiss, D.K. Owens; D. Muehlner (1979). "A Large Beam Sky Survey at Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths Made from Balloon Altitudes". Astrophysical Journal 231: 702. doi:10.1086/157235. Bibcode: 1979ApJ...231..702O.
* Weiss, R.; Downey, P.M.; Bachner, F.J.; Donnelly, J.P.; Lindley, W.T.; Mountain, R.W.; Silversmith, D.J. (1980). "Monolithic Silicon Bolometers". Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 1 (6): 910. doi:10.1364/ao.23.000910. PMID 18204660.
* R. Weiss (1980). "Measurements of the Cosmic Background Radiation". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18: 489–535. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.002421. Bibcode: 1980ARA&A..18..489W.
* R. Weiss (1980). "The COBE Project". Physica Scripta 21 (5): 670. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/21/5/016. Bibcode: 1980PhyS...21..670W.
* R. Weiss, S.S. Meyer; A.D. Jeffries (1983). "A Search for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect at Millimeter Wavelengths". Astrophys. J. Lett. 271: L1. doi:10.1086/184080. Bibcode: 1983ApJ...271L...1M.
* Weiss, R.; Halpern, M.; Benford, R.; Meyer, S.; Muehlner, D. (1988). "Measurements of the Anisotropy of the Cosmic Background Radiation and Diffuse Galactic Emission at Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths". Astrophys. J. 332: 596. doi:10.1086/166679. Bibcode: 1988ApJ...332..596H.
* R. Weiss, J.C. Mather, E.S. Cheng, R.E. Eplee Jr., R.B. Isaacman, S.S. Meyer, R.A. Shafer, E.L. Wright, C.L. Bennett, N.W. Boggess, E. Dwek, S. Gulkis, M.G. Hauser, M. Janssen, T. Kelsall, P.M. Lubin, S.H. Moseley Jr., T.L. Murdock, R.F. Silverberg, G.F. Smoot and D.T. Wilkinson (1990). "A Preliminary Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) Satellite". Astrophys. J. 354: L37. doi:10.1086/185717. Bibcode: 1990ApJ...354L..37M.
* R. Weiss, G. Smoot, C. Bennett, R. Weber, J. Maruschak, R. Ratliff, M. Janssen, J. Chitwood, L. Hilliard, M. Lecha, R. Mills, R. Patschke, C. Richards, C. Backus, J. Mather, M. Hauser, D. Wilkenson, S. Gulkis, N. Boggess, E. Cheng, T. Kelsall, P. Lubin, S. Meyer, H. Moseley, T. Murdock, R. Shafer, R. Silverberg and E. Wright (1990). "COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers: Instrument Design and Implementation". Astrophys. J. 360: 685. doi:10.1086/169154. Bibcode: 1990ApJ...360..685S.
* R. Weiss (1990). "Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors". Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 331. ISBN 9780521384285. https://archive.org/details/generalrelativit00ashb.
* R. Weiss, D. Shoemaker, P. Fritschel, J. Glaime and N. Christensen (1991). "Prototype Michelson Interferometer with Fabry-Perot Cavities". Applied Optics 30 (22): 3133–8. doi:10.1364/AO.30.003133. PMID 20706365. Bibcode: 1991ApOpt..30.3133S.

## Notes

1. ↑ Other physicists presenting were Gabriela González, David Reitze, Kip Thorne, and France A. Córdova from the NSF.

## See also

* List of Jewish Nobel laureates

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lars Brink (June 2, 2014). Nobel Lectures in Physics (2006–2010). World Scientific. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-981-4612-70-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=yRS3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "NASA and COBE Scientists Win Top Cosmology Prize". NASA. 2006. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2006/gruber_award.html.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Weiss, Rainer (1980). "Measurements of the Cosmic Background Radiation". Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 18: 489–535. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.002421. Bibcode: 1980ARA&A..18..489W. http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March03/Weiss/Weiss5.html.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017". The Nobel Foundation. October 3, 2017. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/press.html.
5. ↑ Rincon, Paul; Amos, Jonathan (October 3, 2017). "Einstein's waves win Nobel Prize". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-41476648.
6. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (October 3, 2017). "2017 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to LIGO Black Hole Researchers". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/03/science/nobel-prize-physics.html.
7. ↑ Kaiser, David (October 3, 2017). "Learning from Gravitational Waves". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/03/opinion/gravitational-waves-ligo-funding.html.
8. ↑ Emily Tapp (October 6, 2017). "Why we built the Holometer". IOP, Classical and Quantum Gravity journal. https://cqgplus.com/2017/10/06/why-we-built-the-holometer/.
9. ↑ Aaron Chou (2017). "The Holometer: an instrument to probe Planckian quantum geometry". Class. Quantum Grav. 34 (6): 065005. doi:10.1088/1361-6382/aa5e5c. Bibcode: 2017CQGra..34f5005C.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Weiss CV at mit.edu". http://emvogil-3.mit.edu/~weiss/rw/rwbiog.pdf.
11. ↑ "MIT physicist Rainer Weiss shares Nobel Prize in physics". MIT News. October 3, 2017. https://news.mit.edu/2017/mit-physicist-rainer-weiss-shares-nobel-prize-physics-1003.
12. ↑ "Rainer Weiss Biography". kavliprize.org. http://www.kavliprize.org/sites/default/files/Rainer Weiss autobiography.pdf.
13. ↑ Shirley K. Cohen (May 10, 2000). "Interview with Rainer Weiss". Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology. http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/183/1/Weiss_OHO.pdf.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Cho, Adrian (August 4, 2016). "Meet the College Dropout who Invented the Gravitational Wave Detector", Science. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
15. ↑ Weiss, Rainer (1962). Stark effect and hyperfine structure of hydrogen fluoride (Ph.D.). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. OCLC 33374441 - via ProQuest.
16. ↑ Interview with Rainer Weiss (2017 Physics Nobel Prize Laureate). Federal University of Pará. 2022.
17. ↑ Cho, Adrian (October 3, 2017). "Ripples in space: U.S. trio wins physics Nobel for discovery of gravitational waves," Science. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
18. ↑ Cervantes-Cota, Jorge L., Galindo-Uribarri, Salvador, and Smoot, George F. (2016). "A Brief History of Gravitational Waves," Universe, 2, no. 3, 22. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
19. ↑ Mervis, Jeffrey. "Got gravitational waves? Thank NSF's approach to building big facilities". Science Magazine. ISSN 1095-9203. https://www.science.org/content/article/got-gravitational-waves-thank-nsf-s-approach-building-big-facilities.
20. ↑ Linsay, P., Saulson, P., and Weiss, R. (1983). "A Study of a Long Baseline Gravitational Wave Antenna System, NSF. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
21. ↑ David Shoemaker (2012). "The Evolution of Advanced LIGO". LIGO Magazine (1). http://www.ligo.org/magazine/LIGO-magazine-issue-1.pdf#page=8.
22. ↑ Twilley, Nicola. "Gravitational Waves Exist: The Inside Story of How Scientists Finally Found Them". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/gravitational-waves-exist-heres-how-scientists-finally-found-them.
23. ↑ Abbott, B.P. (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger". Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (6): 061102. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. PMID 26918975. Bibcode: 2016PhRvL.116f1102A.
24. ↑ Naeye, Robert (February 11, 2016). "Gravitational Wave Detection Heralds New Era of Science". Sky and Telescope. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/gravitational-wave-detection-heralds-new-era-of-science-0211201644/.
25. ↑ Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Alexandra (February 11, 2016). "Einstein's gravitational waves found at last". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19361. http://www.nature.com/news/einstein-s-gravitational-waves-found-at-last-1.19361. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
26. ↑ "Prize Recipient". aps.org. http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Weiss&first_nm=Rainer&year=2007.
27. ↑ "Breakthrough Prize – Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics Awarded For Detection of Gravitational Waves 100 Years After Albert Einstein Predicted Their Existence" (in en). San Francisco. May 2, 2016. https://breakthroughprize.org/News/32.
28. ↑ "2016 Gruber Cosmology Prize Press Release" (in en). The Gruber Foundation. May 4, 2016. http://gruber.yale.edu/cosmology/press/2016-gruber-cosmology-prize-press-release.
29. ↑ "Shaw Prize 2016". http://www.shawprize.org/en/shaw.php?tmp=3&twoid=102&threeid=254&fourid=476.
30. ↑ Prize, The Kavli. "9 Scientific Pioneers Receive The 2016 Kavli Prizes". www.prnewswire.com (Press release).
31. ↑ Harvey Prize 2016
32. ↑ "Meet the Team of Scientists Who Discovered Gravitational Waves". http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/wave-catchers-ligo-team-winner-smithsonian-ingenuity-awards-2016-physical-sciences-180961124/.
33. ↑ "The Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics". http://lambaward.org/.
34. ↑ "The Princess of Asturias Foundation". https://www.fpa.es/en/error404.do.
35. ↑ "Group 2: Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics". Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. http://english.dnva.no/c40134/artikkel/vis.html?tid=40149.
36. ↑ "Joseph Weber Award for Astronomical Instrumentation". American Astronomical Society. https://aas.org/grants-and-prizes/joseph-weber-award-astronomical-instrumentation.
37. ↑ "AAS Fellows". AAS. https://aas.org/grants-and-prizes/aas-fellows.

## Further reading

* Cho, A. (August 5, 2016). "The storyteller". Science 353 (6299): 532–537. doi:10.1126/science.353.6299.532. PMID 27493164.
* Mather, J.; Boslough, J. (2008). The very first light: The true inside story of the scientific journey back to the dawn of the universe. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01576-4. https://archive.org/details/veryfirstlight00john.
* Bartusiak, M. (2000). Einstein's unfinished symphony: Listening to the sounds of space-time. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-425-18620-6. https://archive.org/details/einsteinsunfinis00bart_0.

## External links

* Rainer Weiss's website at MIT
* LIGO Group at the MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research
* Rainer Weiss at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
* Q&A: Rainer Weiss on LIGO's origins at news.mit.edu
* Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "UW Frontiers of Physics Lecture: Dr. Rainer Weiss, Fall 2016, recorded October 25, U. Washington College of Arts & Sciences". November 10, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTqTx1gX1wY.
* Miss nobel-id as parameter  including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2017 LIGO and Gravitational Waves I

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* Joachim Frank (Germany, United States)
* Richard Henderson (United Kingdom)

Literature|

Kazuo Ishiguro (United Kingdom)

Peace|

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (Switzerland)

Physics|

* Rainer Weiss (United States)
* Barry Barish (United States)
* Kip Thorne (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Jeffrey C. Hall (United States)
* Michael Rosbash (United States)
* Michael W. Young (United States)

Economic Sciences|

Richard Thaler (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
1990

2000

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer Weiss. Read more

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