Walter Baade

Born| (1893-03-24)March 24, 1893

Schröttinghausen, German Empire

Died| June 25, 1960(1960-06-25) (aged 67)

Göttingen, West Germany

Citizenship| German
Alma mater| University of Göttingen
Known for| Coined the term "supernova" and "neutron star" with Fritz Zwicky
Awards| Bruce Medal 1955
Scientific career
Fields| Astronomy
Institutions| Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory, Mt. Wilson, Palomar Observatory
Doctoral students| Halton Arp
Allan Sandage

Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade (March 24, 1893 – June 25, 1960) was a German astronomer who worked in the United States from 1931 to 1959.

## Contents

* 1 Early life and education
* 2 Career
* 3 Personal life
* 4 Honors
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links
* 8.1 Obituaries

## Early life and education

Baade was born the son of a teacher in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. He finished school in 1912. He then studied maths, physics and astronomy at the universities of Münster and Göttingen. He received his PhD in 1919.[1]

## Career

Baade worked at Hamburg Observatory at Bergedorf from 1919 to 1931.[1] In 1920 he discovered 944 Hidalgo, the first of a class of minor planets now called Centaurs which cross the orbits of giant planets.

From 1931 to 1958, he worked at Mount Wilson Observatory in Los Angeles, California.[2]

In 1937, the University of Hamburg wanted Baade as successor of Richard Schorr for the Hamburg Observatory, but he refused.[3]

During World War II, while working at Mount Wilson Observatory, Baade took advantage of wartime blackout conditions (which reduced light pollution), to resolve stars in the center of the Andromeda Galaxy for the first time. These observations led him to define distinct "populations" for stars (Population I and Population II). The same observations led him to discover that there are two types of Cepheid variable stars. Using this discovery he recalculated the size of the known universe, doubling the previous calculation made by Edwin Hubble in 1929.[4][5][6] He announced this finding to considerable astonishment at the 1952 meeting of the International Astronomical Union in Rome.

Together with Fritz Zwicky, he identified supernovae as a new category of astronomical objects.[7][8] Zwicky and he also proposed the existence of neutron stars, and suggested supernovae might create them.[9]

Beginning in 1952, he and Rudolph Minkowski identified the optical counterparts of various radio sources,[10] including Cygnus A. He discovered 10 asteroids, including 944 Hidalgo, which has a long orbital period (it is actually the first centaur ever discovered, although they were not recognized as a distinct dynamical class until 1977); the Apollo-class 1566 Icarus, the perihelion of which is closer than that of Mercury; and the Amor-type 1036 Ganymed.

## Personal life

He died in 1960 in Göttingen, West Germany.

## Honors

Asteroids discovered: 10[11] 930 Westphalia | March 10, 1920

|

934 Thüringia | August 15, 1920
944 Hidalgo | October 31, 1920
966 Muschi | November 9, 1921
967 Helionape | November 9, 1921
1036 Ganymed | October 23, 1924
1103 Sequoia | November 9, 1928
1566 Icarus | June 27, 1949
5656 Oldfield | October 8, 1920
7448 Pöllath | January 14, 1948

Awards

* Foreign membership of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1953)[12]
* Elected Member of the American Philosophical Society (1953).[13]
* Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1954)
* Bruce Medal (1955)
* Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society (1958)

Named after him

* Asteroid 1501 Baade
* The crater Baade on the Moon
* Vallis Baade, a vallis (valley) on the Moon
* One of the two Magellan telescopes
* The asteroid 966 Muschi, after his wife's nickname

## See also

* Baade's Window, an observational area he identified in the 1940s as being relatively free of dust that presents a view of the Galactic Center in Sagittarius
* Baade's Star, now known as the Crab Pulsar, was first identified as being directly associated with the Crab Nebula by him.
* Baade-Wesselink method, a method for determining the distance of a Cepheid variable star

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Osterbrock, D. E. (Sep 2002). "Walter Baade, Dynamical Astronomer at Goettingen, Hamburg, Mount Wilson, and Palomar Observatories". AAS/Division of Dynamical Astronomy Meeting #33 (Harvard Univ) 33: 10.03. Bibcode: 2002DDA....33.1003O.
2. ↑ "1955 Brude Medalist". Sonoma State University. http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Baade/.
3. ↑ Hentschel, Klaus; Renneberg, Monika (1995). "Eine akademische Karriere. Der Astronom Otto Heckmann im Dritten Reich.". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 43 (4): 581–610. Bibcode: 1995VifZe..43..581H. https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1995_4.pdf.
4. ↑ Baade W (1944) The resolution of Messier 32, NGC 205, and the central region of the Andromeda nebula. ApJ 100 137-146
5. ↑ Baade W (1956) The period-luminosity relation of the Cepheids. PASP 68 5-16
6. ↑ Allen, Nick. "Section 2: The Great Debate and the Great Mistake: Shapley, Hubble, Baade". The Cepheid Distance Scale: A History. http://www.institute-of-brilliant-failures.com/section2.htm.
7. ↑ W. Baade, F. Zwicky, 1934, "On Super-Novae ". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 254-259.
8. ↑ Donald E. Osterbrock, Walter Baade – A Life in Astrophysics, Princeton und Oxford: Princeton University Press 2001. ISBN 0-691-04936-X.
9. ↑ Osterbrock, D. E. (2001). "Who Really Coined the Word Supernova? Who First Predicted Neutron Stars?". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 33: 1330. Bibcode: 2001AAS...199.1501O.
10. ↑ Baade, W. and Minkowski, R., 1954. Identification of the Radio Sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus A, and Puppis A. Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 119, p. 206-214 (January 1954) ADS: 1954ApJ...119..206B
11. ↑ "Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)". Minor Planet Center. 4 September 2016. http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html.
12. ↑ "Walter H.W. Baade (1893 - 1960)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000146.
13. ↑ "APS Member History". https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Walter+Baade&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced.

## Further reading

* Osterbrock, Donald E (2001-10-14). Walter Baade: A Life in Astrophysics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04936-X. https://archive.org/details/walterbaadelifei00oste.
* Dieke, Sally H. (1970). "Baade, Wilhelm Heinrich Walter". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 352–354. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.

## External links

* Bruce Medal page
* Awarding of Bruce Medal
* Awarding of RAS gold medal

### Obituaries

* JRASC 55 (1961) 113
* MitAG 14 (1961) 5
* QJRAS 2 (1961) 118

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