Viktor Orbán

Short description: Prime Minister of Hungary (1998–2002; since 2010)

The native form of this personal name is Orbán Viktor Mihály. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Viktor Orbán

File:Viktor Orban 2025 (cropped).jpg

Orbán in 2025

Prime Minister of Hungary

Incumbent

Assumed office
29 May 2010
President|

* László Sólyom
* Pál Schmitt
* János Áder
* Katalin Novák
* Tamás Sulyok

Deputy|

* Tibor Navracsics
* Sándor Pintér
* Zsolt Semjén
* Mihály Varga

Preceded by| Gordon Bajnai
In office
6 July 1998 – 27 May 2002
President|

* Árpád Göncz
* Ferenc Mádl

Deputy| István Stumpf
Preceded by| Gyula Horn
Succeeded by| Péter Medgyessy
President of Fidesz

Incumbent

Assumed office
17 May 2003
Preceded by| János Áder
In office
18 April 1993 – 29 January 2000
Preceded by| Office established
Succeeded by| László Kövér
Leader of the Fidesz Group in the National Assembly
In office
23 May 1990 – 18 April 1993
Preceded by| Position established
Succeeded by| József Szájer
Member of the National Assembly

Incumbent

Assumed office
2 May 1990
Personal details
Born|

Viktor Mihály Orbán

(1963-05-31) 31 May 1963 (age 62)
Székesfehérvár, Hungary
Political party| Fidesz (since 1988)
Spouse(s)|

Anikó Lévai (m. 1986)

Children| 5, including Gáspár
Education|

* Eötvös Loránd University (JD)

Profession|

* Politician
* lawyer

Signature| File:Accession Treaty 2011 Viktor Orbán signature.svg
Website| Viktor Orbán website

Template:Viktor Orbán sidebar

Viktor Mihály Orbán (hu[contradictory]; born 31 May 1963) is a Hungarian lawyer and politician who has been the 56th prime minister of Hungary since 2010, previously holding the office from 1998 to 2002. He has also led the Fidesz political party since 2003, and previously from 1993 to 2000. He was re-elected as prime minister in 2014, 2018, and 2022. On 29 November 2020, he became the country's longest-serving prime minister.

Orbán was first elected to the National Assembly in 1990 and led Fidesz's parliamentary group until 1993. During his first term as prime minister and head of the conservative coalition government, from 1998 to 2002, inflation and the fiscal deficit shrank, and Hungary joined NATO. After losing reelection, however, Orbán led the opposition party from 2002 to 2010.

Since 2010, when he resumed office, Hungary has experienced democratic backsliding, weakened judicial independence, increased corruption, and curtailed press freedom.[1][2] During his second premiership, which is also known as the Orbán regime, several controversial constitutional and legislative reforms were made, including the 2013 amendments to the Constitution of Hungary. He frequently styles himself as a defender of Christian values in the face of the European Union, which he claims is anti-nationalist and anti-Christian. His portrayal of the EU as a political foe has led to accusations that his government is a kleptocracy.[3] It has also been characterized as a hybrid regime, dominant-party system, and mafia state.[4][5][6][7] Orbán defends his policies as "illiberal Christian democracy".[8][9]

In March 2019, Fidesz was suspended from the EU's Christian Democratic party, the European People's Party (EPP).[10] In March 2021, Fidesz left the EPP over a dispute over new rule-of-law language in the latter's bylaws.[11] While shifting Hungary towards what he has called "illiberal democracy", he has also promoted Euroscepticism, opposition to liberal democracy, and the establishment of closer ties with China, Russia, and Turkey.[12]

## Contents

* 1 Early life and background (1963–1988)
* 2 Political ascent (1988–1998)
* 3 First premiership (1998–2002)
* 3.1 Economy
* 3.2 Foreign policy
* 4 Leader of the Opposition (2002–2010)
* 5 Second premiership (2010–present)
* 5.1 Second government (2010–2014)
* 5.2 Third government (2014–2018)
* 5.3 Fourth government (2018–2022)
* 5.4 Fifth government (2022–present)
* 5.5 Foreign policy
* 5.5.1 China
* 5.5.2 Russia and Ukraine
* 5.5.3 Accession to the Organization of Turkic States
* 5.5.4 Israel and Hamas
* 6 Policy and views
* 6.1 United States
* 6.2 Domestic policy
* 6.3 Democratic backsliding, corruption and authoritarianism
* 6.4 Anti-LGBT policies
* 6.5 Green transition and climate change
* 6.6 Criticism and political techniques
* 6.6.1 Economic cronyism
* 6.6.2 Opposition to European integration
* 6.6.3 Migrant crisis
* 6.6.3.1 Anti-Soros theme
* 6.6.4 Accusations of antisemitism
* 6.6.5 Irredentism and nativism
* 6.6.6 Mixed-race statement
* 7 Personal life
* 7.1 Football interests
* 8 Awards and honors
* 8.1 Foreign
* 8.2 Confessional
* 8.3 Other honors
* 8.4 Honorary doctorates
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 Bibliography
* 12 Further reading
* 13 External links

## Early life and background (1963–1988)

Viktor Mihály Orbán was born on 31 May 1963 and has two younger brothers, both businessmen, Győző Jr. (born in 1965) and Áron (born in 1977). Their paternal grandfather, Mihály Orbán, a former dockworker and a war veteran, farmed and worked as a veterinary assistant in Alcsútdoboz in Fejér County, where Orbán first lived while growing up. In 1973, the family resettled to neighboring Felcsút, where Orbán's father headed the machinery department at the local farm collective.[13] Orbán attended school there and in Vértesacsa.[14][15] In 1977, the family moved to Székesfehérvár, where Orbán had secured a place at the prestigious Blanka Teleki school.[16] In his first two years there, he served as local secretary of the Hungarian Young Communist League (KISZ), in which membership was mandatory for matriculation to a university,[17][18] Additionally, his father happened to be a patron of the KISZ.[19]

After graduating from high school in 1981, Orbán completed his military service alongside Lajos Simicska, whom he had befriended in high school.[16] Orbán was jailed several times for indiscipline, which included a failure to appear for duty during the 1982 FIFA World Cup and striking a non-commissioned officer during a personal altercation.[20] His time in the army also coincided with the declaration of martial law in Poland in December 1981, which his friend Simicska criticized.[20] During that period, Orbán recalled, he expected to be mobilized to invade Poland.[21] He would later remark that military service had shifted his political views radically from the previous position of a "naive and devoted supporter" of the Communist regime.[18] Nonetheless, a state security report from May 1982 still described him as "loyal to our social system".[19][22]

In 1983, Orbán went to study law at the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest. There, he joined Jogász Társadalomtudományi Szakkollégium (Lawyers' Special College of Social Sciences), a residential college—established in 1983 by István Stumpf and modeled on English universities—for law students from outside the capital.[23][24] Its members were permitted to explore social sciences beyond the socialist canon and the "new" field of "bourgeois" political science, in particular.[25][26][27] There, Orbán met Gábor Fodor and László Kövér.[25][28]

Orbán became chairman of the executive committee of the college's 60 students in 1984.[28] He also went on a series of trips to Poland with his classmates and a lecturer, Tamás Fellegi, during the 1984–1985 school year and again in 1987, during the third pastoral visit of John Paul II. Their lead Polish contacts were Małgorzata Tarasiewicz and Adam Jagusiak, who would become members of the anti-Communist student movement Wolność i Pokój (pl), beginning in 1985.[29]

In 1986, Orbán submitted his master's thesis on the Polish Solidarity movement, based on interviews with its leaders.[21][30] That August, shortly before his marriage to Dr Anikó Lévai in Szolnok, in September 1986, a police source reported him as affiliated with an organization whose members were lecturing in the United States and West Germany, presenting themselves as "the country's expected future leaders." They received Western support while also enjoying full protection by the Budapest police (Budapesti Rendőr-főkapitányság (hu)) and insider access to top-level government decisions through the Communist Interior Minister István Horváth. The minister was expected to intervene personally to clear Orbán, in particular, of any sedition charges.[19][22]

After obtaining the higher degree of Juris Doctor[31] in 1987,[32][33] Orbán lived in Szolnok for two years, commuting to his job in Budapest as a sociologist at the Management Training Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food.[34] In November 1987, at the Lawyers' Special College of Social Sciences, Orbán welcomed a group of 150 delegates from 17 countries to a two-day seminar—backed by the European Network for East–West Dialogue—on the Perestroika, conscientious objection, and the prospects for a pan-European democratic movement.[27]

In September 1989, Orbán took up a research fellowship at Pembroke College, Oxford, funded by the Soros Foundation, which had employed him part-time since April 1988.[35] He began work on the concept of civil society in European political thought, under the guidance of Zbigniew Pełczyński.[15][36] During this time, he unsuccessfully contested the Fidesz leadership elections in Budapest, which he had lost to Fodor. In January 1990, he abandoned his project at Oxford and returned to Hungary with his family to run for a seat in Hungary's first post-communist parliament.[37]

## Political ascent (1988–1998)

File:Viktor Orbán 1997.jpgOrbán in 1997 as the leader of the opposition

On 30 March 1988, at the Lawyers' Special College of Social Sciences, Orbán–alongside Stumpf, Fodor, Kövér, and 32 other students and activists–founded the Alliance of Young Democrats (Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége, FIDESZ), a liberal-nationalist youth movement conceived as an overt political challenge to the Hungarian Young Communist League, whose members were banned from participation.[38][39] The college journal Századvég (End of the Century), established with Orbán's help and funded by George Soros since 1985, grew into Fidesz's press organ.[40][30][41][28]

On 16 June 1989, Orbán gave a speech in Heroes' Square, Budapest, on the occasion of the reburial of Imre Nagy and other national martyrs of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. In his speech, he demanded free elections and the withdrawal of Soviet troops, which brought him to national prominence and announced the existence of Fidesz.[42] In the summer of 1989, he took part in the opposition round table talks, representing Fidesz alongside László Kövér.[43] Fidesz was established as a political party in October 1989.[44]

On returning home from Oxford, he secured the first spot on the Fidesz candidate list ahead of Fodor and was elected Member of Parliament from Pest County at the April 1990 election.[45] He was appointed leader of Fidesz's parliamentary group, in this capacity until May 1993.[46]

File:Szárszói találkozó 1993 Fodor Gábor Orbán Viktor.jpgOrbán and Gábor Fodor at the Szárszó meeting of 1993

On 18 April 1993, Orbán became the first president of Fidesz, replacing the national board that had served as a collective leadership since its founding. Under his leadership, Fidesz gradually transformed from a radical liberal student organization to a center-right people's party.[47]

The conservative turn caused a severe split in the membership. Several members left the party, including Péter Molnár, Gábor Fodor, and Zsuzsanna Szelényi. Fodor and others later joined the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), initially a strong ally of Fidesz, but later a political opponent.[48]

During the 1994 parliamentary election, Fidesz barely reached the 5% threshold.[49] Orbán became an MP from his party's Fejér County Regional List.[46] He was chairman of the Committee on European Integration Affairs between 1994 and 1998.[46] He was also a member of the Immunity, Incompatibility and Credentials Committee for a short time in 1995.[46] Under his presidency, Fidesz adopted "Hungarian Civic Party" (Magyar Polgári Párt) to its shortened name in 1995. His party gradually became dominant on the right wing of the political spectrum, while the former ruling conservative Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) had lost much of its support.[49] From April 1996, Orbán was chairman of the Hungarian National Committee of the New Atlantic Initiative (NAI).[50]

In September 1992, Orbán was elected vice-chairman of the Liberal International.[51] In November 2000, however, Fidesz left the Liberal International and joined the European People's Party (EPP). During this time, Orbán worked hard to unite the center-right liberal conservative parties in Hungary. At the EPP's Congress in Estoril in October 2002, he was elected vice-president, an office he held until 2012.[52]

## First premiership (1998–2002)

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Orbán with Romano Prodi in 1999

In 1998, Orbán formed a coalition with the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) and the Independent Smallholders' Party (FKGP). The coalition won the 1998 parliamentary elections with 42% of the national vote.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Orbán became the second youngest prime minister of Hungary at the age of 35 (after András Hegedüs)[53] and the first post-Cold War head of government in both eastern and central Europe who had not previously been a member of a communist party during the Soviet era.[54]

In February, the government decided that plenary sessions of the Hungarian Parliament would be held only every third week.[55] Opposition parties strongly opposed the change,[56][57][58] arguing that it would reduce parliament's legislative efficiency and ability to supervise the government.[59] In March, the government also tried to replace the National Assembly rule that requires a two-thirds majority vote with one of a simple majority, but the Constitutional Court ruled this unconstitutional.[60]

Two of Orbán's state secretaries in the prime minister's office had to resign in May, due to their implication in a bribery scandal involving the American military manufacturer Lockheed Martin Corporation. Before bidding on a major jet-fighter contract, the two secretaries, along with 32 other deputies of Orbán's party, had sent a letter to two US senators to lobby for the appointment of a Budapest-based Lockheed manager to be the US ambassador to Hungary.[61] The government was also involved in a lengthy dispute with the Budapest City Council over the national government's decision in late 1998 to cancel two major urban projects: the construction of a new national theatre.[62]

Relations between the Fidesz-led coalition government and the opposition worsened in the National Assembly, where the two seemed to have abandoned all attempts at consensus-seeking politics. The government pushed to swiftly replace the heads of key institutions (such as the Hungarian National Bank chairman, the Budapest City Chief Prosecutor, and the Hungarian Radio) with partisan figures. Although the opposition resisted, for example, by delaying their appointing of members of the supervising boards, the government ran the institutions without the stipulated number of directors. In a similar vein, Orbán refused to participate in the parliament's question time for periods of up to 10 months. His statements, such as "The parliament works without opposition too...", also contributed to the image of arrogant and aggressive governance.[63]

A later report in March by the Brussels-based International Federation of Journalists criticized the Hungarian government for improper political influence in the media, as the country's public service broadcaster teetered close to bankruptcy.[64] Numerous political scandals during 2001 led to a de facto, if not actual, breakup of the coalition that held power in Budapest. A bribery scandal in February triggered a wave of allegations and several prosecutions against the Independent Smallholders' Party. The affair resulted in the ousting of József Torgyán from both the FKGP presidency and the top post in the Ministry of Agriculture. The FKGP disintegrated, and more than a dozen of its MPs joined the government faction.[65]

### Economy

File:Pha01 mariavaleriabridge original.jpgMikuláš Dzurinda, Orbán, and Günter Verheugen during the opening of the Mária Valéria Bridge across the Danube, connecting the Slovak town of Štúrovo with Esztergom, in Hungary, in November 2001

Orbán's economic policy was aimed at cutting taxes and social insurance contributions, while reducing inflation and unemployment. Among the new government's first measures was abolishing university tuition fees and reintroducing universal maternity benefits. The government announced its intention to continue the Socialist–Liberal stabilization program and pledged to narrow the budget deficit, which had grown to 4.5% of GDP.[66]

Economic successes included a drop in inflation from 15% in 1998 to 7.8% in 2001. Annual GDP growth rates were fairly steady under Orbán's tenure, ranging from 3.8% to 5.2%. The fiscal deficit fell from 3.9% in 1999 to 3.4% in 2001, and the ratio of the national debt decreased to 54% of GDP.[66]

### Foreign policy

File:Orbán and Bush.jpgOrbán with George W. Bush at the White House in 2001

In March 1999, after Russian objections were overruled, Hungary joined NATO along with the Czech Republic and Poland.[67] Hungary's NATO membership demanded the country's involvement in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's Kosovo crisis and the modernization of its army. NATO membership also dealt a blow to the economy because of a trade embargo imposed on Yugoslavia.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Hungary attracted international media attention in 1999 for passing the "status law," which addressed the situation of approximately three million members of ethnic Hungarian minorities in neighbouring Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. The law aimed to provide education, health benefits, and employment rights to members of those minorities, and was said to heal the negative effects of the disastrous 1920 Trianon Treaty.[68]

Governments in neighbouring states, particularly Romania, claimed to be insulted by the law, which they saw as interference in their domestic affairs. Proponents of the status law countered that several of the countries criticizing the law themselves had similar constructs to provide benefits for their own minorities. Romania acquiesced after amendments following a December 2001 agreement between Orbán and Romanian Prime Minister Adrian Năstase;[69] Slovakia accepted the law after further concessions made by the new government after the 2002 elections.[70]

## Leader of the Opposition (2002–2010)

The level of public support for political parties generally stagnated, even with general elections coming in 2002. Fidesz and the main opposition Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) ran neck to neck according to opinion polls for most of the year, both attracting about 26% of the electorate. According to a September 2001 poll by the Gallup organization, however, support for a joint Fidesz – Hungarian Democratic Forum party list would have support from up to 33% of the voters, with the Socialists drawing 28% and other opposition parties 3% each.[71]

In the event, Orbán's group lost the April parliamentary elections to the opposition Hungarian Socialist Party, which set up a coalition with its longtime ally, the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats. Turnout was a record-high 70.5%. Beyond these parties, only deputies of the Hungarian Democratic Forum made it into the National Assembly. The populist Independent Smallholders' Party and the right-wing Hungarian Justice and Life Party lost all their seats. Thus, the number of political parties in the new assembly was reduced from six to four.[72]

MIÉP challenged the government's legitimacy, demanded a recount, complained of election fraud, and generally kept the country in election mode until the October municipal elections. The socialist-controlled Central Elections Committee ruled that a recount was unnecessary, a position supported by observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, whose only substantive criticism of the election conduct was that the state television carried a consistent bias in favour of Fidesz.[73]

In the 2004 European Parliament election, the ruling Hungarian Socialist Party was heavily defeated by the opposition conservative Fidesz. Fidesz gained 47.4% of the vote and 12 of Hungary's 24 seats.[74][75]

File:Flickr - europeanpeoplesparty - EPP Political Bureau 9 November 2006 (97).jpgOrbán and Hans-Gert Pöttering in 2006 Orbán and Romanian President Traian Băsescu in 2008

Orbán was the Fidesz candidate for the parliamentary election in 2006. Fidesz and its new-old candidate failed again to gain a majority in this election, which initially put Orbán's future political career as the leader of Fidesz in question.[76] However, after fighting with the Socialist-Liberal coalition, Orbán's position resolidified, and he was elected president of Fidesz for yet another term in May 2007.[77]

On 1 November, Orbán and his party announced their plans to stage several large-scale demonstrations across Hungary on the anniversary of the Soviet suppression of the 1956 Revolution. The events were intended to serve as a memorial to the victims of the Soviet invasion and a protest against police brutality during the 23 October unrest in Budapest. Planned events included a candlelight vigil march across Budapest. However, the demonstrations were small and petered out by the end of the year.[78]

Orban condemned Russia's invasion of Georgia in 2008:[79]

> It is the duty of Central European peoples, when an independent country is subjected to military aggression, to speak out clearly and unequivocally.

On 1 October 2006, Fidesz won the municipal elections, which counterbalanced the MSZP-led government's power to some extent. Fidesz won 15 of 23 mayoralties in Hungary's largest cities—although it narrowly lost Budapest to the Liberal Party—and majorities in 18 of 20 regional assemblies.[80][81]

On 9 March 2008, a national referendum took place on revoking government reforms which introduced doctor fees per visit and medical fees paid per number of days spent in hospital, as well as tuition fees in higher education. Fidesz initiated the referendum against the ruling MSZP.[82][83] The procedure for the referendum started on 23 October 2006, when Orbán announced they would hand in seven questions to the National Electorate Office, three of which (on abolishing copayments, daily fees, and college tuition fees) were officially approved on 17 December 2007 and called on 24 January 2008. The referendum passed, a significant victory for Fidesz.[84]

In the 2009 European Parliament election, Fidesz won by a large margin, garnering 56.36% of votes and 14 of Hungary's 22 seats.[85]

## Second premiership (2010–present)

File:Orbán Viktor beszéde, 2012.03.15, Kossuth tér (1).JPG"Hungarians won't live according to the commands of foreign powers", Orbán told the crowd at Kossuth Square on 15 March 2012. File:Necasmeeting.jpgOrbán (2nd from the left) at a press conference following the meeting of leaders of the Visegrád Group, Germany, and France on 6 March 2013

### Second government (2010–2014)

In the 2010 parliamentary elections, Orbán's party won 52.7% of the popular vote but received a 68% majority of parliamentary seats due to the design of the post-communist electoral system.[86]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., [139] [87] A two-thirds parliamentary majority is enough to change the constitution, and in 2011 Orbán's government drafted a new constitution behind closed doors, debated it for only nine days in the parliament, and passed it on a party line.[88]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., [52] [89][90][91][92] Orbán rejected suggestions within his party to pursue a more cautious agenda.[93] He would go on to amend the constitution twelve times in his first year in office.[88]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., [52] Among other changes, it includes support for traditional values, nationalism, references to Christianity, and a controversial electoral reform, which decreased the number of seats in the Parliament of Hungary from 386 to 199.[94][95] The new constitution entered into force on 1 January 2012, replacing the Hungarian Constitution of 1949.

In 2012, Orbán's government implemented a flat tax on personal income set at 16%.[96] Orbán has called his government "pragmatic", citing restrictions on early retirement in the police force and military, making welfare more transparent, and a central banking law that "gives Hungary more independence from the European Central Bank."[97]

On 14 January 2014, Orbán went to Moscow in order to sign with Vladimir Putin an agreement on the Paks II nuclear power plant (NPP). The Russian state-owned enterprise Rosatom would develop the NPP, and Hungary was to finance the plant by borrowing from Russia. At the same time, Orbán reassured everyone that the South Stream pipeline would be completed soon.[98][99] The BBC complained that "there was no formal bidding process for the plant's expansion, and the terms of the loan agreement have not yet been made public," even after the Hungarian parliament approved the deal on 6 February.[100] It later came to light that the loan amounted to €8bn and was financed over a 30-year term.[98] Hungarian MFA Peter Szijjarto told reporters that the deal was "the business (transaction) of the century." Westinghouse and Areva, two Western prime contractors, had been lured since 2012 by the Hungarian civil service but eventually had been frozen out of competition by the Orbán government, which chose to sole-source the deal.[101]

### Third government (2014–2018)

Poland's Law and Justice (PiS) leader Jarosław Kaczyński with Orbán on 22 September 2017

After the April 2014 parliamentary election, Fidesz won a majority, garnering 133 of the 199 seats in the National Assembly.[102] While Orbán's party won a large majority, it received 44.5% of the national vote, 8.7% less than in 2010.[103]

In a speech in July 2014 in Băile Tușnad, a remote village in Romania, at the Bálványos Free Summer University and Student Camp, Orbán first publicly articulated an ideology of illiberalism.[104]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., [9] [105] He described the Western 2008 financial crisis as a paradigm shift of the international order, comparable with the two world wars and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Orbán described his current mission: "while breaking with the [liberal] dogmas and ideologies that have been adopted by the West and keeping ourselves independent from them, we are trying to find the form of community organisation, the new Hungarian state, which is capable of making our community competitive in the great global race for decades to come."[105]

In November 2014, Orbán proposed a controversial "internet tax" amid corruption accusations.[106] That same year, there were numerous protests against his government, including one in Budapest in November 2014 against the proposed "internet tax".[107]

During the 2015 European migrant crisis, Orbán ordered the erection of the Hungary–Serbia barrier to block the entry of illegal immigrants so that Hungary could register all the migrants arriving from Serbia, which is the country's responsibility under the Dublin Regulation, a European Union law.[108] Under Orbán, Hungary took numerous actions to combat illegal immigration and effectively reduced the influx of refugees.[109] In May 2020, the European Court of Justice ruled against Hungary's policy of migrant transit zones, which Orbán subsequently abolished while also tightening the country's asylum rules.[110]

Like other Visegrád Group heads of state, Orbán opposes any compulsory EU long-term quota on the redistribution of migrants.[111] According to him, Turkey should be considered a safe third country for unwanted immigrants or refugees.[112]

In 2015, Orbán wrote in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: "Europe's response is madness. We must acknowledge that the European Union's misguided immigration policy is responsible for this situation."[113] He also demanded an official EU list of "safe countries" to which migrants can be returned.[114]

He proposed 6 points to the European Union to tackle the crisis:Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

1. Joint surveillance of the Greek borders to prevent migration from continuing illegally
2. The separation of refugees and economic immigrants prior to their entrance to the Schengen area
3. All EU Member States and countries it judges to be as such should be considered Safe States (a state which complies with the 1951 Refugee Convention) to be able to accept refugees on paper.
4. Every member should increase their contributions by at least 1% and reduce their expenditure by 1%. This would raise €3 billion for crisis management and refugee aid.
5. Work with Ankara and Moscow to manage the wave [coming from Syria] (This was also approved by D.C.)
6. The creation of a world quota (not obligatory), but calling on all developed countries to accept refugees on a proportional basis.

All but one of these points were voted through by the Parliament in September 2015 [115] (the surveillance of the archipelago was left to the Hellenic Armed Forces).[116]

### Fourth government (2018–2022)

File:Morawiecki discussed the Poland-Belarus border security with Viktor Orbán in Warsaw (2021.12.03) 01.jpgOrbán and Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki in December 2021

In the April 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election, the Fidesz–KDNP alliance was victorious and preserved its two-thirds majority, with Orbán remaining prime minister. Orbán and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election outcome was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.[117][118]

In a 2018 speech at the meeting of a municipal association, Orbán stated, "We must state that we do not want to be diverse and do not want to be mixed: we do not want our own colour, traditions and national culture to be mixed with those of others. We do not want this. We do not want that at all. We do not want to be a diverse country."[119][120]

On 30 March 2020, the Hungarian parliament voted 137 to 53 in favor of passing legislation that would create a state of emergency without a time limit, grant the prime minister the ability to rule by decree, suspend by-elections, and introduce the possibility of prison sentences for spreading fake news and sanctions for leaving quarantine.[121][122][123] Two and a half months later, on 16 June 2020, the Hungarian parliament passed a bill that ended the state of emergency effective 19 June.[124] However, on the same day the parliament passed a new law removing the requirement of parliamentary approval for future "medical" states of emergencies, allowing the government to declare them by decree.[125][126]

In 2021, the parliament transferred control of 11 state universities to foundations led by allies of Orbán.[127][128] The Mathias Corvinus Collegium, a residential college, received an influx of government funds and assets equal to about 1% of Hungary's gross domestic product, reportedly as part of a mission to train future conservative intellectuals.Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag

File:Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orban (2022-02-01) 01.jpgRussian President Vladimir Putin with Viktor Orbán in the Kremlin on 1 February 2022

Despite the anti-immigration rhetoric from Orbán, Hungary increased the immigration of foreign workers into the country as of 2019 to address a labor shortage.[129][130][131]

In February 2020, Orbán was interviewed by Christopher DeMuth at the National Conservatism Conference in Rome.[132]

In July 2020, Orbán expressed that he still expects arguments over linking of disbursement of funds of the European Union to rule-of-law criteria, but remarked in a state radio interview that they "didn't win the war, we (they) won an important battle."[133] In August 2020, Orbán, whilst speaking at an event to inaugurate a monument commemorating the Treaty of Trianon, said Central European nations should come together to preserve their Christian roots as Western Europe experiments with same-sex families, immigration, and atheism.[134]

In a 2021 speech, Orbán said, "The challenge with Bosnia is how to integrate a country with 2 million Muslims."[135] Several senior Bosniak politicians responded by calling on Bosnia's government to cancel Orbán's visit to Sarajevo. Additionally, the head of the Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Husein Kavazović, characterized his statement as "xenophobic and racist".[136][137]

### Fifth government (2022–present)

Orbán and Leader of the Opposition Péter Magyar in 2024

In the April 2022 parliamentary election, Fidesz won a majority, garnering 135 of the 199 seats in the National Assembly. While Orbán's close ties with Moscow raised concerns, core Fidesz voters were persuaded that mending ties with the EU might also lead Hungary into war. The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe dispatched a full-scale monitoring mission for the election.[138] Orbán declared victory on Sunday night, with partial results showing his Fidesz party leading the vote by a wide margin. Addressing his supporters after the partial results, Orbán said: "We won a victory so big that you can see it from the moon, and you can certainly see it from Brussels."[93] Opposition leader Péter Márki-Zay admitted defeat shortly after Orbán's speech.[139]

In May 2022, Orbán promoted the Great Replacement conspiracy theory in a speech.[140]

In July 2022, Orbán – repeating the thesis of Jean Raspail[141][142] – spoke in Romania against the "mixing" of European and non-European races, adding, "We [Hungarians] are not a mixed race and we do not want to become a mixed race."[143][144][145][146] In Vienna two days later, he clarified that he was talking about cultures and not about race.[147]

In 2023, Orbán criticized the EU's New Pact on Migration and Asylum,[148] saying, "Unity is dead, secure borders are no more."[149] In 2024, Orbán said that immigration to Europe would disintegrate the European Union and called it an "existential issue" for the EU.[150] He blamed the European Commission and the European Parliament for the situation and warned that Hungary was "ready" to file a lawsuit against the von der Leyen Commission.[151] Orbán called for a better return policy, stating that "In 2023, a decision was made to return 430,000 illegal migrants from EU countries, and just 84,000 have been returned so far."[152]

Orbán with European leaders at the European Council in April 2024

In July 2024, Zelensky decided to shut down the overland pipeline transfer of petroleum products from Russia to Hungary.[153] Orbán and his government protested this event strenuously.[154] When Croatia suggested that Hungary could use the Adria oil pipeline,[153][155] Orbán refused,[156][157] and his foreign minister said that it was unreliable.[155][158]

In October 2024, as the Premier of Hungary was invited to address the European Parliament as part of Hungary's six-month presidency of the European Council. Peter Magyar,[159] Manfred Weber,[159] Valerie Hayer,[160][161] and Moritz Koerner[162] amongst others lined up to berate him. During the European Parliament session, Ursula von der Leyen criticized Orbán, accusing him of failing to support Ukraine and mismanaging Hungary's economy. She highlighted the contrast between Orbán's current stance and the bravery of Hungarian "freedom fighters" in 1956, questioning the rationale of blaming Ukraine for the war. Additionally, MEP Péter Magyar criticized Orbán's government for corruption and declining living standards.[163]

### Foreign policy

Orbán standing behind Erdoğan at the NATO summit in Vilnius on 11 July 2023

Orbán attended the inauguration ceremonies of re-elected Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara in 2018 and 2023.[164][165] In October 2018, Orbán said after talks with President Erdoğan in Budapest that "A stable Turkish government and a stable Turkey are a precondition for Hungary not to be endangered in any way due to overland migration."[166]

In June 2019, Orbán met Myanmar's State Counsellor and Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. They discussed bilateral ties and illegal migration.[167][168]

#### China

Orbán has maintained close ties with China throughout his tenure, and his administration is generally seen as China's closest ally in the EU.[169] Hungary joined China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2015,[170] while in April 2019, Orbán attended a BRI forum in Beijing,[171] where he met the Chinese leader Xi Jinping.[172] He spearheaded plans to open a Fudan University campus in Budapest, which led to pushback in Hungary.[173] He met with Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Politburo member and top diplomat Wang Yi in Budapest on 20 February 2023; he afterwards backed the peace plan released by Wang Yi concerning Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[174]

#### Russia and Ukraine

File:Orban - Putin 2023.jpgOrbán and Vladimir Putin in 2023 File:Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orbán (2016-02-17) 11.jpgOrbán with Vladimir Putin in February 2016 File:Secretary Pompeo Meets With Prime Minister Orban - 47013210012.jpgOrbán with Mike Pompeo in Budapest in February 2019

Orbán questioned Nord Stream II, a new Russia–Germany natural gas pipeline. He said he wants to hear a "reasonable argument why South Stream was bad and Nord Stream is not".[175] "South Stream" refers to the Balkan pipeline cancelled by Russia in December 2014 after obstacles from the EU.[176]

Since 2017, Hungary's relations with Ukraine have rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine.[177] Orbán and his cabinet ministers repeatedly criticized Ukraine's 2017 education law, which makes Ukrainian the only language of education in state schools,[178][179] and threatened to block further Ukraine's EU integration until it is modified or repealed.[180] It is worth noting that the language law was amended in December 2023 in favor of the official languages of the European Union, including Hungarian.[181]

Orbán has been considered one of the most pro-Russian heads of state worldwide, publicly praising Putin and his policies, even in the aftermath of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[182][183] On one hand, he has described the war as "clear aggression" by Russia, saying a sovereign Ukraine is needed "to stop Russia posing a threat to the security of Europe."[184][185] However, conversely, he has also criticised the European Union for "prolonging the war" in Ukraine by sanctioning Russia and sending weapons and money to Ukraine instead of encouraging a negotiated peace, and has been accused of blocking aid to Ukraine.[186][187][188] Consequently, Austro-Hungarian journalist Paul Lendvai called Orbán the Divider of Europe.[189]

Amidst the 2021-2022 Ukraine crisis, Orbán was the first EU leader to meet with Vladimir Putin in Moscow in a visit he called "a peacekeeping mission".[190] They also discussed Russian gas exports to Hungary.[139] On 2 March, as Russia had already launched an invasion of Ukraine, Orbán decided to welcome Ukrainian refugees to Hungary, and will support the Ukrainian membership to the European Union.[139] Initially, Orbán condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine and said Hungary would not veto EU sanctions against Russia.[191] However, Orbán rejected sanctions on Russian energy, due to Hungary's excessive dependency (85%) on Russian fossil fuels.[192] In late March 2022, Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelensky singled out Orbán for his lack of support for Ukraine.[193] In June, Zelensky thanked Orbán for supporting Ukraine's sovereignty and for giving asylum to Ukrainians.[194]

On 27 February 2023, Viktor Orbán said that Hungary supports China's peace plan in the Russo-Ukrainian war, despite opposition by Western leaders. Beijing's 12-point statement that criticised unilateral sanctions, would reduce strategic risks associated with nuclear weapons in Central and Eastern Europe, according to the statement.[195]

On 16 October 2025, Orbán announced that Hungary had begun preparations for the 2025 Budapest Summit after having a phone call with Donald Trump that day.[196][197][198]

#### Accession to the Organization of Turkic States

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Orbán with Ilham Aliyev and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during the 11th Summit of the Organization of Turkic States in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, in November 2024

Since 2014, Hungary has had observer status at the General Assembly of Turkic-speaking States, and in 2017 it submitted an application for accession to the International Turkic Academy. During the 6th Summit of Turkic Council, Orbán said that Hungary is seeking even closer cooperation with the Turkic Council.[199] In 2018, Hungary obtained observer status in the council.[200] In 2021, Orbán mentioned that the Hungarian and Turkic peoples share a historical and cultural heritage "reaching back many long centuries". He also pointed out that the Hungarian people are "proud of this heritage", and "were also proud when their opponents in Europe mocked them as barbarian Huns and Attila's people".[201] In 2023, during his visit to Kazakhstan, Orbán said that Hungarians come to Kazakhstan "with great pleasure" because the two nations are connected by "millennial common roots".[202]

#### Israel and Hamas

The Hungarian government expressed support for Israel in the Gaza war. On 13 October, Orbán stated "Israel has the right to defend itself" and "we will not allow sympathy rallies supporting terrorist organisations".[203] On 22 October, Fidesz parliamentary leader Máté Kocsis announced that the party will introduce a manifesto before the parliament condemning Hamas terrorism.[204]

In April 2025, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited Budapest, despite the ICC's arrest warrant for Netanyahu for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Gaza Strip.[205] During the visit, the Hungarian government of Orbán announced that Hungary would withdraw from the International Criminal Court (ICC), describing it as "politically biased".[206][207]

## Policy and views

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Conservatism in Hungary

File:EuropaPont2011-01-07.jpgOrbán with José Manuel Barroso and Stavros Lambrinidis in January 2011

Orbán's blend of soft Euroscepticism, populism,[208][209][210] and national conservatism has seen him compared to politicians and political parties as diverse as Jarosław Kaczyński's Law and Justice, Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia, Matteo Salvini's Lega (previously Lega Nord), Marine Le Pen's National Rally, Donald Trump,[211] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and Vladimir Putin.[212] Orbán has sought to make Hungary an "ideological center for ... an international conservative movement".[213]

According to Politico, Orbán's political philosophy "echoes the resentments of what were once the peasant and working classes" by promoting an "uncompromising defense of national sovereignty and a transparent distrust of Europe's ruling establishments".[211] Orbán frequently emphasizes the importance of Christianity, although he and the overwhelming majority of Hungarians do not attend church regularly.[214] His authoritarian appeal to "global conservatives" has been summarized by Lauren Stokes as: "I alone can save you from the ravages of Islamization and totalitarian progressivism – and in the face of all that, who has time for checks and balances and rules?".[214] Orbán has criticized the EU, comparing it to forces that have occupied Hungary throughout history.[215]

Orbán had a close relationship with the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, having known him for decades. He is described as "one of Mr Netanyahu's closest allies in Europe".[216] Orbán received personal advice on economic reforms from Netanyahu, while the latter was Finance Minister of Israel (2003–2005).[217] In February 2019, Netanyahu thanked Orbán for "deciding to extend the embassy of Hungary in Israel to Jerusalem".[218]

Orbán is seen as having laid out his political views most concretely in a widely cited 2014 public address at Băile Tușnad (known in Hungary as the Tusnádfürdői beszéd, or "Tusnádfürdő speech"). In the address, Orbán repudiated the classical liberal theory of the state as a free association of atomistic individuals, arguing for the use of the state as the means of organizing, invigorating, or even constructing the national community. Although this kind of state respects traditionally liberal concepts like civic rights, it is properly called "illiberal" because it views the community, and not the individual, as the basic political unit.[105] In practice, Orbán claimed, such a state should promote national self-sufficiency, national sovereignty, familialism, full employment and the preservation of cultural heritage.[105]

File:EPP Congress Madrid 2015-10 Orbán (6).jpgOrbán and Angela Merkel, Congress of the European People's Party in Madrid on 21 October 2015

Orbán's second and third premierships have been the subject of significant international controversy, and reception of his political views is mixed. The 2011 constitutional changes enacted under his leadership were, in particular, accused of centralizing legislative and executive power, curbing civil liberties, restricting freedom of speech, and weakening the Constitutional Court and judiciary.[87] For these reasons, critics have described him as an "irredentist",[219] a "right-wing populist",[220] an "authoritarian",[221] "far-right",[222] a "fascist",[223] "autocratic",[224] a "Putinist",[225] a "strongman",[226] and a "dictator".[227]

File:EPP Summit, Brussels, December 2018 (46298539051).jpgOrbán and Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz on 13 December 2018

The European migrant crisis, coupled with continued Islamist terrorism in the European Union, have popularized Orbán's nationalist, protectionist policies among European conservative leaders. "Once ostracized" by Europe's political elite, writes Politico, Orbán "is now the talisman of Europe's mainstream right".[211]

Orbán has promoted the Great Replacement conspiracy theory. In a 2018 speech, he stated: "I think there are many people who would like to see the end of Christian Europe, and they believe that if they replace its cultural subsoil, if they bring in millions of people from new ethnic groups which are not rooted in Christian culture, then they will transform Europe according to their conception."[228]

Orbán and Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro in Budapest on 17 February 2022

During a press conference in January 2019, Orbán praised Brazil's then president Jair Bolsonaro, saying that currently "the most apt definition of modern Christian democracy can be found in Brazil, not in Europe".[229]

In support of Orbán and his ideas, a think tank called the Danube Institute was established in 2013, funded by the Batthyány Foundation, which in turn is "funded entirely by the Hungarian government".[230] Batthyány "sponsors international conferences and three periodicals, all in English: European Conservative, Hungarian Review, and Hungarian Conservative". In 2020, the institute began hosting fellows.[230]

### United States

Orbán often attacked the administrations of presidents Barack Obama and Joe Biden, particularly for their supposed pro-immigration policies. Some analysts argue that Orban's attacks on the US are largely political theater for his domestic voters.[231]

In January 2022, Donald Trump endorsed Orbán in the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election, saying in a statement that he "truly loves his Country and wants safety for his people", and praising his hard-line immigration policies.[232][233] Donald Trump's former chief strategist, Steve Bannon, once called Orbán "Trump before Trump".[120]

In August 2021, Tucker Carlson hosted some episodes of his show, Tucker Carlson Tonight, from Budapest, praising Orbán as the one elected leader "on the face of the earth, ... who publicly identifies as a Western-style conservative". He also conducted a fifteen-minute interview with Orbán, which was widely criticized for its fawning nature and lack of challenging questions.[230]

In May 2022 the Conservative Political Action Conference, the "flagship conference" of American conservatism,[214] held a satellite event in Budapest.[234] In Florida, a law regulating sex education in schools, sometimes called the "Don’t Say Gay" law, resembles a similar Hungarian law passed in 2021 and was, according to governor Ron DeSantis's press secretary, inspired by it.[230]

In August 2022, Orbán was the opening speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in Dallas, Texas.[235]

File:Visit of Prime Minister Viktor Orban of Hungary at the White House, Friday, November 7, 2025 - 29.jpgTrump and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, November 2025

### Domestic policy

Viktor Orbán's domestic policy agenda has placed emphasis on cultural conservatism, especially through pro-natalist policies designed to encourage family formation and reduce immigration. Female university graduates who have (or adopt) children within two years of graduation receive partial or full forgiveness on their student loans, including a full write-off of their student debt if they have three or more children.[236][237] Hungarian women who have four or more children are eligible for full income tax exemption for life.[238] Married couples are eligible for low fixed-rate mortgages on a house with additional financial support through family housing benefits, as well as subsidies for the purchase of seven-seat cars for families with three or more children and financial support for child care.[239] In support of these policies, Orbán stated in 2019 that "For the west, the answer is immigration. For every missing child there should be one coming in and then the numbers will be fine. But we do not need numbers. We need Hungarian children."[240] The government has also tightened legal regulations on access to abortion, including requiring pregnant women to listen to the heartbeat of the fetus prior to an abortion being approved by a doctor.[241] The number of abortions procured in Hungary between 2010 and 2023 fell almost 45%, from 44.8 per hundred live births in 2010 to 24.8 per hundred in 2023.[242]

As stated by The Guardian, the "Hungarian government doubled family spending between 2010 and 2019", intending to achieve "a lasting turn in demographic processes by 2030". Orbán has espoused an anti-immigration platform, and has also advocated for increased investment into "Family First". Orbán has disregarded the European Union's attempts to promote integration as a key solution to population distribution problems in Europe. He has also supported investments into countering the country's low birth rates. Orbán has tapped into the "great replacement theory" which emulates a nativist approach to rejecting foreign immigration out of fear of replacement by immigrants. He has stated that "If Europe is not going to be populated by Europeans in the future and we take this as given, then we are speaking about an exchange of populations, to replace the population of Europeans with others." The Guardian stated that "This year the Hungarian government introduced a 10 million forint (£27,000) interest-free loan for families, which does not have to be paid back if the couple has three children."[243]

His government's economic approach has been referred to as "Orbánomics".[244] Despite early concerns that these reforms would undermine investor confidence, economic growth has been strong with unemployment "plummeting" between 2010 and 2021 and year-on-year GDP growth at 4 percent in 2021.[245] Progressive taxation on income was abolished in 2015 and replaced with a flat rate of 16% on gross income, and income taxes on those aged 25 years or younger was abolished entirely in 2021.[246] Hungary paid the last of its IMF loan ahead of schedule in 2013, with the fund closing its Budapest office later that year.[247] In December 2018, Orbán helped push through a controversial change to the Hungarian labor code that raised the annual cap on overtime from 250 to 400 hours, while giving employers up to three years to pay for the extra work hours.[248] Due to the economic impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, as well as the shocks of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, Orbán's government has imposed windfall taxes on banks, pharmaceutical companies, and energy companies in order to maintain a government-subsidized cap on utility bills (including gas, electricity, water, district heating, sewage, and garbage collection) which continues into 2023.[249]

File:Civic Gondola 2025 (9).jpgViktor Orbán on Civic Gondola 2025

Orbán's government has encouraged and provided financial support for the establishment of conservative think-tanks and cultural institutions. The Mathias Corvinus Collegium has purchased stakes in several European universities and has purchased the Modul University in Vienna.[250][251] The think tank's Brussels branch opened in November 2022.[252] In 2021, Orbán's government passed a bill which privatized 11 Hungarian universities and subsequently were endowed billions of euros in assets from the state budget, as well as real estate and shares in large companies. The government has appointed conservatives to the supervisory boards of these universities.[253]

As part of a drive to "re-Christianize" the country, his government has privatised many previously state-run schools and enlisted Christian churches to provide education, introduced religion classes into the national education curriculum, and provided financial support to more Christian schools.[254] The country's kindergarten curriculum was amended to promote "national identity, Christian cultural values, patriotism, attachment to homeland and family".[245] Between 2010 and 2018, the number of Catholic schools increased from 9.4 percent to 18 percent.[255] The government also created the Center for Fundamental Rights (Hungarian: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".) in 2013 who describe their mission as "preserving national identity, sovereignty and Christian social traditions".[245] In 2019 the government passed a law taking control of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.[256]

### Democratic backsliding, corruption and authoritarianism

Error creating thumbnail: Orbán with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev in Budapest on 20 August 2023

According to Transparency International, Hungary was the most corrupt country in the European Union in 2023.[257] Between 2010 and 2020, Hungary dropped 69 places in the Press Freedom Index,[258][259] lost 11 places in the Democracy Index,[260][261] and deteriorated 16 places in the Corruption Perceptions Index.[262][263] In 2019 Freedom House downgraded the country from "free" to "partly free".[264] The V-Dem Democracy indices rank Hungary in 2021 as 96th in its "electoral democracy index" that measures "whether elections were free and fair, as well as the prevalence of a free and independent media", sitting between Benin and Malaysia.[265] Additionally, Freedom House's Nations in Transit 2020 report reclassified Hungary from a democracy to a transitional or hybrid regime.[266] Furthermore, in 2022, the European Parliament stated that "Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy" and that the country has become an "electoral autocracy".[267]

The late professor of economics at Harvard University, János Kornai, described the evolution of the Hungarian state during Orbán's second premiership as having taken a "u-turn" away from the aim of becoming a market economy based on the rule of law and private ownership and instead beginning the "systematic destruction of the fundamental institutions of democracy".[268]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In her 2015 article on Orbán's illiberal democracy, Abby Innes, associate professor of political economy at the London School of Economics simply states that "Hungary can no longer be ranked a democratic country".[269]<span title="Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".">: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Former minister of education, Bálint Magyar, has stated that elections in Hungary under Orbán are undemocratic and "free but not fair", due to gerrymandering, large-scale control over the media, and suspect funding for political campaigns.[270]

In the April 2022 election, Orbán's Fidesz party won 54% of the vote but 83% of the districts, due to gerrymandering, and "other tweaks" to Hungarian electoral rules.[230] According to American journalist and author Andrew Marantz, Orbán passed laws, amended the constitution and "patiently debilitated, delegitimatized, hollowed out" civic institutions such as courts, universities, and the apparatus necessary for free elections that are now controlled by Orbán loyalists.[230] Domination of the public media by Orbán prevents the public from hearing critics' point of view. In 2022, Orbán's opponent was given just five minutes on the national television "to make his case to the voters".[230] Private media outlets like the ATV and RTL, among others, offered playtime for opposition members. An example of the discreet, below-the-radar process of accumulating power by Orbán and his party was the creation of a special police force that started as a small anti-terror unit. The unit grew and became more powerful "bit by bit in disparate clauses buried in unrelated laws". Marantz cites Princeton professor of sociology Kim Lane Scheppele, who contends the unit now has enough power to function "essentially" as Orbán's "secret police".[230]

File:Milei recibe a Orbán.jpgOrbán with Argentine President Javier Milei on 9 December 2023

Hungarian political scientist András Körösényi (hu), using Max Weber's classification, argues that Orbán's rule cannot be described simply by the notions of authoritarianisation or illiberalism. He stresses out that the Orbán regime can be characterised as plebiscitary leadership democracy instead.[271][272][273] In addition, extensive research has been conducted to describe the idea of a "national, sovereign, bourgeois Hungary" stated as the goal of Orbán's rule, is in fact a "political product" of a post-communist mafia state serving to obscure massive corruption and transfers of wealth to those with the right connections.[274][275]

### Anti-LGBT policies

Since his election as prime minister in 2010, Orbán has led initiatives and laws to limit LGBT+ rights. In 2020, Orbán's government ended legal recognition of transgender people, receiving criticism both in Hungary and abroad.[276]

In 2021, his party proposed new legislation to censor any "LGBT+ positive content" in movies, books or public advertisements and to severely restrict sex education in school forbidding any information thought to "encourage gender change or homosexuality". The law has been likened to Russia's restriction on "homosexual propaganda".[277] German Chancellor Angela Merkel and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen harshly criticized the law,[278] while a letter from sixteen EU leaders including Pedro Sánchez and Mario Draghi warned against "threats against fundamental rights and in particular the principle of non-discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation".[279]

His anti-LGBT+ positions came under more scrutiny after the revelation that one of the European deputies of his party, József Szájer, had participated in a gay sex party in Brussels, despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic quarantine restrictions.[280][281][282] Szájer was one of the major architects behind the 2011 Constitution of Hungary. This new constitution has been criticized by Human Rights Watch for being discriminatory towards the LGBT+ community.[283][284]

To coincide with the parliamentary election in the spring of 2022, Orbán announced a four-question referendum regarding LGBTQ issues in education. It did not pass.[285] It came after complaints from the European Union (EU) about anti-LGBTQ discriminatory laws.[286] Human rights groups condemned the referendum as anti-LGBT rhetoric that supported discrimination.[287][288]

On 22 July 2023, in a speech he gave in Romania, Orbán complained that the EU was conducting an "LGBTQ offensive".[289]

On 18 March 2025, the Parliament voted in favor of a ban on Pride parades.[290]

### Green transition and climate change

When US President Donald Trump decided to withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2017, Orbán stated: "In Hungary, there is a consensus that climate change is real, that it is dangerous and since it is a global phenomenon, it requires global action to combat it."[291]

In October 2021, Orbán warned that the European Commission's planned Fit for 55 climate package and the resulting high energy prices would "destroy" Europe's middle classes, saying that "those responsible for sky-high electricity and gas prices are endangering European democracy."[292] He called the European Union's climate protection plans a "utopian fantasy."[293]

In June 2024, Orbán expressed support for the green transition, but criticized the way it was implemented by the "current Brussels elite".[291]

### Criticism and political techniques

Orbán's critics have included domestic and foreign leaders (including former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,[294] German Chancellor Angela Merkel,[295] and the Presidents of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso,[296] and Jean-Claude Juncker),[297] intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations. He has been accused of pursuing anti-democratic reforms; attacking the human rights of the LGBT community; reducing the independence of Hungary's press, judiciary and central bank; amending Hungary's constitution to prevent amendments to Fidesz-backed legislation; and of cronyism and nepotism.[298][299][300]

Orbán was accused of pork barrel politics for building Pancho Aréna, a 4,000-seat stadium in the village in which he grew up, Felcsút, at a distance of some Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". from his country house.[301]

#### Economic cronyism

In the book The Ark of Orbán, Attila Antal wrote that the Orbán system of governance is characterized by the transformation of public money into private money, a system that has built a neo-feudal world of national capitalists, centered on the prime minister and his own family business interests. The largest share of national capitalists is the oligarchy "produced" by the system, such as István Tiborcz, who is closest to Viktor Orbán, and Lőrinc Mészáros and his family.[302]

A 2016 opinion piece for The New York Times by Kenneth Krushel called Orbán's political system a kleptocracy that wipes some of the country's wealth partly into its own pockets and partly into the pockets of people close to it.[303]

A 2017 Financial Times article compared the Hungarian elite under Orbán's government to Russian oligarchs. The article noted that they differ in that Hungary's "Oligarchs" under Orbán largely benefit from EU subsidies, unlike the Russian oligarchs. The article also mentioned the sudden increase in the personal wealth of Orbán's childhood friend, Lőrinc Mészáros, thanks to winning state contracts.[304]

A 2019 New York Times investigation revealed how Orbán leased plots of farm land to politically connected individuals and supporters of his and his party, thereby channeling disproportionate amounts of the EU's agricultural subsidies Hungary receives every year into the pockets of cronies.[305]

#### Opposition to European integration

Orbán with Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni in June 2024

Some opposition parties and critics also consider Orbán an opponent of European integration. In 2000, opposition parties MSZP and SZDSZ and the left-wing press presented Orbán's comment that "there's life outside the EU" as proof of his anti-Europeanism and sympathies with the radical right.[306][307] In the same press conference, Orbán clarified that "It will not be a tragedy if we cannot join the EU in 2003. (...) But this is not what we are preparing for. We are trying to urge our integration [into the EU], because it may give a new push to the economy."[308]

#### Migrant crisis

Hungarian-American business magnate and political activist George Soros criticized Orbán's handling of the European migrant crisis in 2015, saying: "His plan treats the protection of national borders as the objective and the refugees as an obstacle. Our plan treats the protection of refugees as the objective and national borders as the obstacle."[309]

Orbán has been critical of German Chancellor Angela Merkel's decision to open Germany's borders to migrants in 2015.[310] but he himself has been criticized for engineering the 2015 European migrant crisis for his own political gain. Specifically, he has been accused of mistreating migrants within Hungary and later sending many to Western Europe in an effort to stoke far-right sympathies in Western European countries.[311][312] During the crisis, Orbán ordered fences be put up across the Hungarian borders with Serbia and Croatia and refused to comply with the European Union's mandatory asylum quota.[313]

In 2015, The New York Times acknowledged that Orbán's stance on migration is slowly becoming mainstream in European politics. Andrew Higgins interviewed Orbán's ardent critic, György Konrád, who said that Orbán was right and Merkel was wrong concerning the handling of the migrant crisis.[314]

##### Anti-Soros theme

The Orbán government began to attack George Soros and his NGOs in early 2017, particularly for his support for more open immigration. In July 2017, the Israeli ambassador in Hungary joined Jewish groups and others in denouncing a billboard campaign backed by the government. Orbán's critics claimed it "evokes memories of the Nazi posters during the Second World War". The ambassador stated that the campaign "evokes sad memories but also sows hatred and fear", an apparent reference to the Holocaust. Hours later, Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a "clarification", denouncing Soros, stating that he "continuously undermines Israel's democratically elected governments" and funded organizations "that defame the Jewish state and seek to deny it the right to defend itself". The clarification came a few days before an official visit to Hungary by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[315] The anti-Soros messages became key elements of the government's communication and campaign since then, which, among others, also targeted the Central European University (CEU).[316][317][318][319]

Journalist Andrew Marantz argues that whether or not Soros was doing any actual harm to Hungary or conservative values, it was important to have a face to attack in a political campaign rather than abstract ideas like "globalism, multiculturalism, bureaucracy in Brussels"; and that this was a strategy explained to Orbán by political consultant Arthur J. Finkelstein.[230]

#### Accusations of antisemitism

Orbán has been frequently accused of antisemitism, particularly for promoting conspiracy theories about the Jewish philanthropist George Soros.[320][321] In 2022 he was condemned by the International Auschwitz Committee for comments in which he criticised mixing "with non-Europeans". The Committee called on the EU to continue to distance itself from "Orbán's racist undertones and to make it clear to the world that a Mr. Orbán has no future in Europe".[322] Others have rejected the claim that he is antisemitic, arguing that his founding of the Holocaust Memorial Center and Memorial Day for the Hungarian Victims of the Holocaust are evidence of this.[323][324] He has also been accused of rehabilitating antisemitic Hungarian historical figures and of exploiting antisemitism.[325][326][327]

#### Irredentism and nativism

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Orbán's policy positions have been reported to lean towards irredentism and nativism.[328][329] He has overseen the transfer of hundreds of millions of Hungarian taxpayer money for the preservation of Hungarian language and monuments and institutions of the Hungarian diaspora, particularly in Romania, irking the Romanian government.[330]

#### Mixed-race statement

In a speech delivered to the 31st Bálványos Free Summer University and Student Camp in July 2022, Orbán expressed views that were later described as "a pure Nazi text" that was "worthy of Goebbels" by one of his senior advisers, Zsuzsa Hegedűs, in her letter of resignation.[331][332] In the speech, Orbán stated that "Migration has split Europe in two – or I could say that it has split the West in two. One half is a world where European and non-European peoples live together. These countries are no longer nations: they are nothing more than a conglomeration of peoples" and "we are willing to mix with one another, but we do not want to become peoples of mixed-race".[333] The speech drew condemnation from both the Romanian foreign ministry and other European leaders.[334] Two days later, in Vienna, Orbán made it clear, he was talking about cultures and not about race. In a letter to Orbán, Zsuzsa Hegedüs later expressed that she was proud of him, and that he could count on her like he could in the past 20 years.[335][147]

Later that month, he touched on this criticism in a speech at the CPAC opening in Dallas, saying that "a Christian politician cannot be racist" and calling his critics "simply idiots".[336][234][337] He also attacked billionaire George Soros, former United States President Barack Obama, "globalists", and the United States' Democratic Party.[336]

## Personal life

File:Viktor Orbán with Anikó Lévai in 2016 (cropped).JPGOrbán and his wife, Anikó Lévai, in 2016

Orbán married jurist Anikó Lévai in 1986; they have five children.[338] Their eldest daughter, Ráhel, is married to entrepreneur István Tiborcz (hu), whose company, Elios, was accused of receiving unfair advantages when winning public tenders.[339] (see Elios case (hu)) Orbán's son, Gáspár, is a retired footballer, who played for Ferenc Puskás Football Academy in 2014.[340] Gáspár is also one of the founders of a religious community called Felház.[341]

Orbán is a member of the Calvinist-oriented Hungarian Reformed Church, while his wife and their five children were raised Catholic.[342][343] His son Gáspár Orbán converted in 2014 to the Faith Church, a Pentecostal denomination, and is currently a minister. He has claimed to have heard from God and to have witnessed miraculous healings.[344]

Hatvanpuszta, a historic estate once part of Archduke Joseph's Alcsút estate, was purchased in 2011 by a company owned by Viktor Orbán's father, Győző Orbán. The estate has since undergone extensive redevelopment, sparking controversy and allegations of secrecy, with critics suggesting it serves as a private retreat for the Hungarian Prime Minister.

### Football interests

Orbán has played football from his early childhood. He was a professional player with FC Felcsút.[345] After ending his football career, he became one of the main financiers of the Hungarian football and his hometown's club, Felcsút FC, later renamed the Ferenc Puskás Football Academy.[346][347] He had a prominent role in the foundation of Puskás Akadémia in Felcsút.[348]

He played an important role in establishing the annually organised international youth cup, the Puskás Cup, at Pancho Aréna, which he also helped build,[349][304] in his hometown of Felcsút. His only son, Gáspár, learned and trained there.[350]

Orbán is said to watch as many as six games a day. His first trip abroad as prime minister in 1998 was to the World Cup final in Paris; according to inside sources, he has not missed a World Cup or Champions League final since.[345]

Then FIFA President Sepp Blatter visited the facilities at the Puskás Academy in 2009. Blatter, together with the widow of Ferenc Puskás, as well as Orbán, founder of the academy, announced the creation of the new FIFA Puskás Award during that visit.[351] He played the minor role of a footballer in the Hungarian family film Szegény Dzsoni és Árnika (1983).[352]

## Awards and honors

### Foreign

* Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Republika Srpska):
* 80px Order of the Republika Srpska (2024)[353]
* France:
* 80px Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (2001)[354][355]
* Kazakhstan:
* 80px First Class of the Order of Friendship (2023)[356]
* Lithuania:
* 80px Commander's Grand Cross of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (2009)[357]
* North Macedonia:
* 80px Order 8-September (2013)[358]
* Serbia:
* 80px First Class of the Order of the Republic of Serbia (2022)[359]
* Template:Country data Vatican:
* 80px Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (2004)[354]

### Confessional

* Holy Cross Medal of Gratitude (Armenian Catholic Church, 2022)[360]
* First Class of the Order of Glory and Honor (ru) (Russian Orthodox Church, 2023)[361]
* First Class of the Order of St. Sava (Serbian Orthodox Church, 2022)[362]

### Other honors

* Honorary senator of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts (2000)[363]
* Freedom Award by the American Enterprise Institute (2001)[363][364]
* Franz Josef Strauss Prize from the Hanns Seidel Foundation (2001)[354]
* Polak Award established by the Maria Polak Foundation (2001)[354]
* Prize for the Social Market Economy by the German Club of Economics (2002)[354]
* Honorary Citizen of Szék, Hungary (2002)
* Saint Stephen Award (hu) (2002)[365]
* László Tőkés Award (hu) by the László Tőkés Foundation (hu) (2003)[366]
* Honorary Citizen of Esztergom, Hungary, twice (2006, 2009)[367]
* Gold Medal of the Foundation of European Merit (2004)[363]
* World No Tobacco Day Award by the World Health Organization (2013)[368]
* Title 'Man of the Year 2013' by Polish magazine Gazeta Polska (2014)[369]
* 'The 28 People From 28 Countries Who Are Shaping, Shaking And Stirring Europe: Class Of 2016' by magazine Politico Europe[370]
* Title 'Man of the Year 2015'at the Economic Forum in Poland (2016)[371]
* FINA Order of Merit (2017)[372]
* Golden Order of the Azeri international magazine My Azerbaijan (2022)[373]
* Supreme Order of Turkic World (6 November 2024)[374]

### Honorary doctorates

* Tufts University (United States, 2002)[375]
* Josai University (Japan, 2013)[376]
* Marmara University (Turkey, 2013)[377]

## See also

* First Orbán Government
* Second Orbán Government
* Third Orbán Government
* Fourth Orbán Government
* Fifth Orbán Government
* Orbanomics
* List of prime ministers of Hungary by tenure
* List of current heads of state and government
* List of heads of the executive by approval rating

## References

1. ↑ "What to do when Viktor Orbán erodes democracy". The Economist. https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21723835-europe-has-tools-make-autocrat-back-down-what-do-when-viktor-orban-erodes-democracy.
2. ↑ Maerz, Seraphine F.; Lührmann, Anna; Hellmeier, Sebastian; Grahn, Sandra; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020). "State of the world 2019: autocratization surges – resistance grows". Democratization 27 (6): 909–927. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1758670. ISSN 1351-0347.
3. ↑ "The EU is tolerating – and enabling – authoritarian kleptocracy in Hungary". The Economist. 5 April 2018. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/04/05/the-eu-is-tolerating-and-enabling-authoritarian-kleptocracy-in-hungary.
4. ↑ Autocratization Surges – Resistance Grows: Democracy Report 2020 , V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (March 2020).
5. ↑ Krekó, Péter; Enyedi, Zsolt (2018). "Orbán's Laboratory of Illiberalism" (in en). Journal of Democracy 29 (3): 39–51. doi:10.1353/jod.2018.0043. ISSN 1086-3214. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/698916. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
6. ↑ "Dropping the Democratic Facade" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2020/dropping-democratic-facade.
7. ↑ "Hungary Becomes First 'Partly Free' EU Nation in Democracy Gauge" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 5 February 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-05/hungary-becomes-first-partly-free-eu-nation-in-democracy-gauge.
8. ↑ "Full text of Viktor Orbán's speech at Băile Tuşnad (Tusnádfürdő) of 26 July 2014". The Budapest Beacon. 30 July 2014. https://budapestbeacon.com/full-text-of-viktor-orbans-speech-at-baile-tusnad-tusnadfurdo-of-26-july-2014/.
9. ↑ "Hungarian PM sees shift to illiberal Christian democracy in 2019 European vote". Reuters. 28 July 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-orban/hungarian-pm-sees-shift-to-illiberal-christian-democracy-in-2019-european-vote-idUSKBN1KI0BK. "Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban said on Saturday that European parliament elections next year could bring about a shift toward illiberal 'Christian democracy' in the European Union that would end the era of multiculturalism."
10. ↑ "Hungary Orban: Europe's centre-right EPP suspends Fidesz". 20 March 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47622921.
11. ↑ "Hungary: Viktor Orban's ruling Fidesz party quits European People's Party". 18 March 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/hungary-viktor-orbans-ruling-fidesz-party-quits-european-peoples-party/a-56919987.
12. ↑ Kelemen, R. Daniel (2017). "Europe's Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe's Democratic Union" (in en). Government and Opposition 52 (2): 211–238. doi:10.1017/gov.2016.41. ISSN 0017-257X.
13. ↑ Lendvai 2017, pp. 12–13.
14. ↑ Pünkösti, Árpád (13 May 2000). "Szeplőtelen fogantatás 7." (in hu). http://nol.hu/archivum/archiv-6407-2436.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 (in hu) Orbán Viktor, Hungary: arlament, 1996, http://www.parlament.hu/kepviselo/elet/o320.htm
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lendvai 2017, pp. 14, 265.
17. ↑ Pünkösti Árpád: Szeplőtelen fogantatás. Népszabadság Könyvek, Budapest, 2005, pp. 138–139.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Debreczeni 2002.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Amit Orbán Viktor nem tett ki a honlapjára állambiztonsági múltjáról, Kuruc.info, 17 February 2012, https://kuruc.info/r/9/94946
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lendvai 2017, pp. 16–17.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Kenney 2002, p. 138.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 C., Ioana (1 April 2022), Viktor Orbán – a "Petrov" of Hungary. The Prime Minister's collaboration with Hungarian security, Informational Warfare and Strategic Communication Laboratory of the Romanian Academy, https://larics.ro/viktor-orban-a-petrov-of-hungary-the-prime-ministers-collaboration-with-hungarian-security
23. ↑ Balogh, Éva S. (27 July 2010), About István Stumpf, a New Judge on the Hungarian Constitutional Court, Hungarian Spectrum, https://hungarianspectrum.wordpress.com/2010/07/27/about-istvan-stumpf-a-new-judge-on-the-hungarian-constitutional-court : "Sometimes the youngsters went too far politically and in such cases Stumpf's father-in-law came in handy."
24. ↑ A Bibó István Szakkollégium, ELTE Faculty of Law, http://caesar.elte.hu/ajk/html/tudo/bibo/bibo_alt.html
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Kenney 2002, pp. 137–138.
26. ↑ Bozóki, András (1985), "Political Science Is Born", Társadalomkutatás 3: 107–117, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA337092.pdf
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Orbán, Viktor (1988), "Recapturing Life", Across Frontiers 4: 34–35, https://www.connexions.org/CxLibrary/Docs/AcrossFrontiers-V4N2-3.pdf
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Lendvai 2017, p. 18.
29. ↑ Kenney 2002, pp. 138–139.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Buckley, Neil; Byrne, Andrew (25 January 2018), "Viktor Orban: the rise of Europe's troublemaker", Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/dda50a3e-0095-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5
31. ↑ Faculty of Law – website of Eötvös Loránd University
32. ↑ Curriculum vitae of Viktor Orbán – website of the Hungarian government
33. ↑ Dr. Orbán Viktor – website of the Hungarian parliament
34. ↑ (in hu) Orbán Viktor, Hungary: National Assembly, http://www.parlament.hu/kepv/eletrajz/hu/o320.pdf
35. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
36. ↑ Fulbright report, Oxford, United Kingdom, http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/files/Fulbright_report.pdf
37. ↑ Lendvai 2017, p. 23.
38. ↑ Kenney 2002, pp. 142–143.
39. ↑ Lendvai 2017, pp. 21–22.
40. ↑ Schwartzburg, Rosa; Szijarto, Imre (24 July 2019). "When Orbán Was a Liberal". Jacobin. https://jacobinmag.com/2019/07/viktor-orban-fidesz-party-youth-activism. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
41. ↑ LeBor, Adam (11 September 2015). "How Hungary's Prime Minister Turned From Young Liberal Into Refugee-Bashing Autocrat". The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2015/09/11/how-hungary-prime-minister-turned-into-refugee-bashing-autocrat/.
42. ↑ Lendvai 2017, p. 22.
43. ↑ Martens 2009, pp. 192–193.
44. ↑ Lendvai 2017, pp. 21–23.
45. ↑ Lendvai 2017, pp. 23–24.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 "Register". Országgyűlés. https://www.parlament.hu/web/guest/aktiv-kepviseloi-nevsor?p_p_id=hu_parlament_cms_pair_portlet_PairProxy_INSTANCE_9xd2Wc9jP4z8&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_auth=LAmTvTYj&_hu_parlament_cms_pair_portlet_PairProxy_INSTANCE_9xd2Wc9jP4z8_pairAction=/internet/cplsql/ogy_kpv.kepv_adat?p_azon=o320&p;_stilus=&p;_head=.
47. ↑ "Hungary under Orbán: Can Central Planning Revive Its Economy?, Simeon Djankov, Peterson Institute for International Economics, July 2015; accessed 20 January 2015.". http://www.iie.com/publications/pb/pb15-11.pdf.
48. ↑ Petőcz, György: Csak a narancs volt. Irodalom Kft, 2001 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 (in hu) Magyarországi politikai pártok lexikona (1846–2010) [Encyclopedia of the Political Parties in Hungary (1846–2010)]. Gondolat Kiadó. 2011. pp. 346–350. ISBN 978-963-693-276-3.
50. ↑ Orbán Viktor életrajza, Government of Hungary, accessed 4 April 2020
51. ↑ Lendvai 2017, p. 26.
52. ↑ Martens 2009, p. 193.
53. ↑ Kormányfői múltidézés: a jogászok a nyerők, Zona.hu.
54. ↑ "Viktor Orban" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Viktor-Orban.
55. ↑ István Kukorelli – Péter Smuk: A Magyar Országgyűlés 1990–2010. Országgyűlés Hivatala, Budapest, 2011. pp. 47–48.
56. ↑ "A parlamenti pártokat még mindig megosztja a háromhetes ülésezés". Népszava. 3 March 2000.
57. ↑ "Bírálják az új munkarendet. A háromhetes ciklus miatt összeomolhat a törvénygyártás gépezete". Népszava. 4 March 1999.
58. ↑ Bodnár, Lajos (23 July 2001). "Marad a háromhetes munkarend. Az ellenzéknek az őszi parlamenti ülésszak idején sem lesz ereje a változtatáshoz". Magyar Hírlap.
59. ↑ Tamás Bauer: A parlament megcsonkítása. Népszava, 8 February 1999.
60. ↑ 4/1999. (III. 31.) AB határozat , Magyar Közlöny: 1999. évi 27. szám and AB közlöny: VIII. évf. 3. szám.
61. ↑ Orbán nem gyanít korrupciót a Lockheed-botrány mögött, Origo, 26 May 1999; accessed 24 July 2012.
62. ↑ Történeti áttekintés , National Theatre; accessed 17 June 2018. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
63. ↑ Népszabadság Archívum, Népszabadság; accessed 15 March 2014.
64. ↑ "Nemzetközi Újságíró-szövetség vizsgálná a magyar médiát" (in hu). Index. 13 January 2001. http://index.hu/belfold/media/.
65. ↑ Torgyán lemondott, Index, 8 February 2001; accessed 15 March 2014.
66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Gazdag, László: Így kormányozták a magyar gazdaságot , FN.hu, 12 February 2012; accessed 15 March 2014.
67. ↑ Magyarország teljes jogú NATO-tag, Origo, 12 March 1999; accessed 15 March 2014.
68. ↑ Michael Toomey (2018). "History, Nationalism and Democracy". New Perspectives 26 (1): 87–108. doi:10.1177/2336825X1802600110. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26497637.
69. ↑ Nastase-Orbán egyezség készül a státustörvényről , Transindex, 17 December 2001; accessed 15 March 2014.
70. ↑ A magyar státustörvény fogadtatása és alkalmazása a Szlovák Köztársaságban , Center for Legal Analyses-Kalligram Foundation; accessed 15 March 2014.
71. ↑ Gallup: nőtt a Fidesz-MDF közös lista előnye, Origo, 15 November 2001; accessed 15 March 2014.
72. ↑ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p. 899 Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
73. ↑ A MIÉP cselekvésre szólít a 'csalás' miatt, Index, 22 April 2002; accessed 15 March 2014.
74. ↑ Hack, Péter (18 June 2004). "A vereség tanulságai" (in hu). Hetek. http://www.hetek.hu/fokusz/200406/a_vereseg_tanulsagai.
75. ↑ "A Fidesz győzött, és a legnagyobb európai frakció tagja lesz" (in hu). 14 June 2004. https://24.hu/kulfold/2004/06/14/fidesz_gy_337_zott/.
76. ↑ (in hu) Országos Választási Iroda – 2006 Országgyűlési Választások eredményei, Valasztas, http://www.valasztas.hu/parval2006/main_hu.html
77. ↑ Ismét Orbán Viktor lett a Fidesz elnöke Politaktika.hu; accessed 12 April 2018.
78. ↑ Gorondi, Pablo (27 February 2007) "Hungary's prime minister expects political tension but no riots on 15 March commemorations", Associated Press.
79. ↑ https://engelsbergideas.com/notebook/viktor-orbans-geopolitical-hedging/
80. ↑ "Vokscentrum – a választások univerzuma". Vokscentrum.hu. 2006. http://www.vokscentrum.hu/onkorm/elemzo.php?jny=hun&mszkod=860001&mitmut=polgmjv.
81. ↑ "Opposition makes substantial gains in Hungarian elections". Taipei Times. 3 October 2006. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/10/03/2003330242.
82. ↑ "Hungarian president announces referendum date", Xinhua (People's Daily), 24 January 2008.
83. ↑ "Hungary's ruling MSZP vows to stick to medical reforms despite referendum – People's Daily Online". People's Daily. http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/6368962.html.
84. ↑ Edelényi, Márk; Tóth, András; Neumann, László (18 May 2008). "Majority vote 'yes' in referendum to abolish medical and higher education fees". European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/article/2008/majority-vote-yes-in-referendum-to-abolish-medical-and-higher-education-fees.
85. ↑ "EP-választás: A jobboldal diadalmenete". 8 June 2009. http://www.euractiv.hu/europai-parlament/hirek/ep-valasztas-a-jobboldal-diadalmenete-001723.
86. ↑ Bánkuti, Miklós; Scheppele, Kim; Halmai, Gábor (2012). "Hungary's Illiberal Turn: Disabling the Constitution". Journal of Democracy 23 (2): 138–146. doi:10.1353/jod.2012.0054. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/hungarys-illiberal-turn-disabling-the-constitution/.
87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "Q&A Hungary's controversial constitutional changes". 11 March 2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21748878.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Scheppele, Kim (2022). "How Viktor Orbán Wins". Journal of Democracy 33 (3): 45–61. doi:10.1353/jod.2022.0039. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/how-viktor-orban-wins/.
89. ↑ Dempsey, Judy (18 April 2011). "Hungarian Parliament Approves New Constitution". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/19/world/europe/19iht-hungary19.html.
90. ↑ "Hungarian lawmakers approve socially and fiscally conservative new constitution", The Washington Post, 18 April 2011; accessed 25 April 2011
91. ↑ Margit Feher, "Hungary Passes New Constitution Amid Concerns", The Wall Street Journal, 18 April 2011; accessed 26 April 2011
92. ↑ "Hungarian president signs new constitution despite human rights concerns", Deutsche Welle, 25 April 2011; accessed 25 April 2011
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Kingsley, Patrick (10 February 2018). "As West Fears the Rise of Autocrats, Hungary Shows What's Possible". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/10/world/europe/hungary-orban-democracy-far-right.html.
94. ↑ "New electoral system in the home stretch". http://www.valasztasirendszer.hu/wp-content/uploads/PC_New_Electoral_System_In_The_Home_Stretch_20130723.pdf.
95. ↑ "Hungary's parliament passes controversial new constitution". Deutsche Welle. 18 April 2011. https://p.dw.com/p/10vlY.
96. ↑ Eder, Marton. "Hungary's personal income tax still under fire. The Wall Street Journal. June 2012.
97. ↑ "Hungary PM Viktor Orban: Antagonising Europe since 2010". 4 September 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16390574.
98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "Russian-Hungarian nuclear agreement". 15 January 2014. https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-01-15/russian-hungarian-nuclear-agreement.
99. ↑ "The Putin-Orbán nuclear deal: a short assessment | Heinrich Böll Stiftung". https://www.boell.de/en/2014/01/27/putin-orban-nuclear-deal-short-assessment.
100. ↑ "Hungarian MPS approve Russia nuclear deal". BBC News. 6 February 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26072303.
101. ↑ Than, Krisztina (30 March 2015). "Special Report: Inside Hungary's $10.8 billion nuclear deal with Russia". https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0MQ0MP/.
102. ↑ "Hungary election: PM Viktor Orban declares victory". 6 April 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26908404.
103. ↑ Gardner, Andrew (7 April 2014). "Orbán wins crushing victory". Politico Europe. https://www.politico.eu/article/orban-wins-crushing-victory/.
104. ↑ Plattner, Marc F. (2019). "Illiberal Democracy and the Struggle on the Right" (in en). Journal of Democracy 30 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1353/jod.2019.0000. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/illiberal-democracy-and-the-struggle-on-the-right/.
105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 Orbán, Viktor. "Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's speech at the 25th Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp". http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktor-orban-s-speech-at-the-25th-balvanyos-summer-free-university-and-student-camp.
106. ↑ Lyman, Rick; Smale, Alison (7 November 2014). "Defying Soviets, Then Pulling Hungary to Putin". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/08/world/europe/viktor-orban-steers-hungary-toward-russia-25-years-after-fall-of-the-berlin-wall.html.
107. ↑ "Opposing Orban". The Economist. 20 November 2014. https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21633856-more-anti-government-protests-little-change-prime-minister-opposing-orban.
108. ↑ Troianovski, Anton (19 August 2015). "Migration crisis pits EU's East against West". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/migration-crisis-pits-eus-east-against-west-1439957453.
109. ↑ Savitsky, Shane (1 February 2017). "Border fences and refugee bans: Hungary did it – fast". https://www.axios.com/border-fences-and-refugee-bans-been-there-done-that-for-hungary-2226465858.html.
110. ↑ Dunai, Marton; Komuves, Anita (21 May 2020). "Hungary tightens asylum rules as it ends migrant detention zones". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-migration-hungary-ruling/hungary-tightens-asylum-rules-as-it-ends-migrant-detention-zones-idUSKBN22X12X.
111. ↑ Traynor, Ian (5 September 2015). "Refugee crisis: East and West split as leaders resent Germany for waiving rules". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/05/migration-crisis-europe-leaders-blame-brussels-hungary-germany.
112. ↑ Birnbaum, Michael; Witte, Griff (3 September 2015). "'People in Europe are full of fear' over refugee influx". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/hungarys-leader-to-migrants-please-dont-come/2015/09/03/d5244c6d-53d8-4e82-b9d7-35ec41ca2944_story.html.
113. ↑ Traynor, Ian (3 September 2015). "Migration crisis: Hungary PM says Europe in grip of madness". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/03/migration-crisis-hungary-pm-victor-orban-europe-response-madness.
114. ↑ "Hungary PM rejects Merkel's 'moral imperialism' in refugee crisis", Yahoo! News, 23 September 2015.
115. ↑ "Orbánnak kiütötték az első két fogát" (in hu). Origo. 20 December 2012. http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20121220-a-story-osszeallitasa-33-dolog-amit-nem-tudunk-orban-viktorrol.html.
116. ↑ Dóra Annár (1 December 2020). "Viktor Orbán became the longest-serving prime minister of Hungary". DailyNewsHungary. https://dailynewshungary.com/the-longest-serving-prime-minister-of-hungary/.
117. ↑ Than, Krisztina; Szakacs, Gergely (9 April 2018). "Hungary's Strongman Viktor Orban Wins Third Term in Power". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-election/hungarys-strongman-viktor-orban-wins-third-term-in-power-idUSKBN1HE0UC.
118. ↑ Zalan, Eszter (9 April 2018). "Hungary's Orban in Sweeping Victory, Boosting EU Populists". EUobserver. https://euobserver.com/political/141539.
119. ↑ "Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's speech at the annual general meeting of the Association of Cities with County Rights – miniszterelnok.hu". https://miniszterelnok.hu/prime-minister-viktor-orbans-speech-at-the-annual-general-meeting-of-the-association-of-cities-with-county-rights/.
120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Kakissis, Joanna (13 May 2019). "In Trump, Hungary's Viktor Orban Has a Rare Ally in the Oval Office". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/05/13/722620996/in-trump-hungarys-viktor-orban-has-a-rare-ally-in-the-oval-office.
121. ↑ "Hungary passes law allowing Viktor Orban to rule by decree". Deutsche Welle. 30 March 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/hungary-passes-law-allowing-viktor-orban-to-rule-by-decree/a-52956243.
122. ↑ Bayer, Lili (30 March 2020). "Hungary's Viktor Orbán wins vote to rule by decree". Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-viktor-orban-rule-by-decree/.
123. ↑ Amaro, Silvia (31 March 2020). "Coronavirus in Hungary – Viktor Orban rules by decree indefinitely". Cnbc.com. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/31/coronavirus-in-hungary-viktor-orban-rules-by-decree-indefinitely.html.
124. ↑ "Megszűnt a veszélyhelyzet, de életbe lépett a járványügyi készültség" (in hu). 18 June 2020. https://koronavirus.gov.hu/cikkek/megszunt-veszelyhelyzet-de-eletbe-lepett-jarvanyugyi-keszultseg.
125. ↑ Skorić, Toni (29 June 2020). "Is the State of Emergency in Hungary Really Over?" (in en). https://fnf-europe.org/2020/06/29/is-the-state-of-emergency-in-hungary-really-over/.
126. ↑ Lehotai, Orsolya (17 July 2020). "Hungary's Democracy Is Still Under Threat" (in en-US). https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/17/hungary-democracy-still-under-threat-orban-state-public-health-emergency-decree/.
127. ↑ Novak, Benjamin (28 April 2021). "Hungary Transfers 11 Universities to Foundations Led by Orban Allies" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/world/europe/hungary-universities-orban.html.
128. ↑ "Hungary's Orban extends dominance through university reform". 27 April 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/27/europe/hungary-orban-university-reform-intl/index.html.
129. ↑ Pancevski, Bojan; Bihari, Adam (8 September 2019). "Hungary, Loudly Opposed to Immigration, Opens Doors to More Foreign Workers" (in en-US). The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/hungary-loudly-opposed-to-immigration-opens-doors-to-more-foreign-workers-11567944008.
130. ↑ Vass, Ábrahám (24 September 2019). "Number of Foreigners Coming to Hungary to Work Growing" (in en). https://hungarytoday.hu/immigration-foreigners-hungary-work-growing/.
131. ↑ "In Orban's Hungary, more migrants due to labor shortage" (in en). 30 September 2019. https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/19841/in-orban-s-hungary-more-migrants-due-to-labor-shortage.
132. ↑ "Viktor Orbán" (in en). https://nationalconservatism.org/natcon-rome-2020/presenters/viktor-orban/.
133. ↑ Simon, Zoltan (24 July 2020). "Viktor Orban Expects More Battles Over Rule of Law". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-24/orban-says-he-won-battle-not-war-over-rule-of-law-at-eu-summit.
134. ↑ "Hungary's Orban calls for central Europe to unite around Christian roots". 20 August 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/hungary-s-orban-calls-central-europe-unite-around-christian-roots-n1237460.
135. ↑ "Orban enrages Bosnia, hard to integrate 2 million Muslims - News - Nuova Europa" (in en). 2021-12-22. https://www.ansa.it/nuova_europa/en/news/sections/news/2021/12/22/orban-enrages-bosnia-hard-to-integrate-2-million-muslims_5a04a30a-4c5f-4f0a-a1e4-5055dd956397.html.
136. ↑ "'Shameful and rude': Orban slammed over remark on Bosnia's Muslims". Euronews. 23 December 2021. https://www.euronews.com/2021/12/23/shameful-and-rude-orban-slammed-over-remark-on-bosnia-s-muslims.
137. ↑ Bancroft, Ian (12 November 2021). "With its EU and US anchors dislodged, Bosnia-Herzegovina is cast adrift". openDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/with-its-eu-and-us-anchors-dislodged-bosnia-herzegovina-is-cast-adrift/.
138. ↑ Komuves, Anita; Szakacs, Gergely (3 April 2022). "Orban on track for crushing victory as Ukraine war solidifies support" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/hungarians-vote-orbans-12-year-rule-tight-ballot-overshadowed-by-ukraine-war-2022-04-03/.
139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 Amaro, Silvia (2 March 2022). "Putin loses his key ally in the EU as Hungary's Orban turns on the Russian leader" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/02/putin-loses-key-ally-in-the-european-union-as-hungarys-orban-turns.html.
140. ↑ Garamvolgyi, Flora; Borget, Julian (18 May 2022). "Orbán and US right to bond at Cpac in Hungary over 'great replacement' ideology". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/18/cpac-conference-budapest-hungary-viktor-orban-speaker.
141. ↑ "Francia írótól lopta a fajkeveredős kifejezéseket Orbán a tusnádfürdői beszédéhez" (in hu). 26 July 2022. https://telex.hu/zacc/2022/07/26/orban-viktor-tusvanyos-beszed-jean-raspail-szentek-tabora.
142. ↑ "Speech by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán at the 31st Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp" (in en). 25 July 2022. https://abouthungary.hu//speeches-and-remarks/speech-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-at-the-31-st-balvanyos-summer-free-university-and-student-camp.
143. ↑ Walker, Shaun; Garamvolgyi, Flora (24 July 2022). "Viktor Orbán sparks outrage with attack on 'race mixing' in Europe". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/24/viktor-orban-against-race-mixing-europe-hungary.
144. ↑ Woods, John (24 July 2022). "PM Orbán said which 'races' Hungarians might and would not mix with". Daily News Hungary. https://dailynewshungary.com/pm-orban-said-which-races-hungarians-may-and-would-not-mix-with/.
145. ↑ Mitchell, Taiyler Simone (24 July 2022). "Hungary's leader Viktor Orbán bashed Western Europeans for 'mixing with non-Europeans' and said Hungarians 'do not want to become a mixed race'". Business Insider. http://businessinsider.com/hungary-viktor-orban-mixing-non-europeans-hungarians-mixed-race-2022-7.
146. ↑ Woods, John (23 July 2022). "Orbán: 'Hungarians are not a mixed race and do not want to become one'". Daily News Hungary. http://dailynewshungary.com/orban-hungarians-are-not-a-mixed-race-and-does-not-want-to-become-one/.
147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 "Hegedüs Zsuzsa szerint Orbán Bécsben 'korrigált', ő azonban távozik a posztjáról" (in hu). 29 July 2022. https://www.szabadeuropa.hu/a/hegedus-zsuzsa-szerint-orban-becsben-korrigalt-o-azonban-tavozik-a-posztjarol/31965450.html.
148. ↑ "Orbán rejects the European Union's migration agreement and defends keeping asylum seekers out of EU territory". El País. 21 December 2021. https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-12-21/orban-rejects-the-european-unions-migration-agreement-and-defends-keeping-asylum-seekers-out-of-eu-territory.html.
149. ↑ "Unlikely allies Viktor Orbán and Donald Tusk rail against EU migration deal". Politico. 11 April 2024. https://www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-donlad-tusk-eu-migration-deal/.
150. ↑ "'We never let them in': Hungary's PM Viktor Orbán demands new laws tackling migration". Euronews. 6 September 2024. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/09/06/we-never-let-them-in-hungarys-pm-viktor-orban-demands-new-laws-tackling-migration.
151. ↑ "Told you so! Viktor Orbán says Germany finally sees migration drawbacks". Politico. 13 September 2024. https://www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-hungary-germany-finally-waking-up-migration-consequences-border-protection-control/.
152. ↑ "Hungary, Slovakia and Serbia plot a win for Europe's anti-migration camp". Euronews. 22 October 2024. https://www.euronews.com/2024/10/22/hungary-slovakia-and-serbia-plot-a-win-for-europes-anti-migration-camp.
153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 "Hungary facing fuel crisis as Ukraine turns up heat on Russian oil supplies". 20 July 2024. https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-fuel-crisis-ukraine-sanctions-russian-oil-imports-lukoil-central-europe/.
154. ↑ "EU awaits details from Hungary and Slovakia in Russia oil spat". 1 August 2024. http://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/08/01/eu-executive-brushes-off-hungarian-and-slovak-anger-over-russian-oil-squeeze.
155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 "Croatia not a reliable country for oil transit to Hungary, Slovakia — Szijjarto". https://news.az/news/croatia-not-a-reliable-country-for-oil-transit-to-hungary-slovakia-szijjarto.
156. ↑ "Hungary rejects Croatian offer for alternative to Russian oil". https://www.ft.com/content/1c1358db-1781-4aa7-a752-9ec63cd0c3a0.
157. ↑ "European Commission proposes Hungary, Slovakia use unreliable Croatian route to receive oil - Hungarian FM". https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/104779/.
158. ↑ "Slovakia, Hungary rebuff EU call to replace lost Russian oil via Croatia". SWI swissinfo.ch. 2 August 2024. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/slovakia,-hungary-rebuff-eu-call-to-replace-lost-russian-oil-via-croatia/85778428.
159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 "Orban calls for 'change' in EU address, lawmakers slam his democratic backsliding". 9 October 2024. https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20241009-orban-calls-change-eu-address-lawmakers-slam-democratic-backsliding-parliament.
160. ↑ "Von der leyen attacks Orbán in EU Parliament. Tensions erupt as pro-European forces face off against sovereignists". 9 October 2024. https://www.eunews.it/en/2024/10/09/von-der-leyen-attacks-orban-in-eu-parliament-tensions-erupt-as-pro-european-forces-face-off-against-sovereignists/.
161. ↑ "Sparks fly as Orban berates EU 'elites' in parliament trip". 8 October 2024. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241008-sparks-fly-as-orban-berates-eu-elites-in-parliament-trip.
162. ↑ "German MEP brutally slams Viktor Orban as 'useful idiot of Russia and China' for allowing 'spies into Schengen zone'". https://www.gbnews.com/politics/world/eu-parliament-slams-viktor-orban-hungary-russia-china-spies-mortiz-korner-schengen.
163. ↑ Rankin, Jennifer (9 October 2024). "Ursula von der Leyen attacks Viktor Orbán over pro-Russia stance". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/09/ursula-von-der-leyen-attacks-viktor-orban-over-pro-russia-stance.
164. ↑ "PM Orbán attends Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan's inauguration ceremony in Ankara". About Hungary. 10 July 2018. http://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/pm-orban-attends-turkish-president-recep-tayyip-erdogans-inauguration-ceremony-in-ankara/.
165. ↑ "PM Orbán attends Erdoğan's inauguration in Turkey" (in en). 5 June 2023. https://abouthungary.hu//news-in-brief/pm-orban-attends-erdo-an-s-inauguration-in-turkey.
166. ↑ "Orbán: Hungarian Security, Turkish Stability Directly Linked". Hungary Today. 9 October 2018. https://hungarytoday.hu/orban-hungarian-security-turkish-stability-directly-linked/.
167. ↑ "Orbán to Myanmar State Counsellor: Hungarian Govt Rejects "Export of Democracy"". Hungary Today. 5 June 2019. https://hungarytoday.hu/orban-myanmar-state-counsellor-rejects-export-democracy/.
168. ↑ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (6 June 2019). "Aung San Suu Kyi finds common ground with Orbán over Islam". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/06/aung-san-suu-kyi-finds-common-ground-with-viktor-orban-over-islam.
169. ↑ Grove, Thomas; Hinshaw, Drew (20 February 2023). "Hungary Extends Warm Welcome to Top Chinese Diplomat". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/hungary-extends-warm-welcome-to-top-chinese-diplomat-e79b9d8.
170. ↑ Jennings, Ralph (22 February 2023). "China pitches belt and road to 'illiberal' Hungary as Beijing's links with Moscow sow suspicion in Europe". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3211101/china-pitches-belt-and-road-illiberal-hungary-beijings-links-moscow-sow-suspicion-europe.
171. ↑ "Second Belt and Road Forum Top-Level Attendees". The Diplomat. 27 April 2019. https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/second-belt-and-road-forum-top-level-attendees/.
172. ↑ "Xi meets individually with leaders at forum". China Daily. 26 April 2019. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201904/26/WS5cc17376a3104842260b8605_8.html.
173. ↑ Keller-Alant, Akos; Standish, Reid (8 June 2022). "What's Next For China's Fudan University Campus In Hungary?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/hungary-orban-china-fudan-budapest/31888800.html.
174. ↑ Preussen, Wilhelmine (27 February 2023). "Orbán backs China's Ukraine peace plan". politico.eu. https://www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-hungary-ukraine-china-peace-plan-russia-invasion/.
175. ↑ Steinhauser, Gabriele (18 December 2015). "Germany's Merkel defends Russian gas pipeline plan". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/germanys-merkel-defends-russian-gas-pipeline-plan-1450447499.
176. ↑ Szpala, Marta; Gniazdowski, Mateusz; Groszkowski, Jakub; Łoskot-Strachota, Agata; Sadecki, Andrzej (17 December 2014). "Central and South-Eastern Europe after the cancellation of South Stream". https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-12-17/central-and-south-eastern-europe-after-cancellation-south-stream.
177. ↑ McLaughlin, Daniel (27 September 2017). "Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain'". The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ukraine-defends-education-reform-as-hungary-promises-pain-1.3235916.
178. ↑ Rusheva, Violetta (26 March 2018). "Hungary–Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment". New Europe. https://www.neweurope.eu/article/hungary-ukraine-relations-hit-new-low-troop-deployment/.
179. ↑ "Ukrainian language bill facing barrage of criticism from minorities, foreign capitals". 24 September 2017. https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-language-legislation-minority-languages-russia-hungary-romania/28753925.html.
180. ↑ Prentice, Alessandra (8 December 2017). "Criticism of Ukraine's language law justified: rights body". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-language/criticism-of-ukraines-language-law-justified-rights-body-idUSKBN1E227K.
181. ↑ "Law restoring Hungarian minority's language rights adopted by Ukrainian Parliament". 11 December 2023. https://telex.hu/english/2023/12/11/law-restoring-hungarian-minoritys-language-rights-adopted-by-ukrainian-parliament.
182. ↑ Nattrass, William (15 September 2022). "Hungary's 'pro-Russia' stance was inevitable" (in en). https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-pro-russia-stance-inevitable/.
183. ↑ Novak, Benjamin (27 February 2022). "Ukraine War Forces Hungary's Orban Into Political Contortions" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/world/europe/ukraine-russia-hungary-orban.html.
184. ↑ Spike, Justin (23 October 2022). "Orban lashes out at EU as he marks 1956 anti-Soviet revolt" (in en). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/viktor-orban-ap-hungary-budapest-vladimir-putin-b2208723.html.
185. ↑ "PM Orbán to President Zelensky: Hungary Backs Ukraine's Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity" (in en). 22 February 2022. https://hungarytoday.hu/orban-zelensky-ukraine-sovereignty/.
186. ↑ Spike, Justin (18 February 2023). "Hungary's Orban accuses EU of prolonging war in Ukraine" (in en). https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-politics-government-european-union-viktor-orban-a404e437593bddf9b0e8b23482f2872e.
187. ↑ Verseck, Keno (12 December 2022). "Hungary: What's Viktor Orban's problem with Ukraine?" (in en). https://www.dw.com/en/hungary-whats-viktor-orbans-problem-with-ukraine/a-64063750.
188. ↑ "Hungary blocks €50bn of EU funding for Ukraine" (in en-GB). 15 December 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67724357.
189. ↑ Lendvai, Paul (15 October 2024). "Viktor Orbán – ein Virtuose der Heuchelei" (in de-AT). p. 23. https://www.derstandard.at/consent/tcf/story/3000000240662/viktor-orban-ein-virtuose-der-heuchelei.
190. ↑ "Strongmen strut their stuff as Orbán visits Putin in Russia". Politico Europe. 1 February 2022. https://www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-vladimir-putin-hungary-russia-kremlin-meeting/.
191. ↑ "Hungary will not veto EU sanctions on Russia – Orban". Reuters. 3 March 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/hungary-will-not-veto-eu-sanctions-russia-orban-2022-03-03/.
192. ↑ "Hungary's excessive reliance on Russian gas will end by 2022". https://miniszterelnok.hu/hungarys-excessive-reliance-on-russian-gas-will-end-by-2022/.
193. ↑ Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (25 March 2022). "In a speech to the E.U., Zelensky singles out Hungary over sanctions." (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/25/world/europe/eu-zelensky-hungary-sanctions-ukraine.html.
194. ↑ "Zelensky agrees on energy cooperation with Orban, invites him to visit Ukraine". https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/80481/.
195. ↑ Preussen, W. (27 February 2023). "Orbán backs China’s Ukraine peace plan" politico europe. Accessed 7 April 2023.
196. ↑ Caitlin Wilson (October 16, 2025). "Trump says he will meet Putin in Hungary for Ukraine talks after 'very productive' phone call". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cy85d9613zxt.
197. ↑ Samantha Waldenberg (October 16, 2025). "Trump says he will meet with Putin in Budapest to discuss war in Ukraine". CNN News. https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/16/politics/putin-trump-hungary-ukraine-war.
198. ↑ "Orbán: All Hungarian families have an interest in the Budapest peace summit's success - The Budapest Times". The Budapest Times. October 20, 2025. https://www.budapesttimes.hu/hungary/orban-all-hungarian-families-have-an-interest-in-the-budapest-peace-summits-success/.
199. ↑ "Hungary is ready for the opening of a new chapter in Hungarian-Turkic cooperation". 3 September 2018. https://miniszterelnok.hu/hungary-is-ready-for-the-opening-of-a-new-chapter-in-hungarian-turkic-cooperation/.
200. ↑ "Turkic Council inaugurates office in Budapest". Anadolu Agency. 19 September 2021. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/turkic-council-inaugurates-office-in-budapest/1588572.
201. ↑ "Hungary to initiate joint summit of Turkic Council and V4". 12 November 2021. https://miniszterelnok.hu/hungary-to-initiate-joint-summit-of-turkic-council-and-v4/.
202. ↑ Teslova, Elena (2 November 2023). "Hungarian prime minister visits Kazakhstan for bilateral talks, summit". https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/hungarian-prime-minister-visits-kazakhstan-for-bilateral-talks-summit/3041010.
203. ↑ "Hungary to ban rallies supporting 'terrorist organisations', Orban says" (in en). Reuters. 13 October 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/hungary-ban-rallies-supporting-terrorist-organisations-pm-orban-2023-10-13/.
204. ↑ "A Fidesz parlamenti nyilatkozatban ítélné el a Hamász terrortámadását" (in hu). 22 October 2023. https://telex.hu/belfold/2023/10/22/kocsis-mate-fidesz-parlamenti-hatarozat-terrorizmus-elitelese-aldozatok-melletti-kiallas.
205. ↑ De La Feld, Simone (31 March 2025). "European leaders' support for Netanyahu and the defeat of international law: From Macron to Merz to Orbán". Eunews.it. https://www.eunews.it/en/2025/03/31/european-leaders-support-for-netanyahu-and-the-defeat-of-international-law-from-macron-to-merz-to-orban/.
206. ↑ "Hungary withdraws from International Criminal Court during Netanyahu visit" (in en-GB). 3 April 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c807lm2003zo.
207. ↑ "Hungary announces plans to leave ICC as Netanyahu visits" (in en). 3 April 2025. https://www.dw.com/en/hungary-announces-plans-to-leave-icc-as-netanyahu-visits/live-72122213.
208. ↑ "Hungary: One-party rule". The Guardian (London). 5 January 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jan/05/hungary-one-party-rule.
209. ↑ Castle, Stephen (22 April 2002). "Populist premier set for defeat in Hungarian election". The Independent (London). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/populist-premier-set-for-defeat-in-hungarian-election-9161938.html.
210. ↑ "A populist's lament: Viktor Orbán has made Hungary a ripe target for doubters", Politics.hu (Hungary), 22 November 2011, http://www.politics.hu/20111122/a-populists-lament-viktor-orban-has-made-hungary-a-ripe-target-for-doubters, retrieved 3 September 2018
211. ↑ 211.0 211.1 211.2 Waller, Luke. "Viktor Orbán: The conservative subversive". http://www.politico.eu/list/politico-28/viktor-orban.
212. ↑ Simonyi, Andras (12 October 2014). "Putin, Erdogan and Orban: Band of Brothers?". http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andras-simonyi/putin-erdogan-and-orban-b_b_5672236.html.
213. ↑ Novak, Benjamin; Grynbaum, Michael M. (7 August 2021). "Conservative Fellow Travelers: Tucker Carlson Drops In On Viktor Orban". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/07/world/europe/tucker-carlson-hungary.html.
214. ↑ 214.0 214.1 214.2 Marantz, Andrew (4 July 2022). "The Illiberal Order". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/07/04/does-hungary-offer-a-glimpse-of-our-authoritarian-future. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
215. ↑ Spike, Justin (15 March 2024). "Hungary's Orbán rails against the EU and 'the Western world' in a speech on a national holiday". https://apnews.com/article/hungary-orban-rails-against-eu-west-speech-5e1e0c25560de5623752c0955e358c54.
216. ↑ "Binyamin Netanyahu is soft on anti-Semitism when it suits him". The Economist. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21726995-jewish-state-chooses-its-battles-carefully-binyamin-netanyahu-soft.
217. ↑ "Hungarian PM: We share the same security concerns as Israel". Israel Hayom. http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=44027.
218. ↑ Ahren, Raphael (19 February 2019). "Hungary to open office with 'diplomatic status' in Jerusalem". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/hungary-to-open-office-with-diplomatic-status-in-jerusalem/.
219. ↑ Pack, Jason. "The Hungary model: Resurgent nationalism". The National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-hungary-model-resurgent-nationalism-14025.
220. ↑ "Playing with fear". The Economist. 12 December 2015. https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21679792-america-and-europe-right-wing-populist-politicians-are-march-threat.
221. ↑ Schliefer, Yigal (October 2014). "Hungary at the turning point". Moment, Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/moment/2014/10/viktor_orban_s_authoritarian_rule_the_hungarian_prime_minister_is_destroying.html.
222. ↑ Zerofsky, Elisabeth (7 January 2019). "Viktor Orbán's Far-Right Vision for Europe". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/01/14/viktor-orbans-far-right-vision-for-europe. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
223. ↑ Kingsley, Patrick (15 March 2019). "He Used to Call Viktor Orban an Ally. Now He Calls Him a Symbol of Fascism". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/world/europe/viktor-orban-hungary-ivanyi.html.
224. ↑ Veer, Harmen van der; Meijers, Maurits (3 May 2017). "Analysis – Hungary's government is increasingly autocratic. What is the European Parliament doing about it?". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/03/hungary-is-backsliding-what-is-the-european-parliament-doing-about-this.
225. ↑ Zakaria, Fareed (31 July 2014). "The rise of Putinism". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-the-rise-of-putinism/2014/07/31/2c9711d6-18e7-11e4-9e3b-7f2f110c6265_story.html.
226. ↑ Faris, Stephan (22 January 2015). "Power Hungary: How Viktor Orban became Europe's new strongman". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-22/power-hungary-viktor-orban-europe-s-new-strongman.
227. ↑ Woodard, Colin (17 June 2015). "Europe's new dictator". https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/06/hello-dictator-hungary-orban-viktor-119125/.
228. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
229. ↑ Gorondi, Pablo (10 January 2019). "'Hungary's Orban wants anti-migration forces to control EU". Associated Press. https://www.apnews.com/3e0d443c759f494e9c2249d9041a4d75.
230. ↑ 230.0 230.1 230.2 230.3 230.4 230.5 230.6 230.7 230.8 Marantz, Andrew (27 June 2022). "Does Hungary Offer a Glimpse of Our Authoritarian Future?". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/07/04/does-hungary-offer-a-glimpse-of-our-authoritarian-future. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
231. ↑ Buyon, Noah (6 December 2016). "Orban and Trump Want Closer Ties, But Politics Could Get in the Way" (in en-US). https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/12/06/orban-and-trump-reset-hungary-russia-putin-nato-populism/.
232. ↑ Schnell, Mychael (3 January 2022). "Trump endorses autocratic Hungarian leader" (in en). https://thehill.com/policy/international/587971-trump-endorses-hungarys-right-wing-leader.
233. ↑ Goldmacher, Shane (3 January 2022). "Trump Endorses Viktor Orban, Hungary's Far-Right Prime Minister" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/03/us/politics/trump-endorses-viktor-orban-hungary.html.
234. ↑ 234.0 234.1 Folkenflik, David (4 August 2022). "Hungary's autocratic leader tells U.S. conservatives to join his culture war". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/08/04/1115541985/why-hungarys-authoritative-leader-is-drawing-conservative-crowds-in-the-u-s.
235. ↑ Smith, David (6 August 2022). "Viktor Orbán turns Texas conference into transatlantic far-right love-in" (in en). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/06/viktor-orban-cpac-far-right-us-trump.
236. ↑ "Hungary tries for baby boom with tax breaks and loan forgiveness" (in en-GB). BBC News. 10 February 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47192612.
237. ↑ "Hungarian Family Policy in Action: No Income Tax for Young Mothers" (in en-US). 8 January 2023. https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/current/hungarian-family-policy-in-action-no-income-tax-for-young-mothers/.
238. ↑ Ellyatt, Holly (11 February 2019). "Have four or more babies in Hungary and you'll pay no income tax for life, prime minister says" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/11/have-four-or-more-babies-in-hungary-and-youll-pay-no-income-tax-for-life.html.
239. ↑ Kennedy, Rachael (11 February 2019). "Hungary offers to pay for cars, mortgages and tax bills of big families" (in en). https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/11/hungary-offers-families-tax-and-loan-breaks-to-boost-birth-rate.
240. ↑ Hopkins, Valerie (10 February 2019). "Have more children and pay no income tax, Orban promises Hungarian mothers". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/56a5c36a-2d68-11e9-8744-e7016697f225.
241. ↑ Cursino, Malu (13 September 2022). "Hungary decrees tighter abortion rules" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62892596.
242. ↑ "22.1.1.13. Number and rate of fetal losses" (in en). https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/nep/hu/nep0013.html/.
243. ↑ Walker, Shaun (6 September 2019). "Viktor Orbán trumpets Hungary's 'procreation, not immigration' policy". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/06/viktor-orban-trumpets-far-right-procreation-anti-immigration-policy.
244. ↑ "Hungary grapples with cost of 'Orbanomics'". Financial Times. 27 October 2014. https://www.ft.com/content/cc8f9944-5b8e-11e4-81ac-00144feab7de.
245. ↑ 245.0 245.1 245.2 Hopkins, Valerie (21 May 2020). "How Orban's decade in power changed Hungary". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/414f202e-9996-11ea-8b5b-63f7c5c86bef.
246. ↑ "Hungary's Orban Scraps Income Tax for Young Voters Before Crucial Election" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 15 January 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-15/orban-scraps-income-tax-for-young-voters-before-crucial-election.
247. ↑ Byrne, Andrew (9 June 2015). "'Orbanomics' confounds critics as Hungary's economy recovers". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/027eaf9a-05e9-11e5-b676-00144feabdc0.
248. ↑ Karasz, Palko; Kingsley, Patrick (22 December 2018). "What Is Hungary's 'Slave Law,' and Why Has It Provoked Opposition?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/22/world/europe/hungary-slave-law.html.
249. ↑ Gulyas, Veronika (25 February 2023). "Hungary to Maintain Windfall Taxes Into 2023, Minister Says" (in en). https://news.bloombergtax.com/daily-tax-report-international/hungary-to-maintain-windfall-taxes-into-2023-minister-says.
250. ↑ Bráder, Ádám (12 May 2023). "MCC Acquires Leading Austrian University" (in en-US). https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/mcc_private_university_ownership_modul_vienna_education_austria/.
251. ↑ Preussen, Wilhelmine (1 November 2022). "Viktor Orbán-funded think tank vows to shake up Brussels" (in en). https://www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-hungary-funded-think-tank-set-to-launch-in-brussels/.
252. ↑ Inotai, Edit (3 November 2022). "Hungary Test Drives Vehicle to Create 'Intellectual Powerhouse'". https://balkaninsight.com/2022/11/03/hungary-test-drives-vehicle-to-create-intellectual-powerhouse/.
253. ↑ Schlagwein, Felix (5 June 2021). "Hungary: Orban seeks to control universities" (in en). https://www.dw.com/en/hungarys-viktor-orban-seeks-to-control-universities/a-57444869.
254. ↑ Larson, Luke (9 June 2023). "Faith, politics, and paradox in culturally Christian Hungary" (in en-US). https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2023/06/09/faith-politics-and-paradox-in-culturally-christian-hungary/.
255. ↑ "Crosses and catechism: Hungary's push to 'Christianise' education" (in en). 9 September 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210909-crosses-and-catechism-hungary-s-push-to-christianise-education.
256. ↑ Hopkins, Valerie (12 July 2019). "Hungary's takeover of academy blasted as 'expression of power'". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/c2b782cc-a48d-11e9-974c-ad1c6ab5efd1.
257. ↑ "Hungary remains the most corrupt country in the European Union". Transparency International Hungary. 30 January 2024. https://transparency.hu/en/news/cpi-2023-results-annual-report/.
258. ↑ "World Press Freedom Index 2010" (in en). 20 April 2016. https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2010.
259. ↑ "2020 World Press Freedom Index" (in en). https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020.
260. ↑ "Democracy Index 2010: democracy in retreat". 2010. https://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf.
261. ↑ "Democracy Index 2020: In sickness and in health?". 2020. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/.
262. ↑ "2010 – CPI" (in en). https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2010.
263. ↑ "2020 Corruption Perceptions Index – Explore the results" (in en). 28 January 2021. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020.
264. ↑ Kelemen, R. Daniel (8 February 2019). "Hungary's democracy just got a failing grade". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2019/02/07/hungarys-democracy-just-got-a-failing-grade/.
265. ↑ Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.
266. ↑ "Hungary" (in en). 2020. https://freedomhouse.org/country/hungary/nations-transit/2020.
267. ↑ "MEPs: Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy | News | European Parliament" (in en). 15 September 2022. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220909IPR40137/meps-hungary-can-no-longer-be-considered-a-full-democracy.
268. ↑ Kornai, János (2015). "Hungary's U-Turn: Retreating from Democracy". Journal of Democracy 26 (3): 34–48. doi:10.1353/jod.2015.0046. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/hungarys-u-turn-retreating-from-democracy/.
269. ↑ Innes, Abby (2015). "Hungary's Illiberal Democracy". Current History 114 (770): 95–100. doi:10.1525/curh.2015.114.770.95.
270. ↑ Bálint Magyar; Bálint Madlovics (4 April 2022). "Hungary's Manipulated Election". https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/hungary-orban-reelection-manipulated-election-by-balint-magyar-and-balint-madlovics-2022-04.
271. ↑ Körösényi, András (May 2019). "The Theory and Practice of Plebiscitary Leadership: Weber and the Orbán regime" (in en). East European Politics and Societies: And Cultures 33 (2): 280–301. doi:10.1177/0888325418796929. ISSN 0888-3254. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325418796929.
272. ↑ Halmai, Gábor (2022), Czarnota, Adam; Krygier, Martin; Sadurski, Wojciech, eds., "Populism or Authoritarianism? A Plaidoyer Against Illiberal or Authoritarian Constitutionalism", Anti-Constitutional Populism, Cambridge Studies in Law and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): pp. 366–398, ISBN 978-1-009-01380-2, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/anticonstitutional-populism/populism-or-authoritarianism-a-plaidoyer-against-illiberal-or-authoritarian-constitutionalism/F0C6422397560D9B6ECFFBDAA67A4253, retrieved 31 August 2022
273. ↑ "The Orbán Regime: Plebiscitary Leader Democracy in the Making" (in en). https://www.routledge.com/The-Orban-Regime-Plebiscitary-Leader-Democracy-in-the-Making/Korosenyi-Illes-Gyulai/p/book/9780367147907.
274. ↑ Magyar, Bálint (10 February 2016) (in English). Post-Communist Mafia State: The Case of Hungary. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-615-5513-54-1.
275. ↑ "Varga Judit volt férje: Egy percig sem akarok olyan rendszer részese lenni, amelyben Tónik, Ádámok és Barbarák vígan röhöghetnek a markukba" (in hu). 10 February 2024. https://telex.hu/belfold/2024/02/10/magyar-peter-varga-judit-volt-ferje-lemondas-ner-rogan-antal.
276. ↑ Walker, Shaun (19 May 2020). "Hungary votes to end legal recognition of trans people". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/19/hungary-votes-to-end-legal-recognition-of-trans-people.
277. ↑ Nattrass, William (11 June 2021). "Orbán's LGBT+ crackdown extends to schools". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/hungary-homosexuality-law-lgbt-vote-b1864103.html.
278. ↑ Strozewski, Zoe (23 June 2021). "Angela Merkel Joins Other EU Leaders in Criticizing Hungary's LGBT Law: 'This Law is Wrong'". Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/angela-merkel-joins-other-eu-leaders-criticizing-hungarys-lgbt-law-this-law-wrong-1603447.
279. ↑ Rankin, Jennifer (24 June 2021). "EU leaders to confront Hungary's Viktor Orbán over LGBTQ+ rights". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/24/eu-leaders-to-confront-hungarys-viktor-orban-over-lgbtq-rights.
280. ↑ Chastand, Jean-Baptiste; Stroobants, Jean-Pierre (2 December 2020). "Jozsef Szajer, eurodéputé du parti de Viktor Orban, démissionne après une soirée de débauche sexuelle en plein confinement" (in fr). Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/12/02/un-eurodepute-du-parti-de-viktor-orban-demissionne-apres-une-soiree-de-debauche-sexuelle-en-plein-confinement_6061844_3210.html.
281. ↑ Walker, Shaun (2 December 2020). "Hungary's rightwing rulers downplay MEP 'gay orgy' scandal amid hypocrisy accusations" (in en). http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/02/hungary-rightwing-rulers-downplay-mep-jozsef-szajer-gay-orgy-scandal-amid-hypocrisy-accusations.
282. ↑ Berretta, Emmanuel (4 December 2020). "Hongrie : Viktor Orban gêné par les frasques du député Jozsef Szajer" (in fr). https://www.lepoint.fr/europe/hongrie-viktor-orban-gene-par-les-frasques-du-depute-jozsef-szajer-04-12-2020-2404193_2626.php.
283. ↑ (in en) Wrong Direction on Rights. 16 May 2013. https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/05/16/wrong-direction-rights/assessing-impact-hungarys-new-constitution-and-laws. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
284. ↑ "Jozsef Szajer: Hungary MEP quits after allegedly fleeing gay orgy" (in en-GB). BBC News. 1 December 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55145989.
285. ↑ "Orban Referendum Targeting LGBTQ Rights Fails to Become Binding" (in en). Bloomberg.com. 4 April 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-04/orban-referendum-targeting-lgbtq-rights-fails-to-become-binding.
286. ↑ "Hungary's Viktor Orban calls referendum on anti-LGBTQ law" (in en). 21 July 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210721-hungary-s-viktor-orban-calls-referendum-on-anti-lgbtq-law.
287. ↑ Walker, Shaun (21 July 2021). "Hungary's Viktor Orbán will hold referendum on anti-LGBT law". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/21/hungarys-viktor-orban-will-hold-referendum-on-anti-lbgt-law.
288. ↑ "Hungary's parliament approves 2022 referendum on LGBT issues". euronews. 30 November 2021. https://www.euronews.com/2021/11/30/hungary-s-parliament-approves-2022-referendum-on-lgbt-issues.
289. ↑ Than, Krisztina (22 July 2023). "Hungary's Prime Minister Orban Attacks European Union For LGBTQ 'Offensive'" (in en). https://www.huffpost.com/entry/hungary-viktor-orban-attacks-european-union-for-lgbtq-offensive_n_64bbdc2ee4b003569199ff3b.
290. ↑ "Hungary passes law to ban Pride march, triggering protest" (in en). Reuters. 19 March 2025. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/hungary-passes-law-ban-pride-march-adopts-resolution-opposing-eu-defence-2025-03-18/.
291. ↑ 291.0 291.1 Nagy, Nikoletta (4 July 2024). "Orbán's opportunistic record belies Hungary's new pro-climate rethoric[sic"]. Clean Energy Wire. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/orbans-opportunistic-record-belies-hungarys-new-pro-climate-rethoric.
292. ↑ "PM Orbán: EC's Planned Climate Package 'Will Destroy' Europe's Middle Classes". Hungary Today. 22 October 2021. https://hungarytoday.hu/orban-energy-prices-utility-bills-poland-rule-of-law/.
293. ↑ "'Utopian fantasy': Hungary's Orban dismisses EU climate policy plans". Reuters. 21 October 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/utopian-fantasy-hungarys-orban-dismisses-eu-climate-policy-plans-2021-10-21/.
294. ↑ "Letter to the Prime Minister of Hungary from the Secretary of State of the United States of America". 23 December 2011. http://www.seemo.org/hungary/files/Clinton_letter_to_Orban.pdf.
295. ↑ "Angela Merkel criticized Viktor Orban behind closed doors", Daily News Hungary, 9 October 2015.
296. ↑ "The European Commission reiterates its serious concerns over the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Hungary". 12 April 2013. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-327_en.htm.
297. ↑ "Happy slaps, rambling speeches and jaw-dropping insults... this is the man who RUNS the EU", Daily Express, 28 June 2016.
298. ↑ "Press freedom a loser in Viktor Orbán's winner-take-all Hungary". 2 December 2011. https://freedomhouse.org/blog/press-freedom-loser-viktor-orbán’s-winner-take-all-hungary.
299. ↑ Bayer, Lili (24 September 2020). "How Orbán broke the EU — and got away with it". Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/how-viktor-orban-broke-the-eu-and-got-away-with-it-hungary-rule-of-law/.
300. ↑ Bayer, Lili (23 June 2021). "It's Hungary vs. Everyone after attacks on LGBTQ+ rights". Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/its-hungary-vs-everyone-after-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights-euro-2020-viktor-orban/.
301. ↑ Hakim, Danny (3 April 2014). "A village stadium is a symbol of power for Hungary's premier". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/04/business/international/the-village-stadium-a-symbol-of-power-for-hungarys-premier.html.
302. ↑ "Orbán bárkája" (in HU). https://www.kossuth.hu/adatlap/konyv/4860/orban-barkaja.
303. ↑ Krushel, Kenneth (6 October 2016). "Opinion: Biting the E.U. That Feeds Him" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/07/opinion/biting-the-eu-that-feeds-him.html.
304. ↑ 304.0 304.1 Buckley, Neil; Byrne, Andrew (21 December 2017). "Viktor Orban's oligarchs: a new elite emerges in Hungary". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/ecf6fb4e-d900-11e7-a039-c64b1c09b482.
305. ↑ Gebrekidan, Selam; Apuzzo, Matt; Novak, Benjamin (3 November 2019). "The Money Farmers: How Oligarchs and Populists Milk the E.U. for Millions" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/03/world/europe/eu-farm-subsidy-hungary.html.
306. ↑ "Orbán: van élet az EU-n kívül is". Új Szó. 1 February 2002. http://ujszo.com/cimkek/regi-online-kiadas/2002/02/01/orban-van-elet-az-eu-n-kivul-is.
307. ↑ "Orbán Viktor – Wikidézet" (in hu). https://hu.wikiquote.org/wiki/Orbán_Viktor#Id.C3.A9zetek.2C_1998_-_2001.
308. ↑ "Orbán már több mint húsz éve mondja hogy van élet az EU-n kívül is". Telex. 7 August 2021. https://telex.hu/belfold/2021/08/17/huxit-eu-magyarorszag-kilepes-orban-viktor.
309. ↑ Gergely, Andras (30 October 2015). "Orbán accuses Soros of stoking refugee wave to weaken Europe". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-30/orban-accuses-soros-of-stoking-refugee-wave-to-weaken-europe.
310. ↑ "Merkel, Orban clash over migration policy". Deutsche Welle. 7 May 2018. https://www.dw.com/en/merkel-orban-clash-over-eu-migration-policy/a-44546398.
311. ↑ "Viktor Orban Uses Migrant Crisis to Shore Up His Sagging Popularity" (in en). 2 March 2016. https://www.piie.com/commentary/op-eds/viktor-orban-uses-migrant-crisis-shore-his-sagging-popularity.
312. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (18 September 2015). ""Like animals:" why Hungary is herding refugees into miserable detention camps" (in en). https://www.vox.com/2015/9/18/9349081/syrian-refugees-hungary-viktor-orban.
313. ↑ Thorpe, Nick (6 April 2018). "The man who thinks Europe has been invaded" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Viktor_Orban.
314. ↑ Higgins, Andrew (20 December 2015). "Hungary's Migrant Stance, Once Denounced, Gains Some Acceptance" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/21/world/europe/hungary-viktor-orban-migrant-crisis.html.
315. ↑ Baker, Luke (10 July 2017). "Israel backs Hungary, says financier Soros is a threat". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-hungary-soros-idUSKBN19V1J4.
316. ↑ Gorondi, Pablo (3 April 2017). "Hungary: Parliament to rush bill targeting Soros school". Associated Press. http://staging.hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_HUNGARY_SOROS_UNIVERSITY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2017-03-29-10-31-03.
317. ↑ Witte, Griff (17 March 2018). "Once-fringe Soros conspiracy theory takes center stage in Hungarian election". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/once-fringe-soros-conspiracy-theory-takes-center-stage-in-hungarian-election/2018/03/17/f0a1d5ae-2601-11e8-a227-fd2b009466bc_story.html.
318. ↑ Herszenhorn, David M. (27 April 2017). "Hungary's Freudian political fight: Orbán vs Soros". https://www.politico.eu/article/hungarys-freudian-political-fight-orban-vs-soros.
319. ↑ Walker, Shaun (22 June 2017). "'A useful punching bag': why Hungary's Viktor Orbán has turned on George Soros". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/22/hungary-viktor-orban-george-soros.
320. ↑ Echikson, William (13 May 2019). "Viktor Orbán's anti-Semitism problem" (in en). https://www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-anti-semitism-problem-hungary-jews/.
321. ↑ Forman, Ira (20 July 2022). "Viktor Orban's antisemitism and those who enable it – opinion" (in en-US). https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-712649.
322. ↑ "Holocaust survivors condemn race remarks by Hungary's Orban" (in en). 27 July 2022. https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220727-holocaust-survivors-condemn-race-remarks-by-hungary-s-orban.
323. ↑ Kovacs, Zoltan (24 July 2022). "Hungary's Viktor Orbán is not antisemitic – opinion" (in en-US). https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-712948.
324. ↑ Grósz, Andor (17 April 2018). "Memorial Day of the Hungarian Victims of the Holocaust" (in en). https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/news-archive/memorial-day-hungarian-victims-holocaust.
325. ↑ Suleiman, Susan Rubin (19 February 2020). "Jewish Nobel Laureate Imre Kertész Is Dumped From the Hungarian Curriculum". https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/holocaust-hungary-viktor-orban.
326. ↑ Forman, Ira (14 December 2018). "Viktor Orbán Is Exploiting Anti-Semitism" (in en). https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/viktor-orban-and-anti-semitic-figyelo-cover/578158/.
327. ↑ Dunai, Marton (22 January 2014). "Hungary PM defends contested monument to Nazi victims" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-holocaust-german-memorial-idUSBREA0L1H820140122.
328. ↑ Hopkins, Valerie (5 June 2020). "Viktor Orban keeps Trianon treaty bitterness alive, 100 years on". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/6b785393-bdf8-4974-a17c-4017445fca1b.
329. ↑ "Hungary's illiberal leader wins a fourth term". Financial Times. 4 April 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/6f0ffd2e-8dd0-4d77-95be-296da6c4dc58.
330. ↑ "Orban's largesse wins over Romania's Hungarians". France 24. 15 March 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210315-orban-s-largesse-wins-over-romania-s-hungarians.
331. ↑ "'Nazi' talk: Orbán adviser trashes 'mixed race' speech in dramatic exit" (in en-US). 26 July 2022. https://www.politico.eu/article/nazi-talk-orban-adviser-trashe-mix-race-speech-dramatic-exit/.
332. ↑ Khrushcheva, Nina L. (10 August 2022). "Far-right populists come out of the racist closet" (in en-US). https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2022/08/10/commentary/world-commentary/far-right-populism-gains/.
333. ↑ "Speech by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán at the 31st Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp – miniszterelnok.hu". https://miniszterelnok.hu/speech-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-at-the-31st-balvanyos-summer-free-university-and-student-camp/.
334. ↑ "Viktor Orbán adviser resigns after Hungarian premier's 'mixed race' speech". Financial Times. 27 July 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/0a47ae01-5ca2-44c0-bcde-701c7cf90258.
335. ↑ András, Sánta (29 July 2022). "Távozik Hegedüs Zsuzsa, de írt egy újabb levelet, mert örül Orbán bécsi nyilatkozatának" (in hu). https://index.hu/belfold/2022/07/29/hegedus-zsuzsa-szociologus-tanacsado-orban-viktor-tusvanyos-rasszizmus/.
336. ↑ 336.0 336.1 Woolley, John (4 August 2022). "Hungarian leader Viktor Orbán declares at CPAC that "a Christian politician cannot be racist"" (in en-US). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/viktor-orban-christian-politician-racist-cpac/.
337. ↑ "Hungary's Viktor Orban fires up Texas conservatives". BBC News. 5 August 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62431415.
338. ↑ "Orbán Viktor" (in hu). 31 December 2022. http://orbanviktor.hu/csalad.
339. ↑ "Viktor Orbán's son-in-law awarded billions in state and local contracts" (in en). 22 December 2014. https://budapestbeacon.com/viktor-orbans-son-in-law-awarded-billions-in-state-and-local-contracts/.
340. ↑ "Orbán Gáspár játszott az NB I-ben" (in hu). Blikk. 8 March 2014. http://www.blikk.hu/blikk_sport/orban-gaspar-jatszott-az-nb-i-ben-2241129.
341. ↑ Kalan, Dariusz (30 October 2019). "How Viktor Orbán's son found God instead of politics". https://www.ozy.com/news-and-politics/how-viktor-orbans-son-found-god-instead-of-politics/97175/.
342. ↑ István, Sebestyén. "Orbán hite" (in hu). Hetek. http://hetek.hu/belfold/200702/orban_hite.
343. ↑ Chotiner, Isaac (10 August 2021). "Why Conservatives Around the World Have Embraced Hungary's Viktor Orbán". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/why-conservatives-around-the-world-have-embraced-hungarys-viktor-orban. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
344. ↑ Adam, Christopher (6 November 2017). "A Portrait of Viktor Orbán's Son as a Healer and Pentecostal Preacher". https://hungarianfreepress.com/2017/11/06/a-portrait-of-viktor-orbans-son-as-a-healer-and-pentecostal-preacher/.
345. ↑ 345.0 345.1 Goldblatt, David; Nolan, Daniel (11 January 2018). "Viktor Orbán's reckless football obsession". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jan/11/viktor-orban-hungary-prime-minister-reckless-football-obsession.
346. ↑ Orbán lenne a felcsúti focimese hőse, Origo; accessed 12 April 2018. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
347. ↑ Nolan, Dan (20 June 2024). "The awkward questions behind Hungary's football revival". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cekk4zp5rg8o.
348. ↑ Puskas Academy, Vidi.hu; accessed 12 April 2018. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
349. ↑ Foster, Peter (7 October 2016). "A village fit for a king: How Viktor Orban had a football stadium and a railway built on his doorstep". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/07/a-village-fit-for-a-king-how-viktor-orban-had-a-football-stadium.
350. ↑ "NB II: Orbán fia őrült meccsen debütált, a Fradi Dragónerrel ikszelt – eredmények". http://www.pepsifoci.hu/node/77080.
351. ↑ Sepp Blatter az Akadémián, Puskás Akadémia official website; accessed 17 June 2018. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
352. ↑ Szegény Dzsoni és Árnika (1983), IMDb; accessed 17 June 2018.
353. ↑ Kurtic, Azem (3 April 2024). "Bosnian Serbs 'Honoured' to Present Orban With Entity's Top Award". https://balkaninsight.com/2024/04/03/bosnian-serbs-honoured-to-present-orban-with-entitys-top-award/.
354. ↑ 354.0 354.1 354.2 354.3 354.4 "Viktor Orbán". https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=5d607048-a3d3-8ed7-93bd-23c2ae9d71de&groupId=252038.
355. ↑ "Tízmillió magyar sikere a francia nagykereszt" (in hu). 14 December 2001. https://magyarnemzet.hu/archivum-archivum/2001/12/tizmillio-magyar-sikere-a-francia-nagykereszt.
356. ↑ "The Head of State awarded Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban with the Order Dostyk of I degree". 2 November 2023. https://www.akorda.kz/en/1-2104619.
357. ↑ "Apdovanotų asmenų duomenų bazė" (in lt). https://www.lrp.lt/lt/veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanotu-asmenu-duomenu-baze/27252?sqid=f26890f4b6dc19e9b3a19d576b01035fd80a5605.
358. ↑ Marusic, Sinisa Jakov (6 December 2013). "Hungarian PM Gets Macedonia's Top Award". https://balkaninsight.com/2013/12/06/macedonia-decorates-hungary-s-scandalous-prime-minister/.
359. ↑ "Hungarian PM Orbán awarded highest state honour of Serbia". 16 September 2022. https://telex.hu/english/2022/09/16/hungarian-pm-orban-awarded-highest-state-honour-of-serbia.
360. ↑ "Head of Armenian Catholic Church Decorates Viktor Orbán". 2 November 2022. https://hungarytoday.hu/head-of-armenian-catholic-church-decorates-viktor-orban/.
361. ↑ Mercédesz, Hetzmann (2 June 2023). "PM Viktor Orbán receives Russian Order of Glory and Honour". https://dailynewshungary.com/pm-viktor-orban-receives-russian-order-of-glory-and-honour/.
362. ↑ Bene, Barbara (5 September 2022). "Serbian Orthodox Patriarch Presents Award to Viktor Orbán". https://hungarytoday.hu/serbian-orthodox-patriarch-presents-award-to-viktor-orban/.
363. ↑ 363.0 363.1 363.2 "Viktor Orbán". http://www.sciforum.hu/previous-fora/2003/programme/viktor-orban.html.
364. ↑ "Orbán Address at Receiving Freedom Award". 1 May 2001. https://www.aei.org/research-products/speech/orban-address-at-receiving-freedom-award/.
365. ↑ "Szent István-díj Orbán Viktornak". 1 October 2002. https://www.magyarkurir.hu/hirek/szent-istvan-dij-orban-viktornak/.
366. ↑ "Tőkés-díjjal tüntették ki Orbán Viktort" (in hu). 2003. https://index.hu/belfold/hirek/136358/.
367. ↑ "Esztergom díszpolgára lett Orbán Viktor és Paskai László" (in hu). 21 January 2009. https://www.blikk.hu/aktualis/esztergom-diszpolgara-lett-orban-viktor-es-paskai-laszlo/xqbdj36.
368. ↑ "World No Tobacco Day 2013 awards - the winners". 27 May 2013. https://www.who.int/news/item/27-05-2013-world-no-tobacco-day-2013-awards
the-winners.
369. ↑ "Ludzie Roku 2013 "Gazety Polskiej": Viktor Orbán i Krzysztof Szwagrzyk" (in pl). 1 January 2014. https://niezalezna.pl/polska/50139-ludzie-roku-2013-gazety-polskiej-viktor-orbn-i-krzysztof-szwagrzyk/50139.
370. ↑ "The 28 People From 28 Countries Who Are Shaping, Shaking And Stirring Europe: Class Of 2016". 2 December 2015. https://www.politico.eu/list/politico-28/.
371. ↑ "Viktor Orban został Człowiekiem Roku Forum Ekonomicznego w Krynicy" (in pl). 6 September 2016. https://www.radiokrakow.pl/aktualnosci/viktor-orban-czlowiekiem-roku-forum-ekonomicznego-w-krynicy.
372. ↑ Csurka, Gergely (24 July 2017). "FINA Order for Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban". https://www.worldaquatics.com/news/1910092/fina-order-for-hungarian-prime-minister-viktor-orban.
373. ↑ "Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban awarded golden Order of "My Azerbaijan" international magazine". 23 February 2022. https://azertag.az/en/xeber/hungarian_prime_minister_viktor_orban_awarded_golden_order_of_my_azerbaijan_international_magazine-2025563.
374. ↑ "The Eleventh Summit of the Organization of Turkic States convened in Bishkek | News". https://www.turkicstates.org/en/haberler/the-eleventh-summit-of-the-organization-of-turkic-states-convened-in-bishkek_3475.
375. ↑ Knopf, Terry Ann (March 2002). "Tufts awards honorary degree to Hungarian prime minister". https://tuftsjournal.tufts.edu/archive/2002/march/briefs/index.shtml.
376. ↑ "Hungarian Prime Minister Orbán Visits Josai". 21 November 2013. https://www.josai.jp/en/news/2013/20131121_e.html.
377. ↑ "Orbán a Marmara Egyetem díszdoktora lett" (in hu). 18 December 2013. https://hvg.hu/vilag/20131218_Orban_a_Marmara_Egyetem_diszdoktora_lett.

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## Bibliography

* Bell, Imogen (2003). Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004. Routledge. ISBN 978-1857431865.
* Debreczeni, József (2002) (in hu), Orbán Viktor, Budapest: Osiris
* Fabry, Adam (2019). "Neoliberalism, crisis and authoritarian – ethnicist reaction: The ascendancy of the Orbán regime". Competition & Change 23 (2): 165–191. doi:10.1177/1024529418813834.
* Kenney, Padraic (2002). A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05028-7.
* Lendvai, Paul (2017). Orbán: Hungary's Strongman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190874865.
* Martens, Wilfried (2009). Europe: I Struggle, I Overcome. Springer. ISBN 978-3540892885.
* Metz, Rudolf, and Daniel Oross. "Strong Personalities’ Impact on Hungarian Party Politics: Viktor Orbán and Gábor Vona." in Party Leaders in Eastern Europe (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 145–170. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32025-6_7
* Rydliński, Bartosz. "Viktor Orbán–First among Illiberals? Hungarian and Polish Steps towards Populist Democracy." Online Journal Modelling the New Europe 26 (2018): 95–107. online
* Szikra D. "Democracy and welfare in hard times: the social policy of the Orban Government in Hungary between 2010 and 2014" Journal of European Social Policy (2014) 24(5): 486–500.
* Szilágyi, Anna, and András Bozóki. "Playing it again in post-communism: the revolutionary rhetoric of Viktor Orbán in Hungary." Advances in the History of Rhetoric 18.sup1 (2015): S153–S166. online
* Toomey, Michael (2018). "History, nationalism and democracy: myth and narrative in Viktor Orbán's 'illiberal Hungary'". New Perspectives. Interdisciplinary Journal of Central & East European Politics and International Relations 26 (1): 87–108. doi:10.1177/2336825X1802600110.

## Further reading

* Hollós, János – Kondor, Katalin: Szerda reggel – Rádiós beszélgetések Orbán Viktor miniszterelnökkel, 1998. szeptember – 2000. December; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Hollós, János – Kondor, Katalin: Szerda reggel – Rádiós beszélgetések Orbán Viktor miniszterelnökkel, 2001–2002; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* A történelem főutcáján – Magyarország 1998–2002, Orbán Viktor miniszterelnök beszédei és beszédrészletei, Magyar Egyetemi Kiadó; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* 20 év – Beszédek, írások, interjúk, 1986–2006, Heti Válasz Kiadó, Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Egy az ország. Helikon Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2007. (translated into Polish as Ojczyzna jest jedna in 2009).
* Rengéshullámok. Helikon Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2010.
* Janke, Igor: Hajrá, magyarok! – Az Orbán Viktor-sztori egy lengyel újságíró szemével Rézbong Kiadó, 2013. (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".).

## External links

* Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* News from the BBC (2002)
* Hungarian PM puts football first – BBC
* Orbán in 1989 – YouTube Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Political offices

Preceded by
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  Prime Minister of Hungary
1998–2002  | Succeeded by
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Preceded by
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  Prime Minister of Hungary
2010–present  | Incumbent
Party political offices
New title |  President of Fidesz
1993–2000  | Succeeded by
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
Preceded by
Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". |  President of Fidesz
2003–present  | Incumbent

Template:Viktor Orbán Template:Navboxes top Template:Prime Ministers of Hungary Template:Cabinet of Hungary Template:Fourth Orbán Government Template:Conservatism Template:NATO leaders Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Template:Current heads of government Template:Navboxes bottom

Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biography:Viktor_Orbán&oldid=4268643"
*[m.]: married