Thomas More

Short description: English statesman and philosopher (1478–1535)

Sir

Thomas More

Sir Thomas More (1527)
by Hans Holbein the Younger

Lord Chancellor
In office
October 1529 – May 1532
Monarch| Henry VIII
Preceded by| Thomas Wolsey
Succeeded by| Thomas Audley
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
In office
31 December 1525 – 3 November 1529
Monarch| Henry VIII
Preceded by| Richard Wingfield
Succeeded by| William FitzWilliam
Speaker of the House of Commons
In office
15 April 1523 – 13 August 1523
Monarch| Henry VIII
Preceded by| Thomas Nevill
Succeeded by| Thomas Audley
Personal details
Born| 7 February 1478
City of London, England
Died| 6 July 1535 (aged 57)
Tower Hill, London, England
Spouse(s)|

* Jane Colt
(m. 1505; died 1511)

* Alice Middleton (m. 1511)

Children| Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely, and John
Parents| Sir John More
Agnes Graunger
Education| University of Oxford
Lincoln's Inn
Signature|

* * *

Philosophy career

Notable work

| Utopia (1516)
Responsio ad Lutherum (1523)
A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation (1553)
Era| Renaissance philosophy
16th-century philosophy
Region| Western philosophy, Catholic
School| Christian humanism[1]
Renaissance humanism

Main interests

| Social philosophy
Criticism of Protestantism

Notable ideas

| Utopia

Influences

*     * Erasmus
* Boethius
* John Fisher
* Aristotle
* Socrates
* Plato[2]
* Cicero[3]
* Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
* Amerigo Vespucci[4]
* Lucian[5]
* Thomas Aquinas
* Dante Alighieri
* Augustine of Hippo[6]

Influenced

*     * John Henry Newman
* William Shakespeare

Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), venerated in the Catholic Church as Saint Thomas More,[7][8] was an English lawyer, judge,[9] social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. He also served Henry VIII as Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to May 1532.[10] He wrote Utopia, published in 1516,[11] which describes the political system of an imaginary island state.

More opposed the Protestant Reformation, directing polemics against the theology of Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and William Tyndale. More also opposed Henry VIII's separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as supreme head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason and executed. On his execution, he was reported to have said: "I die the King's good servant, and God's first".

Pope Pius XI canonised More in 1935 as a martyr. Pope John Paul II in 2000 declared him the patron saint of statesmen and politicians.[12][13][14]

## Contents

* 1 Early life
* 2 Spiritual life
* 3 Family life
* 4 Early political career
* 5 Chancellorship
* 5.1 Campaign against the Protestant Reformation
* 5.2 Resignation
* 6 Indictment, trial and execution
* 6.1 Relics
* 7 Scholarly and literary work
* 7.1 History of King Richard III
* 7.2 Utopia
* 7.3 Religious polemics
* 7.4 Correspondence
* 8 Veneration
* 8.1 Catholic Church
* 8.2 Anglican Communion
* 9 Legacy
* 9.1 In literature and popular culture
* 9.2 Institutions named after More
* 9.3 Communism, socialism and resistance to communism
* 10 Historic sites
* 10.1 Westminster Hall
* 10.2 Beaufort House
* 10.3 Crosby Hall
* 10.4 Chelsea Old Church
* 10.5 Tower Hill
* 10.6 St Katharine Docks
* 10.7 St Dunstan's Church and Roper House, Canterbury
* 11 Works
* 11.1 Published during More's life (with dates of publication)
* 11.2 Published after More's death (with likely dates of composition)
* 12 Translations
* 13 Notes
* 14 Sources
* 14.1 Biographies
* 14.2 Historiography
* 14.3 Primary sources
* 15 External links

## Early life

Part of a series on
Catholic philosophy

Aquinas, Scotus, and Ockham

Ethics

* Cardinal virtues
* Just price
* Just war
* Probabilism
* Natural law
* Personalism
* Social teaching
* Virtue ethics

Schools

* Augustinianism
* Cartesianism
* Molinism
* Occamism
* Salamanca
* Scholasticism
* Neo-scholasticism
* Scotism
* Thomism

Philosophers

Ancient

* Ambrose
* Athanasius the Great
* Augustine of Hippo
* Clement of Alexandria
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Justin Martyr
* Origen
* Paul the Apostle
* Tertullian

Postclassical

* Pseudo-Dionysius
* Boethius
* Isidore of Seville
* Scotus Eriugena
* Bede
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Peter Abelard
* Symeon the New Theologian
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Hugh of Saint Victor
* Thomas Aquinas
* Benedict of Nursia
* Pope Gregory I
* Peter Lombard
* Bonaventure
* Albertus Magnus
* Duns Scotus
* Roger Bacon
* Giles of Rome
* James of Viterbo
* Giambattista Vico
* Gregory of Rimini
* William of Ockham
* Catherine of Siena
* Paul of Venice

Modern

* Baltasar Gracián
* Erasmus of Rotterdam
* Thomas Cajetan
* Nicholas of Cusa
* Luis de Molina
* Teresa of Ávila
* Thomas More
* Francis de Sales
* Francisco de Vitoria
* Domingo de Soto
* Martín de Azpilcueta
* Tomás de Mercado
* Antoine Arnauld
* René Descartes
* Robert Bellarmine
* Ignacy Krasicki
* Hugo Kołłątaj
* François Fénelon
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Nicolas Malebranche
* Blaise Pascal
* Francisco Suárez
* Giovanni Botero

Contemporary

* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope John Paul II
* Mortimer J. Adler
* G. E. M. Anscombe
* Robert Barron
* Hans Urs von Balthasar
* G. K. Chesterton
* Yves Congar
* Edward Feser
* Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
* Étienne Gilson
* René Girard
* Romano Guardini
* Dietrich von Hildebrand
* Faustina Kowalska
* Peter Kreeft
* Felicité de Lamennais
* Bernard Lonergan
* Marshall McLuhan
* Alasdair MacIntyre
* Gabriel Marcel
* Jacques Maritain
* Désiré Mercier
* Thomas Merton
* Oswald von Nell-Breuning
* John Henry Newman
* Erich Przywara
* Karl Rahner
* Antonio Rosmini
* Edith Stein
* Eleonore Stump
* Charles Taylor

* v
* t
* e

Born on Milk Street in the City of London, on 7 February 1478, Thomas More was the son of Sir John More,[15] a successful lawyer and later a judge,[9] and his wife Agnes (née Graunger). He was the second of six children. More was educated at St. Anthony's School, then considered one of London's best schools.[16][17] From 1490 to 1492, More served John Morton, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, as a household page.[18]:xvi

Morton enthusiastically supported the "New Learning" (scholarship which was later known as "humanism" or "London humanism"), and thought highly of the young More. Believing that More had great potential, Morton nominated him for a place at the University of Oxford (either in St. Mary Hall or Canterbury College, both now gone).[19]:38

More began his studies at Oxford in 1492, and received a classical education. Studying under Thomas Linacre and William Grocyn, he became proficient in both Latin and Greek. More left Oxford after only two years—at his father's insistence—to begin legal training in London at New Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery.[18]:xvii[20] In 1496, More became a student at Lincoln's Inn, one of the Inns of Court, where he remained until 1502, when he was called to the Bar.[18]:xvii

## Spiritual life

According to his friend, the theologian Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, More once seriously contemplated abandoning his legal career to become a monk.[21][22] Between 1503 and 1504 More lived near the Carthusian monastery outside the walls of London and joined in the monks' spiritual exercises. Although he deeply admired their piety, More ultimately decided to remain a layman, standing for election to Parliament in 1504 and marrying the following year.[18]:xxi

More continued ascetic practices for the rest of his life, such as wearing a hair shirt next to his skin and occasionally engaging in self-flagellation.[18]:xxi A tradition of the Third Order of Saint Francis honours More as a member of that Order on their calendar of saints.[23]

## Family life

Rowland Lockey after Hans Holbein the Younger, The Family of Sir Thomas More, c. 1594

More married Joanna "Jane" Colt in 1505. In that year he leased a portion of a house known as the Old Barge (originally there had been a wharf nearby serving the Walbrook river) on Bucklersbury, St Stephen Walbrook parish, London. Eight years later he took over the rest of the house and in total he lived there for almost 20 years, until his move to Chelsea in 1525.[19]:118;271[24][25] Erasmus reported that More wanted to give his young wife a better education than she had previously received at home, and tutored her in music and literature.[19]:119 The couple had four children: Margaret, Elizabeth, Cecily, and John. Jane died in 1511.[19]:132

Going "against friends' advice and common custom," within 30 days, More had married one of the many eligible women among his wide circle of friends.[26][27] He chose Alice Middleton, a widow, to head his household and care for his small children.[28] The speed of the marriage was so unusual that More had to get a dispensation from the banns of marriage, which, due to his good public reputation, he easily obtained.[26]

More had no children from his second marriage, although he raised Alice's daughter from her previous marriage as his own. More also became the guardian of two young girls: Anne Cresacre who would eventually marry his son, John More;[19]:146 and Margaret Giggs (later Clement) who was the only member of his family to witness his execution (she died on the 35th anniversary of that execution, and her daughter married More's nephew William Rastell). An affectionate father, More wrote letters to his children whenever he was away on legal or government business, and encouraged them to write to him often.[19]:150[29]:xiv

More insisted upon giving his daughters the same classical education as his son, an unusual attitude at the time.[19]:146–47 His eldest daughter, Margaret, attracted much admiration for her erudition, especially her fluency in Greek and Latin.[19]:147 More told his daughter of his pride in her academic accomplishments in September 1522, after he showed the bishop a letter she had written:

> When he saw from the signature that it was the letter of a lady, his surprise led him to read it more eagerly … he said he would never have believed it to be your work unless I had assured him of the fact, and he began to praise it in the highest terms … for its pure Latinity, its correctness, its erudition, and its expressions of tender affection. He took out at once from his pocket a portague [A Portuguese gold coin] … to send to you as a pledge and token of his good will towards you.[29]:152

More's decision to educate his daughters set an example for other noble families. Even Erasmus became much more favourable once he witnessed their accomplishments.[19]:149

A portrait of More and his family, Sir Thomas More and Family, was painted by Holbein; however, it was lost in a fire in the 18th century. More's grandson commissioned a copy, of which two versions survive.

## Early political career

Study for a portrait of Thomas More's family, c. 1527, by Hans Holbein the Younger

In 1504 More was elected to Parliament to represent Great Yarmouth, and in 1510 began representing London.[30]

From 1510, More served as one of the two undersheriffs of the City of London, a position of considerable responsibility in which he earned a reputation as an honest and effective public servant. More became Master of Requests in 1514,[31] the same year in which he was appointed as a Privy Counsellor.[32] After undertaking a diplomatic mission to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, accompanying Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York, to Calais and Bruges, More was knighted and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer in 1521.[32]

As secretary and personal adviser to King Henry VIII, More became increasingly influential: welcoming foreign diplomats, drafting official documents, and serving as a liaison between the King and Lord Chancellor Wolsey. More later served as High Steward for the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

In 1523 More was elected as knight of the shire (MP) for Middlesex and, on Wolsey's recommendation, the House of Commons elected More its Speaker.[32] In 1525 More became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with executive and judicial responsibilities over much of northern England.[32]

## Chancellorship

After Wolsey fell, More succeeded to the office of Lord Chancellor in 1529. He dispatched cases with unprecedented rapidity.

### Campaign against the Protestant Reformation

Sir Thomas More is commemorated with a sculpture at the late-19th-century Sir Thomas More House, Carey Street, London, opposite the Royal Courts of Justice.

More supported the Catholic Church and saw the Protestant Reformation as heresy, a threat to the unity of both church and society. More believed in the theology, argumentation, and ecclesiastical laws of the church, and "heard Luther's call to destroy the Catholic Church as a call to war."[33]

His early actions against the Protestant Reformation included aiding Wolsey in preventing Lutheran books from being imported into England, spying on and investigating suspected Protestants,[34] especially publishers, and arresting anyone holding in his possession, transporting, or distributing Bibles and other materials of the Protestant Reformation. Additionally, More vigorously suppressed Tyndale's English translation of the New Testament.[35]

The Tyndale Bible used controversial translations of certain words that More considered heretical and seditious; for example, "senior" and "elder" rather than "priest" for the Greek presbyteros, and "congregation" instead of "church."[36] He also pointed out that some of the marginal glosses challenged Catholic doctrine.[37] It was during this time that most of his literary polemics appeared.

Many accounts circulated during and after More's lifetime regarding persecution of the Protestant "heretics" during his time as Lord Chancellor. The popular sixteenth-century English Protestant historian John Foxe was instrumental in publicising accusations of torture in his Book of Martyrs, claiming that More had often personally used violence or torture while interrogating heretics.[38] Later authors such as Brian Moynahan and Michael Farris cite Foxe when repeating these allegations,[39] although Diarmaid MacCulloch, while acknowledging More's "relish for burning heretics", finds no evidence that he was directly involved.[40] During More's chancellorship, six people were burned at the stake for heresy; they were Thomas Hitton, Thomas Bilney, Richard Bayfield, John Tewkesbury, Thomas Dusgate, and James Bainham.[19]:299–306 Moynahan argued that More was influential in the burning of Tyndale, as More's agents had long pursued him, even though this took place over a year after his own death.[41]

Peter Ackroyd also lists claims from Foxe's Book of Martyrs and other post-Reformation sources that More "tied heretics to a tree in his Chelsea garden and whipped them", that "he watched as 'newe men' were put upon the rack in the Tower and tortured until they confessed", and that "he was personally responsible for the burning of several of the 'brethren' in Smithfield."[19]:305 Richard Marius records a similar claim, which tells about James Bainham, and writes that "the story Foxe told of Bainham's whipping and racking at More's hands is universally doubted today".[42] More himself denied these allegations:

> Stories of a similar nature were current even in More's lifetime and he denied them forcefully. He admitted that he did imprison heretics in his house – 'theyr sure kepynge' – he called it – but he utterly rejected claims of torture and whipping... 'as help me God.'[19]:298–299

More instead claimed in his "Apology" (1533) that he only applied corporal punishment to two heretics: a child who was caned in front of his family for heresy regarding the Eucharist, and a "feeble-minded" man who was whipped for disrupting the mass by raising women's skirts over their heads at the moment of consecration.[43]:404

Burning at the stake had been a standard punishment for heresy: 30 burnings had taken place in the century before More's elevation to Chancellor, and burning continued to be used by both Catholics and Protestants during the religious upheaval of the following decades.[44] Ackroyd notes that More zealously "approved of burning".[19]:298 Marius maintains that More did everything in his power to bring about the extermination of the Protestant "heretics".[42]

John Tewkesbury was a London leather seller found guilty by the Bishop of London John Stokesley[45] of harbouring English translated New Testaments; he was sentenced to burning for refusing to recant. More declared: he "burned as there was neuer wretche I wene better worthy."[46] After Richard Bayfield was also executed for distributing Tyndale's Bibles, More commented that he was "well and worthely burned".[19]:305

Modern commentators are divided over More's religious actions as Chancellor. Some biographers, including Ackroyd, have taken a relatively tolerant view of More's campaign against Protestantism by placing his actions within the turbulent religious climate of the time and the threat of deadly catastrophes such as the German Peasants' Revolt, which More blamed on Luther,[47][48][49] as did many others, such as Erasmus.[50] Others have been more critical, such as Richard Marius, an American scholar of the Reformation, believing that such persecutions were a betrayal of More's earlier humanist convictions, including More's zealous and well-documented advocacy of extermination for Protestants.[43]:386–406

Some Protestants take a different view. In 1980, More was added to the Church of England's calendar of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church, despite being a fierce opponent of the English Reformation that created the Church of England. He was added jointly with John Fisher, to be commemorated every 6 July (the date of More's execution) as "Thomas More, scholar, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyrs, 1535".[13] Pope John Paul II honoured him by making him patron saint of statesmen and politicians in October 2000, stating: "It can be said that he demonstrated in a singular way the value of a moral conscience ... even if, in his actions against heretics, he reflected the limits of the culture of his time".[12]

### Resignation

As the conflict over supremacy between the Papacy and the King reached its peak, More continued to remain steadfast in supporting the supremacy of the Pope as Successor of Peter over that of the King of England. Parliament's reinstatement of the charge of praemunire in 1529 had made it a crime to support in public or office the claim of any authority outside the realm (such as the Papacy) to have a legal jurisdiction superior to the King's.[51]

In 1530, More refused to sign a letter by the leading English churchmen and aristocrats asking Pope Clement VII to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and also quarrelled with Henry VIII over the heresy laws. In 1531, a royal decree required the clergy to take an oath acknowledging the King as Supreme Head of the Church of England. The bishops at the Convocation of Canterbury in 1532 agreed to sign the Oath but only under threat of praemunire and only after these words were added: "as far as the law of Christ allows".[52]

This was considered to be the final Submission of the Clergy.[53] Cardinal John Fisher and some other clergy refused to sign. Henry purged most clergy who supported the papal stance from senior positions in the church. More continued to refuse to sign the Oath of Supremacy and did not agree to support the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine.[51] However, he did not openly reject the King's actions and kept his opinions private.[54]

On 16 May 1532, More resigned from his role as Chancellor but remained in Henry's favour despite his refusal.[55] His decision to resign was caused by the decision of the convocation of the English Church, which was under intense royal threat, on the day before.[56]

## Indictment, trial and execution

In 1533, More refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn as the Queen of England. Technically, this was not an act of treason, as More had written to Henry seemingly acknowledging Anne's queenship and expressing his desire for the King's happiness and the new Queen's health.[57] Despite this, his refusal to attend was widely interpreted as a snub against Anne, and Henry took action against him.

Shortly thereafter, More was charged with accepting bribes, but the charges had to be dismissed for lack of any evidence. In early 1534, More was accused by Thomas Cromwell of having given advice and counsel to the "Holy Maid of Kent," Elizabeth Barton, a nun who had prophesied that the king had ruined his soul and would come to a quick end for having divorced Queen Catherine. This was a month after Barton had confessed, which was possibly done under royal pressure,[58][59] and was said to be concealment of treason.[60]

Though it was dangerous for anyone to have anything to do with Barton, More had indeed met her, and was impressed by her fervour. But More was prudent and told her not to interfere with state matters. More was called before a committee of the Privy Council to answer these charges of treason, and after his respectful answers the matter seemed to have been dropped.[61]

On 13 April 1534, More was asked to appear before a commission and swear his allegiance to the parliamentary Act of Succession. More accepted Parliament's right to declare Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen of England, though he refused "the spiritual validity of the king's second marriage",[62] and, holding fast to the teaching of papal supremacy, he steadfastly refused to take the oath of supremacy of the Crown in the relationship between the kingdom and the church in England. More furthermore publicly refused to uphold Henry's annulment from Catherine. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, refused the oath along with More. The oath reads:[63]

> ...By reason whereof the Bishop of Rome and See Apostolic, contrary to the great and inviolable grants of jurisdictions given by God immediately to emperors, kings and princes in succession to their heirs, hath presumed in times past to invest who should please them to inherit in other men's kingdoms and dominions, which thing we your most humble subjects, both spiritual and temporal, do most abhor and detest...

In addition to refusing to support the King's annulment or supremacy, More refused to sign the 1534 Oath of Succession confirming Anne's role as queen and the rights of their children to succession. More's fate was sealed.[64][65] While he had no argument with the basic concept of succession as stated in the Act, the preamble of the Oath repudiated the authority of the Pope.[54][66][67]

His enemies had enough evidence to have the King arrest him on treason. Four days later, Henry had More imprisoned in the Tower of London. There More prepared a devotional Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation. While More was imprisoned in the Tower, Thomas Cromwell made several visits, urging More to take the oath, which he continued to refuse.

The site of the scaffold at Tower Hill where More was executed by decapitation

A commemorative plaque at the site of the ancient scaffold at Tower Hill, with Sir Thomas More listed among other notables executed at the site

The charges of high treason related to More's violating the statutes as to the King's supremacy (malicious silence) and conspiring with Bishop John Fisher in this respect (malicious conspiracy) and, according to some sources, included asserting that Parliament did not have the right to proclaim the King's Supremacy over the English Church. One group of scholars believes that the judges dismissed the first two charges (malicious acts) and tried More only on the final one, but others strongly disagree.[51]

Regardless of the specific charges, the indictment related to violation of the Treasons Act 1534 which declared it treason to speak against the King's Supremacy:[68]

> If any person or persons, after the first day of February next coming, do maliciously wish, will or desire, by words or writing, or by craft imagine, invent, practise, or attempt any bodily harm to be done or committed to the king's most royal person, the queen's, or their heirs apparent, or to deprive them or any of them of their dignity, title, or name of their royal estates … That then every such person and persons so offending … shall have and suffer such pains of death and other penalties, as is limited and accustomed in cases of high treason.[69]

The trial was held on 1 July 1535, before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, her father Thomas Boleyn and her brother George Boleyn. Norfolk offered More the chance of the king's "gracious pardon" should he "reform his […] obstinate opinion". More responded that, although he had not taken the oath, he had never spoken out against it either and that his silence could be accepted as his "ratification and confirmation" of the new statutes.[70]

Thus More was relying upon legal precedent and the maxim "qui tacet consentire videtur" ("one who keeps silent seems to consent"[71]), understanding that he could not be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore refused to answer all questions regarding his opinions on the subject.[72]

William Frederick Yeames, The meeting of Sir Thomas More with his daughter after his sentence of death, 1872

Thomas Cromwell, at the time the most powerful of the King's advisors, brought forth Solicitor General Richard Rich to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the legitimate head of the Church. This testimony was characterised by More as being extremely dubious. Witnesses Richard Southwell and Mr. Palmer (a servant to Southwell) were also present and both denied having heard the details of the reported conversation.[73] As More himself pointed out:

> Can it therefore seem likely to your Lordships, that I should in so weighty an Affair as this, act so unadvisedly, as to trust Mr. Rich, a Man I had always so mean an Opinion of, in reference to his Truth and Honesty, … that I should only impart to Mr. Rich the Secrets of my Conscience in respect to the King's Supremacy, the particular Secrets, and only Point about which I have been so long pressed to explain my self? which I never did, nor never would reveal; when the Act was once made, either to the King himself, or any of his Privy Councillors, as is well known to your Honours, who have been sent upon no other account at several times by his Majesty to me in the Tower. I refer it to your Judgments, my Lords, whether this can seem credible to any of your Lordships.[74]

Beheading of Thomas More, 1870 illustration

The jury took only fifteen minutes, however, to find More guilty.

After the jury's verdict was delivered and before his sentencing, More spoke freely of his belief that "no temporal man may be the head of the spirituality" (take over the role of the Pope). According to William Roper's account, More was pleading that the Statute of Supremacy was contrary to the Magna Carta, to Church laws and to the laws of England, attempting to void the entire indictment against him.[51] He was sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the usual punishment for traitors who were not the nobility), but the King commuted this to execution by decapitation.[75]

The execution took place on 6 July 1535 at Tower Hill. When he came to mount the steps to the scaffold, its frame seeming so weak that it might collapse,[76][77] More is widely quoted as saying (to one of the officials): "I pray you, master Lieutenant, see me safe up and [for] my coming down, let me shift for my self";[78] while on the scaffold he declared "that he died the king's good servant, and God's first."[79][80][81] After More had finished reciting the Miserere while kneeling,[82][83] the executioner reportedly begged his pardon, then More rose up merrily, kissed him and gave him forgiveness.[84][85][86][87]

### Relics

Sir Thomas More family's vault

Another comment he is believed to have made to the executioner is that his beard was completely innocent of any crime, and did not deserve the axe; he then positioned his beard so that it would not be harmed.[88] More asked that his foster/adopted daughter Margaret Clement (née Giggs) be given his headless corpse to bury.[89] She was the only member of his family to witness his execution. He was buried at the Tower of London, in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in an unmarked grave. His head was fixed upon a pike over London Bridge for a month, according to the normal custom for traitors.

More's daughter Margaret later rescued the severed head.[90] It is believed to rest in the Roper Vault of St Dunstan's Church, Canterbury,[91] perhaps with the remains of Margaret and her husband's family.[92] Some have claimed that the head is buried within the tomb erected for More in Chelsea Old Church.[93]

Among other surviving relics is his hair shirt, presented for safe keeping by Margaret Clement.[94] This was long in the custody of the community of Augustinian canonesses who until 1983 lived at the convent at Abbotskerswell Priory, Devon. Some sources, including one from 2004, claimed that the shirt, made of goat hair was then at the Martyr's church on the Weld family's estate in Chideock, Dorset.[95][96] It is now preserved at Buckfast Abbey, near Buckfastleigh in Devon.[97][98]

## Scholarly and literary work

### History of King Richard III

Between 1512 and 1519 More worked on a History of King Richard III, which he never finished but which was published after his death. The History is a Renaissance biography, remarkable more for its literary skill and adherence to classical precepts than for its historical accuracy.[99] Some consider it an attack on royal tyranny, rather than on Richard III himself or the House of York.[100] More uses a more dramatic writing style than had been typical in medieval chronicles; Richard III is limned as an outstanding, archetypal tyrant—however, More was only seven years old when Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 so he had no first-hand, in-depth knowledge of him.

The History of King Richard III was written and published in both English and Latin, each written separately, and with information deleted from the Latin edition to suit a European readership.[101] It greatly influenced William Shakespeare's play Richard III. Modern historians attribute the unflattering portraits of Richard III in both works to both authors' allegiance to the reigning Tudor dynasty that wrested the throne from Richard III in the Wars of the Roses.[101][102] According to Caroline Barron, Archbishop John Morton, in whose household More had served as a page (see above), had joined the 1483 Buckingham rebellion against Richard III, and Morton was probably one of those who influenced More's hostility towards the defeated king.[103][104] Clements Markham asserts that the actual author of the chronicle was, in large part, Archbishop Morton himself and that More was simply copying, or perhaps translating, Morton's original material.[105][106]

### Utopia

A 1516 illustration of Utopia

More's best known and most controversial work, Utopia, is a frame narrative written in Latin.[107] More completed and theologian Erasmus published the book in Leuven in 1516, but it was only translated into English and published in his native land in 1551 (16 years after his execution), and the 1684 translation became the most commonly cited. More (also a character in the book) and the narrator/traveller, Raphael Hythlodaeus (whose name alludes both to the healer archangel Raphael, and 'speaker of nonsense', the surname's Greek meaning), discuss modern ills in Antwerp, as well as describe the political arrangements of the imaginary island country of Utopia (a Greek pun on 'ou-topos' [no place] and 'eu-topos' [good place]) among themselves as well as to Pieter Gillis and Hieronymus van Busleyden.[108] Utopia's original edition included a symmetrical "Utopian alphabet" omitted by later editions, but which may have been an early attempt or precursor of shorthand.

Utopia contrasts the contentious social life of European states with the perfectly orderly, reasonable social arrangements of Utopia and its environs (Tallstoria, Nolandia, and Aircastle). In Utopia, there are no lawyers because of the laws' simplicity and because social gatherings are in public view (encouraging participants to behave well), communal ownership supplants private property, men and women are educated alike, and there is almost complete religious toleration (except for atheists, who are allowed but despised).

More may have used monastic communalism as his model, although other concepts he presents such as legalising euthanasia remain far outside Church doctrine. Hythlodaeus asserts that a man who refuses to believe in a god or an afterlife could never be trusted, because he would not acknowledge any authority or principle outside himself.

Some take the novel's principal message to be the social need for order and discipline rather than liberty. Ironically, Hythlodaeus, who believes philosophers should not get involved in politics, addresses More's ultimate conflict between his humanistic beliefs and courtly duties as the King's servant, pointing out that one day those morals will come into conflict with the political reality.

Utopia gave rise to a literary genre, Utopian and dystopian fiction, which features ideal societies or perfect cities, or their opposite. Early works influenced by Utopia included New Atlantis by Francis Bacon, Erewhon by Samuel Butler, and Candide by Voltaire. Although Utopianism combined classical concepts of perfect societies (Plato and Aristotle) with Roman rhetorical finesse (cf. Cicero, Quintilian, epideictic oratory), the Renaissance genre continued into the Age of Enlightenment and survives in modern science fiction.

### Religious polemics

In 1520 the reformer Martin Luther published three works in quick succession: An Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (Aug.), Concerning the Babylonish Captivity of the Church (Oct.), and On the Liberty of a Christian Man (Nov.).[19]:225 In these books, Luther set out his doctrine of salvation through grace alone, rejected certain Catholic practices, and attacked abuses and excesses within the Catholic Church.[19]:225–6 In 1521, Henry VIII formally responded to Luther's criticisms with the Assertio, written with More's assistance.[109] Pope Leo X rewarded the English king with the title "Fidei defensor" ("Defender of the Faith") for his work combating Luther's heresies.[19]:226–7

Martin Luther then attacked Henry VIII in print, calling him a "pig, dolt, and liar".[19]:227 At the king's request, More composed a rebuttal: the Responsio ad Lutherum was published at the end of 1523. In the Responsio, More defended papal supremacy, the sacraments, and other Church traditions. More, though considered "a much steadier personality",[110] described Luther as an "ape", a "drunkard", and a "lousy little friar" amongst other epithets.[19]:230 Writing under the pseudonym of Gulielmus Rosseus,[32] More tells Luther that:

for as long as your reverend paternity will be determined to tell these shameless lies, others will be permitted, on behalf of his English majesty, to throw back into your paternity's shitty mouth, truly the shit-pool of all shit, all the muck and shit which your damnable rottenness has vomited up, and to empty out all the sewers and privies onto your crown divested of the dignity of the priestly crown, against which no less than the kingly crown you have determined to play the buffoon.[111]

His saying is followed with a kind of apology to his readers, while Luther possibly never apologized for his sayings.[111] Stephen Greenblatt argues, "More speaks for his ruler and in his opponent's idiom; Luther speaks for himself, and his scatological imagery far exceeds in quantity, intensity, and inventiveness anything that More could muster. If for More scatology normally expresses a communal disapproval, for Luther, it expresses a deep personal rage."[112]

Confronting Luther confirmed More's theological conservatism. He thereafter avoided any hint of criticism of Church authority.[19]:230 In 1528, More published another religious polemic, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, that asserted the Catholic Church was the one true church, established by Christ and the Apostles, and affirmed the validity of its authority, traditions and practices.[19]:279–81 In 1529, the circulation of Simon Fish's Supplication for the Beggars prompted More to respond with the Supplycatyon of Soulys.

In 1531, a year after More's father died, William Tyndale published An Answer unto Sir Thomas More's Dialogue in response to More's Dialogue Concerning Heresies. More responded with a half million words: the Confutation of Tyndale's Answer. The Confutation is an imaginary dialogue between More and Tyndale, with More addressing each of Tyndale's criticisms of Catholic rites and doctrines.[19]:307–9 More, who valued structure, tradition and order in society as safeguards against tyranny and error, vehemently believed that Lutheranism and the Protestant Reformation in general were dangerous, not only to the Catholic faith but to the stability of society as a whole.[19]:307–9

### Correspondence

Most major humanists were prolific letter writers, and Thomas More was no exception. As in the case of his friend Erasmus of Rotterdam, however, only a small portion of his correspondence (about 280 letters) survived. These include everything from personal letters to official government correspondence (mostly in English), letters to fellow humanist scholars (in Latin), several epistolary tracts, verse epistles, prefatory letters (some fictional) to several of More's own works, letters to More's children and their tutors (in Latin), and the so-called "prison-letters" (in English) which he exchanged with his oldest daughter Margaret while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London awaiting execution.[33] More also engaged in controversies, most notably with the French poet Germain de Brie, which culminated in the publication of de Brie's Antimorus (1519). Erasmus intervened, however, and ended the dispute.[37]

More also wrote about more spiritual matters. They include: A Treatise on the Passion (a.k.a. Treatise on the Passion of Christ), A Treatise to Receive the Blessed Body (a.k.a. Holy Body Treaty), and De Tristitia Christi (a.k.a. The Agony of Christ). More handwrote the last in the Tower of London while awaiting his execution. This last manuscript, saved from the confiscation decreed by Henry VIII, passed by the will of his daughter Margaret to Spanish hands through Fray Pedro de Soto, confessor of Emperor Charles V. More's friend Luis Vives received it in Valencia, where it remains in the collection of Real Colegio Seminario del Corpus Christi museum.

## Veneration

Saint

Thomas More

Portrait of Saint Thomas More, executed on Tower Hill (London) in 1535, apparently based on the Holbein portrait.

Reformation Martyr, Scholar
Venerated in| Catholic Church
Anglican Communion
Beatified| 29 December 1886, Florence, Kingdom of Italy, by Pope Leo XIII
Canonized| 19 May 1935, Vatican City, by Pope Pius XI
Major shrine| Church of St Peter ad Vincula, London, England
Feast| 22 June (Catholic Church)
6 July (Church of England)
9 July (Catholic Extraordinary Form)
Attributes| dressed in the robe of the Chancellor and wearing the Collar of Esses; axe
Patronage| Statesmen and politicians; lawyers; Ateneo de Manila Law School; Diocese of Arlington; Diocese of Pensacola-Tallahassee; Kerala Catholic Youth Movement; University of Malta; University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Arts and Letters

###  Catholic Church

Pope Leo XIII beatified Thomas More, John Fisher, and 52 other English Martyrs on 29 December 1886. Pope Pius XI canonised More and Fisher on 19 May 1935, and More's feast day was established as 9 July.[113] Since 1970 the General Roman Calendar has celebrated More with St John Fisher on 22 June (the date of Fisher's execution). On 31 October 2000 Pope John Paul II declared More "the heavenly Patron of Statesmen and Politicians".[12] More is the patron of the German Catholic youth organisation Katholische Junge Gemeinde.[114]

### Anglican Communion

In 1980, despite their opposition to the English Reformation, More and Fisher were added as martyrs of the reformation to the Church of England's calendar of "Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church", to be commemorated every 6 July (the date of More's execution) as "Thomas More, scholar, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyrs, 1535".[13][115] The annual remembrance of 6 July, is recognized by all Anglican Churches in communion with Canterbury, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, and South Africa.[116]

In an essay examining the events around the addition to the Anglican calendar, Scholar William Sheils links the reasoning for More's recognition to a "long-standing tradition hinted at in Rose Macaulay's ironic debating point of 1935 about More's status as an 'unschismed Anglican', a tradition also recalled in the annual memorial lecture held at St. Dunstan's Church in Canterbury, where More's head is said to be buried."[116] Sheils also noted the influence of the 1960s popular play and film A Man for All Seasons which gave More a 'reputation as a defender of the right of conscience".[116] Thanks to the play's depiction, this "brought his life to a broader and more popular audience" with the film "extending its impact worldwide following the Oscar triumphs".[116] Around this time the atheist Oxford historian and public intellectual, Hugh Trevor-Roper held More up as "the first great Englishman whom we feel that we know, the most saintly of Humanists...the universal man of our cool northern Renaissance."[116] By 1978, the quincentenary of More's birth Trevor-Roper wrote an essay putting More in the Renaissance Platonist tradition, and claim his reputation was "quite independent of his Catholicism."[116] (Only, later on, did a more critical view arise in academia, led by Professor Sir Geoffrey Elton, which "challenged More's reputation for saintliness by focusing on his dealings with heretics, the ferocity of which, in fairness to him, More did not deny. In this research, More's role as a prosecutor, or persecutor, of dissidents has been at the center of the debate.")[116]

## Legacy

Statue of More at the Ateneo Law School chapel, Makati, Philippines

The steadfastness and courage with which More maintained his religious convictions, and his dignity during his imprisonment, trial, and execution, contributed much to More's posthumous reputation, particularly among Roman Catholics. His friend Erasmus defended More's character as "more pure than any snow" and described his genius as "such as England never had and never again will have."[117] Upon learning of More's execution, Emperor Charles V said: "Had we been master of such a servant, we would rather have lost the best city of our dominions than such a worthy councillor."[118]

G. K. Chesterton, a Roman Catholic convert from the Church of England, predicted More "may come to be counted the greatest Englishman, or at least the greatest historical character in English history."[119] Hugh Trevor-Roper called More "the first great Englishman whom we feel that we know, the most saintly of humanists, the most human of saints, the universal man of our cool northern renaissance."[120]

Jonathan Swift, an Anglican, wrote that More was "a person of the greatest virtue this kingdom ever produced".[121][122][123] Some consider this quote to be of Samuel Johnson, although it's not found in Johnson's writings.[124][125] The metaphysical poet John Donne, also honoured as a hero by Anglicans,[126] was More's great-great-nephew.[127] US Senator Eugene McCarthy had a portrait of More in his office.[128]

Roman Catholic scholars maintain that More used irony in Utopia, and that he remained an orthodox Christian. Marxist theoreticians such as Karl Kautsky considered the book a critique of economic and social exploitation in pre-modern Europe and More is claimed to have influenced the development of socialist ideas.[129]

In 1963, Moreana, an academic journal focusing on analysis of More and his writings, was founded.[130]

In 2002, More was placed at number 37 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[131]

### In literature and popular culture

William Roper's biography of More was one of the first biographies in Modern English.

Sir Thomas More is a play written circa 1592 in collaboration between Henry Chettle, Anthony Munday, William Shakespeare, and others. In it More is portrayed as a wise and honest statesman. The original manuscript has survived as a handwritten text that shows many revisions by its several authors, as well as the censorious influence of Edmund Tylney, Master of the Revels in the government of Queen Elizabeth I. The script has since been published and has had several productions.[132][133]

In 1941, the 20th-century British author Elizabeth Goudge (1900-1984) wrote a short story, "The King's Servant", based on the last few years of Thomas More's life, seen through his family, and especially his adopted daughter, Anne Cresacre More.[134]

The 20th-century agnostic playwright Robert Bolt portrayed Thomas More as the tragic hero of his 1960 play A Man for All Seasons. The title is drawn from what Robert Whittington in 1520 wrote of More:

> More is a man of an angel's wit and singular learning. I know not his fellow. For where is the man of that gentleness, lowliness and affability? And, as time requireth, a man of marvelous mirth and pastimes, and sometime of as sad gravity. A man for all seasons.[120]

In 1966, the play A Man for All Seasons was adapted into a film with the same title. It was directed by Fred Zinnemann and adapted for the screen by the playwright. It stars Paul Scofield, a noted British actor, who said that the part of Sir Thomas More was "the most difficult part I played."[135] The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Scofield won the Best Actor Oscar. In 1988 Charlton Heston starred in and directed a made-for-television film that restored the character of "the common man" that had been cut from the 1966 film.

In the 1969 film Anne of the Thousand Days, More is portrayed by actor William Squire.

Catholic science fiction writer R. A. Lafferty wrote his novel Past Master as a modern equivalent to More's Utopia, which he saw as a satire. In this novel, Thomas More travels through time to the year 2535, where he is made king of the world "Astrobe", only to be beheaded after ruling for a mere nine days. One character compares More favourably to almost every other major historical figure: "He had one completely honest moment right at the end. I cannot think of anyone else who ever had one."

Karl Zuchardt's novel, Stirb du Narr! ("Die you fool!"), about More's struggle with King Henry, portrays More as an idealist bound to fail in the power struggle with a ruthless ruler and an unjust world.

In her 2009 novel Wolf Hall, its 2012 sequel Bring Up the Bodies, and the final book of the trilogy, her 2020 The Mirror and the Light, the novelist Hilary Mantel portrays More (from the perspective of a sympathetically portrayed Thomas Cromwell) as an unsympathetic persecutor of Protestants and an ally of the Habsburg empire.

Literary critic James Wood in his book The Broken Estate, a collection of essays, is critical of More and refers to him as "cruel in punishment, evasive in argument, lusty for power, and repressive in politics".[136]

Aaron S. Zelman's non-fiction book The State Versus the People includes a comparison of Utopia with Plato's Republic. Zelman is undecided as to whether More was being ironic in his book or was genuinely advocating a police state. Zelman comments, "More is the only Christian saint to be honoured with a statue at the Kremlin."[citation needed] By this Zelman implies that Utopia influenced Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks, despite their brutal repression of religion.

Other biographers, such as Peter Ackroyd, have offered a more sympathetic picture of More as both a sophisticated philosopher and man of letters, as well as a zealous Catholic who believed in the authority of the Holy See over Christendom.

The protagonist of Walker Percy's novels, Love in the Ruins and The Thanatos Syndrome, is "Dr Thomas More", a reluctant Catholic and descendant of More.

More is the focus of the Al Stewart song "A Man For All Seasons" from the 1978 album Time Passages, and of the Far song "Sir", featured on the limited editions and 2008 re-release of their 1994 album Quick. In addition, the song "So Says I" by indie rock outfit The Shins alludes to the socialist interpretation of More's Utopia.

Jeremy Northam depicts More in the television series The Tudors as a peaceful man, as well as a devout Roman Catholic and loving family patriarch.[137]

More is depicted by Andrew Buchan in the television series The Spanish Princess.[138]

In the years 1968–2007 the University of San Francisco's Gleeson Library Associates awarded the annual Sir Thomas More Medal for Book Collecting to private book collectors of note,[139] including Elmer Belt,[140] Otto Schaefer,[141] Albert Sperisen, John S. Mayfield and Lord Wardington.[142]

### Institutions named after More

### Communism, socialism and resistance to communism

Having been praised "as a Communist hero by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Kautsky" because of the Communist attitude to property in his Utopia,[14] under Soviet Communism the name of Thomas More was in ninth position from the top of Moscow's Stele of Freedom (also known as the Obelisk of Revolutionary Thinkers),[143] as one of the most influential thinkers "who promoted the liberation of humankind from oppression, arbitrariness, and exploitation."[144] This monument was erected in 1918 in Aleksandrovsky Garden near the Kremlin at Lenin's suggestion.[14][145][144]

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia's English translation (1979) described More as "the founder of Utopian socialism", the first person "to describe a society in which private property ... had been abolished" (a society in which the family was "a cell for the communist way of life"), and a thinker who "did not believe that the ideal society would be achieved through revolution", but who "greatly influenced reformers of subsequent centuries, especially Morelly, G. Babeuf, Saint-Simon, C. Fourier, E. Cabet, and other representatives of Utopian socialism."[146]

Utopia also inspired socialists such as William Morris.[147]

Many see More's communism or socialism as purely satirical.[147] In 1888, while praising More's communism, Karl Kautsky pointed out that "perplexed" historians and economists often saw the name Utopia (which means "no place") as "a subtle hint by More that he himself regarded his communism as an impracticable dream".[129]

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the Russian Nobel Prize-winning, anti-Communist author of The Gulag Archipelago, argued that Soviet communism needed enslavement and forced labour to survive, and that this had been " ...foreseen as far back as Thomas More, the great-grandfather of socialism, in his Utopia".[148]

In 2008, More was portrayed on stage in Hong Kong as an allegorical symbol of the pan-democracy camp resisting the Chinese Communist Party in a translated and modified version of Robert Bolt's play A Man for All Seasons.[149]

## Historic sites

### Westminster Hall

A plaque in the middle of the floor of London's Westminster Hall commemorates More's trial for treason and condemnation to execution in that original part of the Palace of Westminster.[150] The building, which houses Parliament, would have been well known to More, who served several terms as a member and became Speaker of the House of Commons before his appointment as England's Lord Chancellor.

### Beaufort House

Beaufort House c.1707

As More's royal duties frequently required his attendance at the king's Thames-side palaces in both Richmond and Greenwich, it was convenient to select a riverside property situated between them (the common method of transport being by boat) for his home. In about 1520 he purchased a parcel of land comprising "undisturbed wood and pasture", stretching from the Thames in Chelsea to the present-day King's Road. There he caused to be built a dignified red-brick mansion (known simply as More's house or Chelsea House) in which he lived until his arrest in 1534. In the bawdy poem The Twelve Mery Jestes of Wyddow Edyth, written in 1525 by a member of More's household (or even by More himself) using the pseudonym of "Walter Smith", the widow arrives by boat at "Chelsay…where she had best cheare of all/in the house of Syr Thomas More."[151]

Upon More's arrest the estate was confiscated, coming into the possession of the Comptroller of the Royal Household, William Paulet.

In 1682, the property was renamed Beaufort House after 1st Duke of Beaufort, a new owner.[152]

### Crosby Hall

Crosby Hall on its Bishopsgate site, c.1885

In June 1523 More bought the "very large and beautiful" Crosby Place (Crosby Hall) in Bishopsgate, London, but this was not a simple transaction: eight months later he sold the property (never having lived there) at a considerable profit to his friend and business partner Antonio Bonvisi who, in turn, leased it back to More's son-in-law William Roper and nephew William Rastell; possibly this was an agreed means of dealing with a debt between More and Bonvisi. Because of this the Crown did not confiscate the property after More's execution.[153][154][155]

### Chelsea Old Church

Statue of Thomas More outside Chelsea Old Church in west London

Across a small park and Old Church Street from Crosby Hall is Chelsea Old Church, an Anglican church whose southern chapel More commissioned and in which he sang with the parish choir. Except for his chapel, the church was largely destroyed in the Second World War and rebuilt in 1958.[156] The capitals on the medieval arch connecting the chapel to the main sanctuary display symbols associated with More and his office. On the southern wall of the sanctuary is the tomb and epitaph he erected for himself and his wives, detailing his ancestry and accomplishments in Latin, including his role as peacemaker between the various Christian European states as well as a curiously altered portion about his curbing heresy. When More served Mass, he would leave by the door just to the left of it. He is not, however, buried here, nor is it entirely certain which of his family may be. It is open to the public at specific times. Outside the church, facing the River Thames, is a statue by L. Cubitt Bevis erected in 1969, commemorating More as "saint", "scholar", and "statesman"; the back displays his coat-of-arms. Nearby, on Upper Cheyne Row, the Roman Catholic Church of Our Most Holy Redeemer & St. Thomas More honours the martyr.

### Tower Hill

A plaque and small garden commemorate the famed execution site on Tower Hill, London, just outside the Tower of London, as well as all those executed there, many as religious martyrs or as prisoners of conscience.[157] More's corpse, minus his head, was unceremoniously buried in an unmarked mass grave beneath the Royal Chapel of St. Peter Ad Vincula, within the walls of the Tower of London, as was the custom for traitors executed at Tower Hill. The chapel is accessible to Tower visitors.

### St Katharine Docks

Thomas More is commemorated by a stone plaque near St Katharine Docks, just east of the Tower where he was executed. The street in which it is situated was formerly called Nightingale Lane, a corruption of "Knighten Guild", derived from the original owners of the land. It is now renamed Thomas More Street in his honour.[158]

### St Dunstan's Church and Roper House, Canterbury

St Dunstan's Church, an Anglican parish church in Canterbury, possesses More's head, rescued by his daughter Margaret Roper, whose family lived in Canterbury down and across the street from their parish church. A stone immediately to the left of the altar marks the sealed Roper family vault beneath the Nicholas Chapel, itself to the right of the church's sanctuary or main altar. St Dunstan's Church has carefully investigated, preserved and sealed this burial vault. The last archaeological investigation revealed that the suspected head of More rests in a niche separate from the other bodies, possibly from later interference.[159] Displays in the chapel record the archaeological findings in pictures and narratives. Roman Catholics donated stained glass to commemorate the events in More's life. A small plaque marks the former home of William and Margaret Roper; another house nearby and entitled Roper House is now a home for deaf people.

## Works

Note: The reference "CW" is to the relevant volume of the Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More (New Haven and London 1963–1997)

### Published during More's life (with dates of publication)

* A Merry Jest (c. 1516) (CW 1)
* Utopia (1516) (CW 4)
* Latin Poems (1518, 1520) (CW 3, Pt.2)
* Letter to Brixius (1520) (CW 3, Pt. 2, App C)
* Responsio ad Lutherum (The Answer to Luther, 1523) (CW 5)
* A Dialogue Concerning Heresies (1529, 1530) (CW 6)
* Supplication of Souls (1529) (CW 7)
* Letter Against Frith (1532) (CW 7) pdf
* The Confutation of Tyndale's Answer (1532, 1533) (CW 8) Books 1–4, Books 5–9
* Apology (1533) (CW 9)
* Debellation of Salem and Bizance (1533) (CW 10) pdf
* The Answer to a Poisoned Book (1533) (CW 11) pdf

### Published after More's death (with likely dates of composition)

* The History of King Richard III (c. 1513–1518) (CW 2 & 15)
* The Four Last Things (c. 1522) (CW 1)
* A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (1534) (CW 12)
* Treatise Upon the Passion (1534) (CW 13)
* Treatise on the Blessed Body (1535) (CW 13)
* Instructions and Prayers (1535) (CW 13)
* De Tristitia Christi (1535) (CW 14) (preserved in the Real Colegio Seminario del Corpus Christi, Valencia)

## Translations

* Translations of Lucian (many dates 1506–1534) (CW 3, Pt.1)
* The Life of Pico della Mirandola, by Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola (c. 1510) (CW 1)

## Notes

1. ↑ "Topic 1.3: The Northern Renaissance". https://marcolearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/AP-EURO-Study-Guide-Topic-1-3.pdf.
2. ↑ "Plato's Dialectical Politics and Thomas More's Utopia". http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/8/3/9/9/p83994_index.html.
3. ↑ "AUGUSTINE'S AND MORE'S USE OF CICERO". https://www.thomasmorestudies.org/docs/Augustine-More_Cicero.pdf.
4. ↑ Hodgkinson, Tom. "How Utopia shaped the world". https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160920-how-utopia-shaped-the-world.
5. ↑ "Is Thomas More's 'Utopia'". https://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Freddie_Crawford_Is-Thomas-Mores-Utopia-an-idyll-or-ideal.docx.
6. ↑ Roper 2007, p. 2.
7. ↑ "St. Thomas More". http://savior.org/saints/more.htm.
8. ↑ "Homily at the Canonization of St. Thomas More" at The Center for Thomas More Studies at the University of Dallas, 2010, citing text "Recorded in The Tablet, June 1, 1935, pp. 694–695"
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Glenn, Garrard (1 January 1941). "St. Thomas More As Judge and lawyer". Fordham Law Review 10 (2): 187. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol10/iss2/2/.
10. ↑ Linder, Douglas O. The Trial of Sir Thomas More: A Chronology at University Of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School Of Law
11. ↑ Jubilee of parliament and government members, proclamation of Saint Thomas More as patron of statesmen vatican.va
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Apostolic letter issued motu proprio proclaiming Saint Thomas More Patron of Statesmen and Politicians, 31 October 2000 Vatican.va
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Holy Days". Worship – The Calendar. Church of England. 2011. http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 King, Margaret L. (2014). Renaissance Humanism: An Anthology of Sources. Hackett Publishing. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-62466-146-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=a63xAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157.
15. ↑ Jokinen, A. (13 June 2009). "The Life of Sir Thomas More." Luminarium. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
16. ↑ "Sir Thomas More". The Biography Channel website. 2014. http://www.biography.com/people/thomas-more-9414278.
17. ↑ "Thomas More: Always a Londoner". 24 September 2016. http://tudortimes.co.uk/people/thomas-more-always-a-londoner.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Rebhorn, Wayne A, ed (2005). "Introduction". Utopia. Classics. New York: Barnes & Noble. .
19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 Ackroyd, Peter (1999). The Life of Thomas More. New York: Anchor Books. .
20. ↑ Harpsfield, Nicholas (1931). The Life and Death of Sr Thomas More. London: Early English Text Society. pp. 12–3. .
21. ↑ Erasmus, Desiderius (1991). "Letter to Ulrich von Hutten". in Adams, Robert M.. Utopia. New York: WW Norton & Co. p. 125. ISBN 9780393961454. https://archive.org/details/utopiarevisedtra00more.
22. ↑ "Erasmus to Ulrich von Hutten". The Center for Thomas More Studies. Biographical Accounts: Erasmus' Letters about More. https://thomasmorestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Erasmus-to-Ulrich-von-Hutten.pdf.
23. ↑ "Franciscan Calendar". Tau Cross Region of the Secular Franciscan Order. http://taucrossregion.org/calendarfranciscansaints.htm.
24. ↑ Wood, Alexander (1874). Ecclesiastical Antiquities of London and Its Suburbs. London: Burns & Oates. pp. 105–6. OCLC 18479600.
25. ↑ Reynolds, Ernest E. (1968). The field is won; the life and death of Saint Thomas More. Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. Co. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-223-97628-3.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Wegemer, Gerard B. (1995). Thomas More: A Portrait of Courage. Scepter Publishing.
27. ↑ Wagner, John A.; Walters Schmid, Susan (2011). Encyclopedia of Tudor England. ABC-CLIO. pp. 769–770. ISBN 978-1-59884-299-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=R_c_md3gMpwC.
28. ↑ Maddison, The Rev. Canon, ed (1903). Lincolnshire Pedigrees. London: Harleian Society. p. 5.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 More, Thomas (1961). Rogers, Elizabeth Frances. ed. Selected Letters. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. https://archive.org/details/utopia00lumbgoog. .
30. ↑ "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/more-thomas-i-147778-1535.
31. ↑ Magnusson (ed.) Chambers Biographical Dictionary (1990) p. 1039
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Rebhorn, W. A. (ed.) p. xviii
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Gerard B. Wegemer, Portrait of Courage, p. 136.
34. ↑ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (27 September 2018). Thomas Cromwell : a life. pp. 160–62. ISBN 978-1-84614-429-5.
35. ↑ Mueller & Loewenstein 2002, p. 93, (footnote 36).
36. ↑ Hiscock & Wilcox 2017, p. 547.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Moynahan 2014.
38. ↑ Rex, Richard (2011). Logan, George M.. ed. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-139-82848-2.
39. ↑ Farris, Michael (2007). From Tyndale to Madison. ,
40. ↑ MacCulloch (2018) p. 160: "[More]…turned to waging implacable war on enemies of the Church whom he could crush without inhibition.…[He] had a positive relish for burning heretics.".
41. ↑ Moynahan, B., William Tyndale: If God Spare My Life, Abacus, London, 2003.[page needed]
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Richard Marius (1999). Thomas More: A Biography. Harvard University Press. p. 406. ISBN 0-674-88525-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=DdAYSzj20t0C&q=Thomas+More++burned+heretics+at+Smithfield&pg=PA406.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Marius, Richard (1999). Thomas More: A Biography, Harvard University Press
44. ↑ Guy, John A. Tudor England Oxford, 1988. p 26
45. ↑ "John Tewkesbury (1531)". UK Wells. http://ukwells.org/locations/displaylocations/920. "Having failed in this the Bishop of London, Stokesley, tried him and sentenced him to be burned."
46. ↑ More, Thomas (1973). Schuster, LA; Marius, RC; Lusardi, JP et al.. eds. The Confutation of Tyndale's Answer. Complete Works. 8. Yale. p. 20. .
47. ↑ Wegemer 1996, p. 173:...civil chaos will surely follow (691–93). This prediction seemed to come true very quickly, as More noted in his next polemical work, A dialogue Concerning Heresies. There he argued that the Peasants' Revolt in Germany (1525), the Lutheran mercenaries' sack of Rome (1527), and the growing unrest in England all stemmed from Luther's inflammatory teachings and especially the lure of false freedom
48. ↑ Peter Ackroyd (1998). The Life of Thomas More. Chatto & Windus. p. 244. ISBN 1-85619-711-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=8J9uNOydymUC&q=burned+as+there+was+neuer+wretche+I+wene+better+worthy. "(Chapter 22) ... Already, in these early days of English heresy, he was thinking of the fire. It is a measure of his alarm at the erosion of the traditional order that he should, in this letter, compose a defence of scholastic theology—the same scholasticism which in his younger days he had treated with derision. This was no longer a time for questioning, or innovation, or uncertainty, of any kind. He blamed Luther for the Peasants’ Revolt in Germany, and maintained that all its havoc and destruction were the direct result of Luther’s challenge to the authority of the Church; under the pretext of ‘libertas’ Luther preached ‘licentia’ which had in turn led to rape, sacrilege, bloodshed, fire and ruin." (Online citation here)
49. ↑ Joanne Paul (2016). Thomas More. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7456-9220-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=KN2qDQAAQBAJ&q="thomas+more"+german+peasants+Revolt&pg=PT140. "Princes were 'driven by necessity' by the 'importune malice of heretics raising rebellions' to set 'sorer and sorer punishments thereunto' (CTA, 956). In other words, the heretics had started it: 'the Catholic Church did never persecute heretics by any temporal pain or any secular power until the heretics began such violence themself' (CTA, 954). More had in mind violent conflicts on the continent, such as the German Peasants' War (1524–5) and the Münster Rebellion (1532–5)." [page needed] (CTA=Confutation of Tyndale's Answer)
50. ↑ Wegemer, Gerard (31 October 2001). "Thomas More as statesman". The Center for Thomas More Studies. p. 8. http://thomasmorestudies.org/docs/More_as_Statesman.pdf. "In the Peasants’ Revolt in Germany in 1525, More pointed out, 70,000 German peasants were slaughtered – and More, along with Erasmus and many others, considered Luther to be largely responsible for that wildfire."
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Thomas More's Trial by Jury: A Procedural and Legal Review with a Collection of Documents. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 2011. pp. xiv–xvi. ISBN 978-1-84383-629-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=oj67cj8f-rIC&q=thomas+more+refused+to+support+annulment&pg=PR14.
52. ↑ Tanner, Joseph Robson, ed (1922). Tudor Constitutional Documents: A. D. 1485–1603. CUP Archive. p. 17. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9o8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
53. ↑ Gerard Wegemer (1995). Thomas More: A Portrait of Courage. Scepter Publishers. p. xiv. ISBN 1-889334-12-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=7biywRf8_DsC&pg=PA140.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Thomas More (2010). Utopia. Translated by G.C. Richards, William P. Weaver. Broadview Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-4604-0211-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=lXi7AAAAQBAJ&q=thomas+more+++king's+great+matter&pg=PT8.
55. ↑ Daniel Eppley (2016). Defending Royal Supremacy and Discerning God's Will in Tudor England. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-351-94579-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=31uoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23.
56. ↑ George M. Logan, ed (2011). The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-139-82848-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=y5rDAyEoHyAC&pg=PA116.
57. ↑ Ives, Eric W (2004), The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, p. 47, "[More wrote on the subject of the Boleyn marriage that] [I] neither murmur at it nor dispute upon it, nor never did nor will. ...I faithfully pray to God for his Grace and hers both long to live and well, and their noble issue too..."
58. ↑ David Knowles (1979). The Religious Orders in England. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–189. ISBN 0-521-29568-8.
59. ↑ Patricia Crawford (2014). Women and Religion in England: 1500–1720. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-136-09756-0.
60. ↑ Peter Ackroyd (2012). The Life of Thomas More. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-307-82301-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=8J9uNOydymUC&q=thomas+more+elizabeth+Barton&pg=PT594.
61. ↑ Lee, Sidney (1904). Great Englishmen of the Sixteenth Century. London: Archibald Constable, Limited. p. 48. https://archive.org/details/greatenglishmen00leegoog.
62. ↑ George M. Logan, ed (2011). The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-139-82848-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=y5rDAyEoHyAC&pg=PA116.
63. ↑ Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph (1982). "The Crown". The Tudor constitution: documents and commentary (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-521-24506-0. OCLC 7876927. https://books.google.com/books?id=CJZZzoBJOfwC&pg=PA1. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
64. ↑ A Thomas More Source Book. The Catholic University of America Press. 2004. p. 305. ISBN 0-8132-1376-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=AQtmzR9TXncC&q=thomas+more+resigned&pg=PA305.
65. ↑ Lawrence Wilde (2016). Thomas More's Utopia: Arguing for Social Justice. Routledge. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-317-28137-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=YU_UDAAAQBAJ&q=thomas+more+refusal+coronation&pg=PT173.
66. ↑ G. R. Elton (1985). Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell. CUP Archive. p. 223. ISBN 0-521-31309-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=C6o5AAAAIAAJ&q=thomas+more+oath+of+succession+not+agreeable&pg=PA223.
67. ↑ The Twentieth Century, Volume 30, Nineteenth Century and After, 1891, p. 556, https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0c-AQAAMAAJ&q=thomas+more+oath+of+succession+not+agreeable&pg=PA556
68. ↑ John A. Wagner (2015). Voices of the Reformation: Contemporary Accounts of Daily Life. ABC-CLIO. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-61069-680-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=kXkkCAAAQBAJ&q=thomas+more++executed+++Lieutenant+see+me+safe+william+roper&pg=PA170.
69. ↑ "Annotated original text". November 2017. http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/ast/h8a.html#149.
70. ↑ Ackroyd (1998) p383
71. ↑ Thomas More's Trial by Jury: A Procedural and Legal Review with a Collection of Documents. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 2011. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-84383-629-2.
72. ↑ Thomas More's Trial by Jury: A Procedural and Legal Review with a Collection of Documents. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 2011. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-84383-629-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=oj67cj8f-rIC&q=thomas+more+trial+qui+tacet+consentire+videtur&pg=PA22.
73. ↑ Hadfield, Andrew (2017). Lying in early modern English culture : from the Oath of supremacy to the Oath of allegiance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 9780192844804.
74. ↑ "The Trial and Execution of Sir Thomas More". http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/more/moretrialreport.html.
75. ↑ Anne Manning; Edmund Lodge (1852). The Household of Sir Thomas More. C. Scribner. p. xiii. https://archive.org/details/householdsirtho00manngoog. "thomas more sentenced hanged, drawn and quartered."
76. ↑ The comprehensive history of England, from the earliest period to the suppression of the Sepoy revolt. Blackie and Son. 1876. p. 798. https://books.google.com/books?id=5U0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA798.
77. ↑ Life and Writings of Sir Thomas More: Lord Chancellor of England and Martyr Under Henry VIII (3 ed.). Burns & Oates. 1891. p. 434. https://archive.org/details/LifeAndWritingsOfSirThomasMore.
78. ↑ Elizabeth M. Knowles, ed (1999). The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Oxford University Press. p. 531. ISBN 0-19-860173-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=o6rFno1ffQoC&q=thomas+more++executed+++Lieutenant+see+me+safe&pg=PA531.
79. ↑ "Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 8, January-July 1535". University of London. https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol8/pp379-402#anchorn13. This is a translation from the archives of Michel de Castelnau, a later French ambassador to England, of an anonymous French eyewitness: Wegemer, Smith (2004), page 357, provides the original text in French: "[…]qu'il mouroit son bon serviteur et de Dieu premièrement.".
80. ↑ Liturgy and Empire: Faith in Exile and Political Theology. Emmaus Road Publishing. 2009. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-931018-56-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=JQTKJsDReLEC. ""I die the king's good servant, but God's first." Footnote 133: "This phrase from Robert Bolt's play 'A Man for All Seasons' ... is an adjustment of More's actual last words: 'I die the king's good servant, and God's first.'""
81. ↑ Shepherd, Rose (2014). "Powerhouse, Treasurehouse, Slaughterhouse". At Home with Henry VIII: His Life, His Wives, His Palaces. London: CICO Books. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-78249-160-6.
82. ↑ Kerry McCarthy (2008). Liturgy and Contemplation in Byrd's Gradualia. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-135-86564-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=kYGQAgAAQBAJ.
83. ↑ Wordsworth 1810, pp. 222–223.
84. ↑ Spencer J. Weinreich, ed (2017). Pedro de Ribadeneyra's 'Ecclesiastical History of the Schism of the Kingdom of England'. BRILL. p. 238. ISBN 978-90-04-32396-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=hohZDgAAQBAJ.
85. ↑ A Collection of the most remarkable Trials of persons for High-Treason, Murder, Heresy .... IV. London: T. Read. 1736. p. 94. https://books.google.com/books?id=SnxEAAAAcAAJ.
86. ↑ Agnes M. Stewart (1876). The Life and Letters of Sir Thomas More. Burns & Oates. p. 339. https://archive.org/details/lifeandletterss00stewgoog.
87. ↑ W. Jos Walter (1840). Sir Thomas More His Life and Times: Illustrated from His Own Writings and from Contemporary Documents. London: Charles Dolman. p. 353. https://books.google.com/books?id=nx86AAAAcAAJ.
88. ↑ Hume, David (1813), The History of England, p. 632 .
89. ↑ Guy, John, A Daughter's Love: Thomas & Margaret More, London: Fourth Estate, 2008, ISBN:978-0-00-719231-1, p. 266.
90. ↑ Thomas Edward Bridgett (1891). Life and Writings of Sir Thomas More: Lord Chancellor of England and Martyr Under Henry VIII. Burns & Oates. p. 436. https://archive.org/details/LifeAndWritingsOfSirThomasMore. "thomas more head buried."
91. ↑ Journal of the British Archaeological Association. 1. British Archaeological Association. 1895. pp. 142–144. https://books.google.com/books?id=KGc_AQAAMAAJ&q=thomas+more++roper+vault+skull&pg=PA142.
92. ↑ "Lady Margaret Roper and the head of Sir Thomas More". http://www.lynsted-society.co.uk/resources_documents_articles_lady_margaret_roper_and_the_head_of_sir_thomas_more.html.
93. ↑ Doyne Courtenay Bell (1877). Notices of the Historic Persons Buried in the Chapel of St. Peter Ad Vincula: In the Tower of London. J. Murray. pp. 88–91. https://books.google.com/books?id=aGjSAAAAMAAJ&q=thomas+more+skull+buried+at&pg=PA88.
94. ↑ "St. Thomas More". Catholic Encyclopaedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14689c.htm. .
95. ↑ David Hilliam (2010). Little Book of Dorset. History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6265-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=OpATDQAAQBAJ&q=thomas+more+relics+hair+shirt+Chideock+castle&pg=PT56. [page needed]
96. ↑ Anne Vail (2004). Shrines of Our Lady in England. Gracewing Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 0-85244-603-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=hjyc9bPITKgC&q=thomas+more+relics+hair+shirt+Chideock+castle&pg=PA42.
97. ↑ Simon Caldwell (21 November 2016). "St. Thomas More's hair shirt now enshrined for public veneration". Catholic Telegraph. https://www.thecatholictelegraph.com/st-thomas-mores-hair-shirt-now-enshrined-for-public-veneration/37221.
98. ↑ "Hair-shirt worn by St Thomas More is enshrined for public veneration for possibly the first time". Diocese of Shrewsbury. https://www.dioceseofshrewsbury.org/news/hair-shirt-worn-st-thomas-enshrined-public-veneration-possibly-first-time.
99. ↑ Wegemer 1996, p. 218.
100. ↑ Meyer, Jürgen (2014). "An Unthinkable History of King Richard the Third: Thomas More's Fragment and his Answer to Lucian's Tyrannicide". Modern Language Review 109 (3): 629–639. doi:10.5699/modelangrevi.109.3.0629.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Logan (2011) p168
102. ↑ Bate, Jonathan (2008). Soul of the age : the life, mind and world of William Shakespeare. London: Viking. p. 268. ISBN 9780670914821.
103. ↑ Schwyzer, Philip (2013). Shakespeare and the remains of Richard III. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780199676101.
104. ↑ Barron, Caroline M. (2011). "The making of a London citizen". in Logan, George M.. The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More. ISBN 9780521888622.
105. ↑ Markham, Clements (1906). Richard III: His Life and Character, reviewed in the light of recent research. Smith, Elder & Co.. pp. 168–171. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36451.
106. ↑ Yoran, H. Thomas More's Richard III: Probing the Limits of Humanism. Renaissance Studies 15, no. 4 (2001): 514–37. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
107. ↑ More, Thomas (31 October 2013). "Introduction". in Lumby, J Rawson. More's Utopia (1952 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-107-64515-8.
108. ↑ Logan (2011) pp 39, 142, 144
109. ↑ O'Donovan, Louis (5 November 2019). The Defence of the Seven Sacraments. ISBN 978-1-5380-9202-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=hDq-DwAAQBAJ.
110. ↑ John Vidmar (2005). The Catholic Church Through the Ages: A History. Paulist Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-8091-4234-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=zENJHwQqSy0C.
111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 Rex (2011) p.102
112. ↑ Stephen Greenblatt (2012). Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-136-77420-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=11msvVh_3nMC.
113. ↑ Brown, Brendan F. (1935). "St. Thomas More, lawyer". Fordham Law Review 3 (3): 375–390. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=flr.
114. ↑ "Thomas Morus". http://www.kjg.de/?id=12.
115. ↑ "The Calendar" (in en). https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar.
116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 116.3 116.4 116.5 116.6 David J. Crankshaw, George W. C. Gross, ed (2020). Reformation Reputations: The Power of the Individual in English Reformation History. Springer International Publishing.
117. ↑ Daniel J. Boorstin (1999). The Seekers: The Story of Man's Continuing Quest to Understand His World. Random House Digital, Inc.. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-375-70475-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=B35joCqtHIwC&pg=PA154.
118. ↑ Quoted in Britannica – The Online Encyclopedia, article: Sir Thomas More
119. ↑ Chesterton, G. K. (1929). The Fame of Blessed Thomas More. London: Sheed & Ward. p. 63.
120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Cited in Marvin O'Connell, "A Man for all Seasons: an Historian's Demur," Catholic Dossier 8 no. 2 (March–April 2002): 16–19 online
121. ↑ Jonathan Swift. "Writings on Religion and the Church, Vol. I. by Jonathan Swift: Ch. 14: Concerning that Universal Hatred". http://www.online-literature.com/swift/religion-church-vol-one/14/.
122. ↑ Jonathan Swift,  Prose Works of Jonathan Swift v. 13, Oxford UP, 1959, p. 123
123. ↑ Reputation. Thomas More Studies. http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/reputation.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011. .
124. ↑ Kenny, Jack (2011). "A Man of Enduring Conscience". Resource Center. Catholic Culture via Trinity Communications. http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=7769.
125. ↑ Chambers, R. W. (1929). Sir Thomas More's Fame Among His Countrymen. London: Sheed & Ward. p. 13.
126. ↑ "The Calendar" (in en). Church of England. https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar.
127. ↑ Colclough, David (2011). "Donne, John (1572–1631)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7819. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
128. ↑ McNamara, Robert (2003). "Irish Perspectives on the Vietnam War". Irish Studies in International Affairs 14: 75–94. doi:10.3318/ISIA.2003.14.1.75.
129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Kautsky, Karl (1888). Thomas More and his Utopia. https://archive.org/details/thomasmorehisutopia. Retrieved 16 January 2015. "Part III. UTOPIA … Chapter V. THE AIM OF UTOPIA … Historians and economists who are perplexed by Utopia perceive in this name a subtle hint by More that he himself regarded his communism as an impracticable dream."
130. ↑ Moreau, Jean-Philippe (1992). "Review of Miscellanea Moreana: Essays for Germain Marc'hadour". Études Anglaises 45 (2): 202–204.
131. ↑ Sue Parrill, William Baxter Robison (2013). "The Tudors on Film and Television", p. 92. McFarland,
132. ↑ Long, William B. The Occasion of the Book of Sir Thomas More. Howard-Hill, T.H. editor. Shakespeare and Sir Thomas More; essays on the play and its Shakespearean Interest. Cambridge University Press. (1989) ISBN:0-521-34658-4. pages 49–54
133. ↑ Gabrieli, Vittorio. Melchiori, Giorgio, editors Introduction. Munday, Anthony. And others. Sir Thomas More. Manchester University Press. ISBN:0-7190-1544-8. Page 1
134. ↑ Rawlins, Christine (2015). Beyond the snow : the life and faith of Elizabeth Goudge. Bloomington, IN: Westbow. ISBN 978-1-4908-8619-0.
135. ↑ Gary O'Connor (2002), Paul Scofield: An Actor for All Seasons, Applause Books. Page 150.
136. ↑ Wood, James (2010). The Broken Estate: Essays on Literature and Belief. New York: Picador. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-312-42956-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=JiI8Kwd6j9AC&pg=PA15.
137. ↑ Robison, William B. (2016). History, fiction, and the Tudors : sex, politcs, power, and artistic license in the Showtime television series. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-137-43881-2.
138. ↑ Nissen, Dano (26 September 2019). "TV News Roundup: ‘The Spanish Princess’ Sets New and Returning Cast". Variety. https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/tv-news-roundup-spanish-princess-casting-real-housewives-of-atlanta-season-12-1203350779/.
139. ↑ USF perhaps considering to sell rare books, phil-hum-ren.uni-muenchen.de. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
140. ↑ Sangorski Manuscript a Top Lot at PBA's Sale of Dr. Elmer Belt's Collection, finebooksmagazine.com. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
141. ↑ Otto Schaefer, "Aims in Book Collecting", The Record, Gleeson Library Associates, Number 11, San Francisco: University of San Francisco, 1978.
142. ↑ Lord Wardington, oxfordmail.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
143. ↑ Valavoi, Dmitry; Lapshina, Henrietta (1983). Names on an obelisk. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 8–9. OCLC 878939730.
144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 "The Center for Thomas More Studies Art > Gallery > Moscow". The Center for Thomas More Studies at The University of Dallas. 2010. http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/g-c1.html. "This monument, suggested by Lenin and built in 1918, lists Thomas More (ninth from the top) among the most influential thinkers "who promoted the liberation of humankind from oppression, arbitrariness, and exploitation." It is in Aleksndrovsky Garden near the Kremlin."
145. ↑ Guy, John Alexander (2000). Thomas More. Arnold. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-340-73139-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=lf1lQgAACAAJ.
146. ↑ ""Thomas More." The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. 1970–1979. The Gale Group, Inc.". The Free Dictionary [Internet]. 1979. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Thomas+More. "The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased. ... More, Thomas ... English humanist, statesman, and writer; founder of Utopian socialism. ... More is especially famous for the dialogue Utopia (1516; Russian translation, 1789), which describes the ideal society on the imaginary island of Utopia. ... He was the first to describe a society in which private property (even personal property) has been abolished, equality of consumption has been introduced (as in the early Christian communes), and production and the way of life have been socialized. ... The family, a cell for the communist way of life, is organized more as a productive unit than as a kinship unit. ... More did not believe that the ideal society would be achieved through revolution. Utopia ... greatly influenced reformers of subsequent centuries, especially Morelly, G. Babeuf, Saint-Simon, C. Fourier, E. Cabet, and other representatives of Utopian socialism. ... The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved."
147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 "St. Thomas More". Catholic Encyclopaedia. 1913. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14689c.htm. "The whole work is really an exercise of the imagination with much brilliant satire upon the world of More's own day. … there can be no doubt that he would have been delighted at entrapping William Morris, who discovered in it a complete gospel of Socialism".
148. ↑ Bloom, Harold; Hobby, Blake (2010). Enslavement Enslavement and Emancipation and Emancipation]. Infobase Publishing. pp. 173–174. ISBN 978-1-60413-441-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=s-sVN2COG78C&q="Solzhenitsyn+insists+that+the+Soviet+system+cannot+survive+without+the+camps"+"Thomas+More"+"the+great-grandfather+of+socialism"&pg=PA173. Retrieved 20 January 2015. "Moreover, Solzhenitsyn insists that the Soviet system cannot survive without the camps, that Soviet communism requires enslavement and forced labour. " ...foreseen as far back as Thomas More, the great-grandfather of socialism, in his Utopia [,the] labor of zeks was needed for degrading and particularly heavy work, which no one, under socialism, would wish to perform" (Gulag, Vol 3." 578)."
149. ↑ Chen, Chapman (2011). Pekka Kujamäki. ed. "Postcolonial Hong Kong Drama Translation" in "Beyond Borders: Translations Moving Languages, Literatures and Cultures". Volume 39 of TransÜD. Arbeiten zur Theorie und Praxis des Übersetzens und Dolmetschens. Frank & Timme GmbH, Berlin. pp. 47–54. ISBN 978-3-86596-356-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=S4-MqkBKvg4C&q="thomas+More"+China&pg=PA48. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
150. ↑ Thomas More : the saint and the society ; addresses and articles on St Thomas More further published to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of the foundation of the St Thomas More Society on 14th August 1945. Sydney: St Thomas More Society. 1995. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-646-26104-1.
151. ↑ Ackroyd (1999) p. 244. Bibliographer William Carew Hazlitt in his Shakespeare Jest Book Volume III (OCLC 690506548) assigns publication of the work to More's brother-in-law John Rastell, with a date of 23 March 1525.
152. ↑ Beaver, Alfred (1892). Memorials of Old Chelsea. London: Elliot Stock. pp. 118–138. OCLC 499072940. "In…1682…Chelsey…was sold to…the first Duke of Beaufort…and henceforth bore [the] name."
153. ↑ Ackroyd (1999) pp. 234–5
154. ↑ Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher (1983). "Crosby Hall". The London Encyclopædia (1993 ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 219–220. ISBN 0-333-57688-8.
155. ↑ Norman, Philip; Caroe, W. D. (1908). Survey of London Monograph 9, Crosby Place. London: Committee for the Survey of the Memorials of Greater London. pp. 15–32. OCLC 644450239. https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/bk9/pp15-32. "From the[…] indentures between More and the executors of Sir John Rest[…]More paid to the said executors…£150, and the date was June 1st, 1523."
156. ↑ "Thomas More Comes to Chelsea". Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/vmhistory/general/vm_hs_p02.asp.
157. ↑ Eagle, Dorothy, ed (2008). The Oxford guide to literary Britain & Ireland. (3rd ed.). Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-19-861460-9.
158. ↑ "St Katharine's Dock". Exploring East London. http://www.exploringeastlondon.co.uk/eel/Stkatharines/Stkatharines.htm#More.
159. ↑ Schulte Herbrüggen, Hubertus (1982). Das Haupt des Thomas Morus in der St. Dunstan-Kirche zu Canterbury. Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

## Sources

### Biographies

* Ackroyd, Peter (1999). The Life of Thomas More. ISBN 9780385477093. https://archive.org/details/lifeofthomasmore00ackr.
* Basset, Bernard, SJ (1965). Born for Friendship: The Spirit of Sir Thomas More. London: Burns & Oates.
* Berglar, Peter (2009). Thomas More: A Lonely Voice against the Power of the State. New York: Scepter Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59417-073-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=5eAN_FrS2o4C. (Note: this is a 2009 translation (from the original German, by Hector de Cavilla) of Berglar's 1978 work Die Stunde des Thomas Morus – Einer gegen die Macht. Freiburg 1978; Adamas-Verlag, Köln 1998, ISBN:3-925746-78-1)
* Brady, Charles A. (1953). Stage of Fools: A Novel of Sir Thomas More. Dutton. https://archive.org/details/stageoffools0000unse.
* Brémond, Henri (1904) – Le Bienheureux Thomas More 1478–1535 (1904) as Sir Thomas More (1913) translated by Henry Child;
* 1920 edition published by R. & T. Washbourne Limited, OCLC 1224822, 749455885;
* Paperback edition by Kessinger Publishing, LLC (26 May 2006) with ISBN:1-4286-1904-6, ISBN:978-1-4286-1904-3;
* published in French in Paris by Gabalda, 1920, OCLC 369064822

(Note: Brémond is frequently cited in Berglar (2009))

* Bridgett, Thomas Edward (1891). Life and Writings of Sir Thomas More, Lord Chancellor of England and Martyr under Henry VIII. https://archive.org/stream/lifewritingsofsi00brid/lifewritingsofsi00brid_djvu.txt.
* Chambers, RW (1935). Thomas More. Harcourt, Brace.
* Guy, John (1980). The Public Career of Sir Thomas More. ISBN 978-0-300-02546-0.
* ~~ ~~ (2000). Thomas More. ISBN 978-0-340-73138-3.
* ~~ ~~ (2009). A Daughter's Love: Thomas More and His Daughter Meg.
* Hiscock, Andrew; Wilcox, Helen, eds (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern English Literature and Religion. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-165342-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=HCwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA547.
* House, Seymour B. (2008). "More, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19191. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
* Marius, Richard (1984). Thomas More: A Biography. Vintage Books. ISBN 9780394741468. https://archive.org/details/thomasmorebiogra00mari.
* ~~ ~~ (1999). Thomas More: a biography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-88525-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=DdAYSzj20t0C.
* More, Cresacre (1828). The Life of Sir Thomas More by His Great-Grandson. W. Pickering. p. 344. https://archive.org/details/lifesirthomasmo00moregoog.
* Moynahan, Brian (2014). God's Bestseller: William Tyndale, Thomas More, and the Writing of the English Bible—A Story of Martyrdom and Betrayal. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4668-6650-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=RgrHAgAAQBAJ.
* Mueller, Janel; Loewenstein, David, eds (2002). The Cambridge History of Early Modern English Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63156-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=J90cWIBoAPcC&pg=PA93.
* Phélippeau, Marie-Claire (2016). Thomas More. Gallimard.
* Reynolds, EE (1964). The Trialet of St Thomas More.
* ~~ ~~ (1965). Thomas More and Erasmus. New York, Fordham University Press. https://archive.org/details/thomasmoreerasmu00reyn.
* Ridley, Jasper (1983). Statesman and Saint: Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, and the Politics of Henry VIII. ISBN 0-670-48905-0. https://archive.org/details/statesmansaintca00ridl.
* Roper, William (2003), Wegemer, Gerard B; Smith, Stephen W, eds., The Life of Sir Thomas More (1556), Center for Thomas More Studies, http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/docs/Roper.pdf, retrieved 5 March 2012
* Roper, William (2007). The Life of St. Thomas More. Benediction Classics. ISBN 978-1-4092-2795-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=cPL3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2.
* Stapleton, Thomas, The Life and Illustrious Martyrdom of Sir Thomas More (1588), http://www.thomasmorestudies.org/docs/Stapletons_Life_of_TM.pdf, retrieved 3 January 2016 .
* Wegemer, Gerard (1985). Thomas More: A Portrait of Courage. ISBN 978-1-889334-12-7.
* Wegemer, Gerard (1996). Thomas More on Statesmanship. Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-0836-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=RazaAAAAMAAJ.
* Wordsworth, Christopher (1810). Ecclesiastical Biography, Or, Lives of Eminent Men Connected with the History of Religion in England. 2. London: Rivingtons. https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ppAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA222.

### Historiography

* Gushurst-Moore, André (2004), "A Man for All Eras: Recent Books on Thomas More", Political Science Reviewer 33: 90–143 .
* Guy, John (2000), "The Search for the Historical Thomas More", History Review: 15+, https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001205422 .
* Miles, Leland. “Persecution and the Dialogue of Comfort: A Fresh Look at the Charges against Thomas More.” Journal of British Studies, vol. 5, no. 1, 1965, pp. 19–30. online

### Primary sources

* More, Thomas (1947), Rogers, Elizabeth, ed., The Correspondence of Sir Thomas More, Princeton University Press .
* ~~ ~~ (1963–1997), Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, Yale University Press.
* ~~ ~~ (2001), da Silva, Álvaro, ed., The Last Letters of Thomas More .
* ~~ ~~ (2003), Thornton, John F, ed., Saint Thomas More: Selected Writings .
* ~~ ~~ (2004), Wegemer, Gerald B; Smith, Stephen W, eds., A Thomas More Source Book, Catholic University of America Press .
* ~~ ~~ (2010), Logan, George M; Adams, Robert M, eds., Utopia, Critical Editions (3rd ed.), Norton .

## External links

* {{UK National Archives ID}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
* Portraits of Sir Thomas More at the National Portrait Gallery, London
* The Center for Thomas More Studies at the University of Dallas
* Thomas More Studies database : contains several of More's English works, including dialogues, early poetry and letters, as well as journal articles and biographical material
* Works by Thomas More at Project Gutenberg
* Error in Template:Internet Archive author: Thomas More doesn't exist.
* Works by Thomas More at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
* Wood, James, Sir Thomas More: A Man for One Season, http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/wood.htm . Presents a critical view of More's anti-Protestantism
* More and The History of Richard III
* Kautsky, Karl, Thomas More and his Utopia, Marxists, http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1888/more/ .
* Thomas More and Utopias – a learning resource from the British Library
* Wegemer, Gerard, Integrity and Conscience in the Life and Thought of Thomas More, http://www.thomasmoreinstitute.org.uk/?q=node/34 .
* The Essential Works of Thomas More – The Center for Thomas More Studies at the University of Dallas
* Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "St. Thomas More". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
* Patron Saints Index entry – Saint Thomas More biography, prayers, quotes, Catholic devotions to him.
* Trial of Sir Thomas More, Professor Douglas O. Linder, University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Law
* John Fisher and Thomas More: Martyrs of England and Wales
* Saint Thomas More at Library of Congress Authorities, with 186 catalogue records

Political offices

Preceded by
Sir Richard Wingfield |  Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1525–1529  | Succeeded by
Sir William Fitzwilliam
Preceded by
Sir Thomas Neville |  Speaker of the House of Commons
1523  | Succeeded by
Sir Thomas Audley
Preceded by
Thomas Wolsey |  Lord Chancellor
1529–1532

* v
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History of the Catholic Church

General|

* History of the Catholic Church
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| Origins and
Apostolic Age (30–100)|

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|

Ante-Nicene period (100–325)|

* Persecution
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Late antiquity
(313–476)|

| Great Church
(180–451)
Roman
state church
(380-451)|

* Constantine the Great
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* Biblical canon
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|

Early Middle Ages|

* Benedict of Nursia
* Monasticism
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* Pope Gregory I
* Gregorian chant
* Islamic conquests
* Third Council of Constantinople
* Saint Boniface
* Byzantine Iconoclasm
* Second Council of Nicaea
* Charlemagne
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* East–West Schism

High Middle Ages|

* Pope Urban II
* Investiture Controversy
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* Inquisition
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* Second Council of Lyon
* Bernard of Clairvaux

Late Middle Ages|

* Thomas Aquinas
* Pope Boniface VIII
* Western Schism
* Avignon Papacy
* Pope Clement V
* Council of Vienne
* Knights Templar
* Catherine of Siena
* Pope Alexander VI
* Age of Discovery

Reformation
Catholic Reformation

* Reformation
* Catholic Reformation
* Thomas More
* Pope Leo X
* Society of Jesus
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francis Xavier
* Dissolution of the Monasteries
* Council of Trent
* Pope Pius V
* Tridentine Mass
* Teresa of Ávila
* John of the Cross
* Philip Neri
* Robert Bellarmine
* Thirty Years' War

Baroque Period to the
French Revolution

* Pope Innocent XI
* Pope Benedict XIV
* Suppression of the Society of Jesus
* Age of Enlightenment
* Anti-clericalism
* Pope Pius VI
* Shimabara Rebellion
* Edict of Nantes
* Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

19th century|

* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Pius IX
* Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Our Lady of La Salette
* Our Lady of Lourdes
* First Vatican Council
* Papal infallibility
* Pope Leo XIII
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
* Rerum novarum

20th century|

* Pope Pius X
* Our Lady of Fátima
* Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
* Lateran Treaty
* Nazism
* Pope John XXIII
* Second Vatican Council
* Pope Paul VI
* Pope John Paul I
* Mother Teresa
* Communism
* Pope John Paul II
* World Youth Day
* 1995

21st century|

* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
* World Youth Day
* 2000
* 2002
* 2005
* 2008
* 2011
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope Francis

*   *

* v
* t
* e

Catholic philosophy

Ethics|

* Cardinal virtues
* Divine command
* Just price
* Just war
* Probabilism
* Natural law
* Personalism
* Seven virtues
* Social teaching
* Theological virtues
* Virtue ethics

Schools|

| Medieval|

* Augustinianism
* Scholasticism
* Thomism
* Scotism
* Occamism

|

Modern|

* Salamanca
* Christian humanism
* Cartesianism
* Molinism
* Neo-scholasticism
* Analytical Thomism

Universals|

* Augustinian realism
* Nominalism
* Conceptualism
* Moderate realism
* Scotistic realism

Other|

* Theological intellectualism
* Theological voluntarism
* Foundationalism

Philosophers|

* Clement
* Augustine
* Boethius
* Dionysius
* Isidore
* Eriugena
* Alcuin
* Anselm
* Abelard
* Lombard
* Albertus
* Bonaventure
* Aquinas
* Llull
* Scotus
* Occam
* Ficino
* Pico
* Erasmus
* Cusa
* Luis
* More
* Suárez
* Descartes
* Pierre
* Montaigne
* Pascal
* Krasicki
* Kołłątaj
* Staszic
* Newman
* Scheler
* Chesterton
* Maritain
* Stein
* Mortimer
* Rahner
* Anscombe
* MacIntyre
* Wojtyla
* Ratzinger

Concepts|

* Actus purus
* Actus Essendi
* Actus primus
* Quinque viae
* Theodicy
* Augustinian
* Irenaean
* Formal distinction
* Univocity
* Head of a pin
* Occam's razor
* Augustinian values
* Principle of double effect
* Seven deadly sins
* Quiddity
* Cardinal virtues
* Stratification of emotional life
* Disputation
* Evil demon
* Aevum
* Haecceity
* Cartesian dualism
* Divine illumination
* Peripatetic axiom
* Memento mori
* Ressentiment
* Rota Fortunae
* Double truth
* Ontological argument
* Utopia
* Trademark argument
* Pascal's wager
* Dehellenization
* Differentia
* Homo unius libri
* Cogito, ergo sum
* Infused righteousness

Related|

* Catholic theology
* Platonism
* Aristotelianism
* Neoplatonism
* Islamic philosophy
* Doctor of the Church
* Renaissance
* Rationalism
* Empiricism
* Phenomenology

*   *

* v
* t
* e

Social and political philosophy

Ancient
philosophers|

* Aristotle
* Chanakya
* Cicero
* Confucius
* Han Fei
* Lactantius
* Laozi
* Mencius
* Mozi
* Origen
* Plato
* Polybius
* Shang
* Socrates
* Sun Tzu
* Tertullian
* Thucydides
* Valluvar
* Xenophon
* Xunzi

Medieval
philosophers|

* Augustine
* Averroes
* Baldus
* Bartolus
* Bruni
* Dante
* Gelasius
* al-Ghazali
* Giles
* Hostiensis
* Ibn Khaldun
* John of Paris
* John of Salisbury
* Latini
* Maimonides
* Marsilius
* Muhammad
* Nizam al-Mulk
* Photios
* Thomas Aquinas
* Wang
* William of Ockham

Early modern
philosophers|

* Beza
* Bodin
* Bossuet
* Botero
* Buchanan
* Calvin
* Cumberland
* Duplessis-Mornay
* Erasmus
* Filmer
* Grotius
* Guicciardini
* Harrington
* Hayashi
* Hobbes
* Hotman
* Huang
* Leibniz
* Locke
* Luther
* Machiavelli
* Malebranche
* Mariana
* Milton
* Montaigne
* More
* Müntzer
* Naudé
* Pufendorf
* Rohan
* Sansovino
* Sidney
* Spinoza
* Suárez

18th–19th-century
philosophers|

* Bakunin
* Bentham
* Bonald
* Bosanquet
* Burke
* Comte
* Constant
* Emerson
* Engels
* Fichte
* Fourier
* Franklin
* Godwin
* Hamann
* Hegel
* Herder
* Hume
* Jefferson
* Justi
* Kant
* political philosophy
* Kierkegaard
* Le Bon
* Le Play
* Maistre
* Marx
* Mazzini
* Mill
* Montesquieu
* Möser
* Nietzsche
* Novalis
* Paine
* Renan
* Rousseau
* Royce
* Sade
* Schiller
* Smith
* Spencer
* Stirner
* Taine
* Thoreau
* Tocqueville
* Vico
* Vivekananda
* Voltaire

20th–21st-century
philosophers|

* Adorno
* Ambedkar
* Arendt
* Aurobindo
* Aron
* Azurmendi
* Badiou
* Baudrillard
* Bauman
* Benoist
* Berlin
* Bernstein
* Butler
* Camus
* Chomsky
* De Beauvoir
* Debord
* Du Bois
* Durkheim
* Dworkin
* Foucault
* Gandhi
* Gauthier
* Gehlen
* Gentile
* Gramsci
* Habermas
* Hayek
* Heidegger
* Irigaray
* Kautsky
* Kirk
* Kropotkin
* Laclau
* Lenin
* Luxemburg
* Mao
* Mansfield
* Marcuse
* Maritain
* Michels
* Mises
* Mou
* Mouffe
* Negri
* Niebuhr
* Nozick
* Nursî
* Oakeshott
* Ortega
* Pareto
* Pettit
* Plamenatz
* Polanyi
* Popper
* Qutb
* Radhakrishnan
* Rand
* Rawls
* Rothbard
* Russell
* Santayana
* Sartre
* Scanlon
* Schmitt
* Searle
* Shariati
* Simmel
* Simonović
* Skinner
* Sombart
* Sorel
* Spann
* Spirito
* Strauss
* Sun
* Taylor
* Walzer
* Weber
* Žižek

Social theories|

* Anarchism
* Authoritarianism
* Collectivism
* Communism
* Communitarianism
* Conflict theories
* Confucianism
* Consensus theory
* Conservatism
* Contractualism
* Cosmopolitanism
* Culturalism
* Fascism
* Feminist political theory
* Gandhism
* Individualism
* Islam
* Islamism
* Legalism
* Liberalism
* Libertarianism
* Mohism
* National liberalism
* Republicanism
* Social constructionism
* Social constructivism
* Social Darwinism
* Social determinism
* Socialism
* Utilitarianism

Concepts|

* Civil disobedience
* Democracy
* Four occupations
* Justice
* Law
* Mandate of Heaven
* Peace
* Property
* Revolution
* Rights
* Social contract
* Society
* War
* more...

Related articles|

* Jurisprudence
* Philosophy and economics
* Philosophy of education
* Philosophy of history
* Philosophy of love
* Philosophy of sex
* Philosophy of social science
* Political ethics
* Social epistemology

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Socialism

Schools of thought|

* 21st century
* Agrarian
* Communist
* Democratic
* Ethical
* Feminist
* Green
* Guild
* Labourism
* Syndicalism
* Liberal
* Market
* Marxian
* Nationalist
* Reformist
* Revolutionary
* Scientific
* Social democracy
* Utopian
* Fourierism
* Icarianism
* Owenism
* Saint-Simonianism
* Technocracy

| Libertarian
(From below)|

* Anarchism
* Collectivist
* Communist
* Free-market
* Left-wing laissez-faire
* Left-wing market
* Green
* Individualist
* Insurrectionary
* Magonism
* Mutualism
* Neozapatismo
* Participism
* Platformism
* Social
* Syndicalist
* Left-libertarianism
* Libertarian Marxism
* Left communism
* Council communism
* Luxemburgism
* Mao-Spontex
* Third camp

|

Authoritarian
(From above)|

* Barracks
* Nechayevism
* Blanquism
* Bolshevism
* Leninism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Brezhnevism
* Castroism
* Ceaușism
* Guevarism
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Hoxhaism
* Husakism
* Juche
* Kadarism
* Khrushchevism
* Maoism
* Dengism
* Maoism–Third Worldism
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path
* Xi Jinping Thought
* Stalinism
* Neo-Stalinism
* Tkachevism
* Trotskyism
* Neo-Trotskyism
* Pabloism
* Posadism
* Orthodox Trotskyism
* State
* Lassallism

Religious|

* Buddhist
* Christian
* Islamic
* Jewish

Regional variants|

* African
* African-Caribbean
* Arab
* Bolivarian
* Chinese
* Communist
* Nationalist
* European
* Eurocommunism
* Israeli
* Indonesian
* Melanesian
* Mexican
* Soviet
* In one country
* Real
* Sri Lankan
* Third World
* Yugoslav

Key topics and issues|

* Anarchist economics
* Anti-revisionism
* Criticism of capitalism
* Criticism of socialism
* Class struggle
* Democracy
* Dictatorship of the proletariat
* Egalitarianism
* Equality of outcome
* History of anarchism
* History of communism
* History of socialism
* Impossibilism
* "The Internationale"
* Internationalism
* State-owned enterprise
* Land reform
* Left-wing politics
* Mixed economy
* Mode of production
* Nanosocialism
* Nationalization
* Planned economy
* Post-capitalism
* Proletarian revolution
* Reformism
* Revisionism
* Socialisation of production
* Socialist economics
* Socialist market economy
* Socialist state
* State capitalism
* Trade union
* Welfare state

Concepts|

* Adhocracy
* Anarchist economics
* Basic income
* Calculation in kind
* Commune
* Common ownership
* Cooperative ownership
* Decentralized planning
* Direct democracy
* Economic democracy
* Economic planning
* Equal opportunity
* Free association
* Industrial democracy
* Labor-time calculation
* Labour voucher
* Organizational self-management
* Production for use
* Public ownership
* Social dividend
* Socialist mode of production
* Technocracy
* Workplace democracy

People|

| 16th c.|

* Tommaso Campanella
* Thomas More

|

18th c.|

* Gracchus Babeuf
* Victor d'Hupay
* Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
* Sylvain Maréchal
* Étienne-Gabriel Morelly

19th c.|

* Stephen Pearl Andrews
* Mikhail Bakunin
* John Goodwyn Barmby
* Enrico Barone
* August Bebel
* Edward Bellamy
* Eduard Bernstein
* Louis Blanc
* Louis Auguste Blanqui
* Philippe Buchez
* Georg Büchner
* Philippe Buonarroti
* Étienne Cabet
* Edward Carpenter
* Nikolay Chernyshevsky
* James Connolly
* Victor Prosper Considerant
* Claire Démar
* Théodore Dézamy
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Prosper Enfantin
* Friedrich Engels
* Charles Fourier
* Emma Goldman
* William Batchelder Greene
* Charles Hall
* Alexander Herzen
* Thomas Hodgskin
* Jean Jaurès
* Mother Jones
* Karl Kautsky
* Peter Kropotkin
* Paul Lafargue
* Albert Laponneraye
* Ferdinand Lassalle
* Pyotr Lavrov
* Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
* Pierre Leroux
* Helen Macfarlane
* Errico Malatesta
* Karl Marx
* Louise Michel
* Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
* William Morris
* Robert Owen
* Antonie Pannekoek
* Giovanni Pascoli
* Constantin Pecqueur
* Georgi Plekhanov
* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
* Luis Emilio Recabarren
* Henri de Saint-Simon
* Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
* George Sand
* Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
* Eugène Sue
* Lysander Spooner
* Fred M. Taylor
* William Thompson
* Pyotr Tkachev
* Benjamin Tucker
* Suzanne Voilquin
* Alfred Russel Wallace
* Josiah Warren
* Wilhelm Weitling
* Oscar Wilde

20th c.|

* Tariq Ali
* Salvador Allende
* Louis Aragon
* Clement Attlee
* Henri Barbusse
* Zygmunt Bauman
* Simone de Beauvoir
* Walter Benjamin
* Tony Benn
* Léon Blum
* Grace Lee Boggs
* Murray Bookchin
* Bertolt Brecht
* Aristide Briand
* Nikolai Bukharin
* Cornelius Castoriadis
* Hugo Chávez
* Noam Chomsky
* G. D. H. Cole
* Jeremy Corbyn
* Bob Crow
* Guy Debord
* Eugene V. Debs
* John Dewey
* Alexander Dubček
* Albert Einstein
* Einar Gerhardsen
* Mikhail Gorbachev
* Maxim Gorky
* Antonio Gramsci
* Chris Hedges
* Eric Hobsbawm
* Dolores Ibárruri
* Pablo Iglesias Posse
* Elfriede Jelinek
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Alexandra Kollontai
* Jack Layton
* Henri Lefebvre
* Claude Lefort
* Vladimir Lenin
* Ken Livingstone
* György Lukács
* Rosa Luxemburg
* Nestor Makhno
* Nelson Mandela
* Mao Dun
* Vladimir Mayakovsky
* Maurice Merleau-Ponty
* China Miéville
* François Mitterrand
* Evo Morales
* Imre Nagy
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Otto Neurath
* Paul Nizan
* Abdullah Öcalan
* Seán O'Casey
* George Orwell
* Sylvia Pankhurst
* Fred Paterson
* Pier Paolo Pasolini
* Karl Polanyi
* Bertrand Russell
* Gaetano Salvemini
* Bernie Sanders
* Jean-Paul Sartre
* Arthur Scargill
* Léopold Sédar Senghor
* George Bernard Shaw
* R. H. Tawney
* E. P. Thompson
* Ernst Toller
* Leon Trotsky
* Yanis Varoufakis
* H. G. Wells
* Cornel West
* Richard D. Wolff
* Clara Zetkin
* Howard Zinn
* Slavoj Žižek

Organizations|

* Communist International
* Fifth International
* Foro de São Paulo
* Fourth International
* International League of Peoples' Struggle
* International League of Religious Socialists
* International Marxist Tendency
* International Union of Socialist Youth
* International Workingmen's Association
* Second International
* Socialist International
* World Federation of Democratic Youth
* World Socialist Movement

See also|

* Anarchism
* Criticism of socialism
* Communism
* Economic calculation problem
* Marxist philosophy
* New Left
* Old Left
* Socialist calculation debate

* Politics portal
* Socialism portal

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas More. Read more

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