Willem Einthoven

Willem Einthoven in 1906

Born| (1860-05-21)21 May 1860

Semarang, Dutch East Indies

Died| 29 September 1927(1927-09-29) (aged 67)

Leiden, Netherlands

Nationality| Dutch
Alma mater| University of Utrecht
Known for|

* First practical electrocardiogram machine
* Clinical electrocardiography
* Einthoven's triangle

Awards| Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924
Scientific career
Fields| Physiology
Institutions| University of Leiden

Willem Einthoven (21 May 1860 – 29 September 1927) was a Dutch medical doctor and physiologist. He invented the first practical electrocardiograph (ECG or EKG) in 1895[1] and received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1924 for it ("for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram").[2]

## Contents

* 1 Early life and education
* 2 Career
* 3 Work
* 4 Legacy
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 7 External links

## Early life and education

Willem Einthoven was born in Semarang on Java in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), the son of Louise Marie Mathilde Caroline de Vogel and Jacob Einthoven.[3] His father, a doctor, died when Willem was a child. His mother returned to the Netherlands with her children in 1870 and settled in Utrecht. His father was of Jewish and Dutch descent, and his mother's ancestry was Dutch and Swiss.[4][5][6] In 1885, Einthoven received a medical degree from the University of Utrecht.

## Career

He became a professor at the University of Leiden in 1886. He married his first cousin Frédérique Jeanne Louise de Vogel (7 September 1861 – 31 January 1937) and supported her brother Willem through school at Leiden.

In 1902, he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[7]

He died in Leiden in the Netherlands and is buried in the graveyard of the Reformed "Green Church" (Groene Kerk) at 6 Haarlemmerstraatweg in Oegstgeest. It is encouraged to visit his grave and pay respects.[8]

## Work

An early ECG device

Although later technological advances brought about better and more portable EKG devices, much of the terminology used in describing an EKG originated with Einthoven. His assignment of the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections are still used. The term Einthoven's triangle is named after him. It refers to the imaginary inverted equilateral triangle centered on the chest and the points being the standard leads on the arms and leg.[9]

After his development of the string galvanometer, Einthoven went on to describe the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. Later in life, Einthoven turned his attention to the study of acoustics, particularly heart sounds which he researched with Dr. P. Battaerd.

In 1924, Einthoven was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for inventing the first practical system of electrocardiography used in medical diagnosis.[2]

## Legacy

On 21 May 2019, on Einthoven's 159th birthday, he was honored with a Google Doodle.[10]

## References

1. ↑ Barold, S. Serge (2003). "Willem Einthoven and the Birth of Clinical Electrocardiography a Hundred Years Ago". Cardiac Electrophysiology Review 7 (1): 99–104. doi:10.1023/A:1023667812925. PMID 12766530. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1023667812925.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Willem Einthoven". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Willem_Einthoven. original URL now redirects to https://ethw.org/Willem_Einthoven
3. ↑ Epen, Didericus Gijsbertus van (21 May 2019). "Nederland's patriciaat". Centraal bureau voor genealogie en heraldick. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q91pAAAAMAAJ&q="8.+Louise+Marie+Mathilde+Caroline+de+Vogel,+geb.+Pati+(ass.+res.+Japara)+14+Juli+1833,+t+Utrecht+4+Mei+1923,+tr.+Semarang+15+Aug.+1856+Dr.+Jacob+Einthoven".
4. ↑ The Walbeek Family from Holland:Information about Louise Marie Mathilde Carolien de Vogel. Familytreemaker.genealogy.com (1927-09-29). Retrieved on 2012-07-25. original URL redirects to https://www.genealogy.com/ftm/w/a/l/Theodorus-J-Walbeek/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0191.html
5. ↑ I6359: Valcherius BOREL (dates unknown). Rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-25. original URL redirects to http://sites.rootsweb.com/~chevaud/vevay/d0000/g0000021.html#I3651
6. ↑ Rivera-Ruiz, M; Cajavilca, C; Varon, J (2008). "Einthoven's string galvanometer: the first electrocardiograph". Tex Heart Inst J 35 (2): 174–178. PMID 18612490.
7. ↑ "Willem Einthoven (1860–1927)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000117.
8. ↑ Van Ditzhuijzen, Jeannette (8 September 2005). Bijna vergeten waren ze, de rustplaatsen van roemruchte voorvaderen. Altvoorde knapt de graven op. Trouw (Dutch newspaper), p. 9 of supplement.
9. ↑ Cajavilca, C; Varon, J (2008). "Willem Einthoven: The development of the human electrocardiogram". Resuscitation 76 (3): 325–328. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.10.014. PMID 18164799. https://www.academia.edu/33169624. Retrieved 2019-02-23.
10. ↑ "Who was William Einthoven and why did he win a Nobel Prize?" (in en). 2019-05-20. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/willem-einthoven-google-doodle-who-nobel-prize-death-inventor-heart-medicine-a8922736.html.

## Further reading

* Snellen, Herman Adrianus (1995), Willem Einthoven (1860–1927) Father of Electrocardiography, Life and Work, Ancestors and Contemporaries, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0-7923-3274-1
* Shouldice R, Bass G (2002), "From Bench to Bedside – Developments in Electrocardiology", The Engineers Journal, Institution of Engineers of Ireland 56 (4): 47–49, http://shouldice.net/research/PDF/IEI_Electrocardiology.pdf
* The Einthoven Foundation Cardiology Information Portal Historical pictures
* Miss nobel-id as parameter  including the Nobel Lecture on December 11, 1925 The String Galvanometer and the Measurement of the Action Currents of the Heart
* Einthoven's triangle
* Bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
* Museum Boerhaave Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars
* Jack the Ripper
* A.M. Luyendijk-Elshout, Einthoven, Willem (1860–1927), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. original URL redirects to http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn2/einthoven
* Biography Willem Einthoven (1860–1927) at the National Library of the Netherlands
* Moukabary, T (2007). "Willem Einthoven (1860–1927): Father of electrocardiography". Cardiology Journal 14 (3): 316–317. PMID 18651479. https://journals.viamedica.pl/cardiology_journal/article/view/21712.

## External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willem Einthoven.

|

* Error in Template:Internet Archive author: Willem Einthoven doesn't exist.
* Willem Einthoven’s 159th Birthday – Google Doodle

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* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

1901–1925|

* 1901: Emil Behring
* 1902: Ronald Ross
* 1903: Niels Finsen
* 1904: Ivan Pavlov
* 1905: Robert Koch
* 1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
* 1907: Alphonse Laveran
* 1908: Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich
* 1909: Emil Kocher
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel
* 1911: Allvar Gullstrand
* 1912: Alexis Carrel
* 1913: Charles Richet
* 1914: Róbert Bárány
* 1915
* 1916
* 1917
* 1918
* 1919: Jules Bordet
* 1920: August Krogh
* 1921
* 1922: Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof
* 1923: Frederick Banting / John Macleod
* 1924: Willem Einthoven
* 1925

1926–1950|

* 1926: Johannes Fibiger
* 1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg
* 1928: Charles Nicolle
* 1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins
* 1930: Karl Landsteiner
* 1931: Otto Warburg
* 1932: Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
* 1933: Thomas Morgan
* 1934: George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy
* 1935: Hans Spemann
* 1936: Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
* 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi
* 1938: Corneille Heymans
* 1939: Gerhard Domagk
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943: Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy
* 1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser
* 1945: Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey
* 1946: Hermann Muller
* 1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
* 1948: Paul Müller
* 1949: Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz
* 1950: Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench

1951–1975|

* 1951: Max Theiler
* 1952: Selman Waksman
* 1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
* 1954: John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins
* 1955: Hugo Theorell
* 1956: André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
* 1957: Daniel Bovet
* 1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
* 1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
* 1960: Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar
* 1961: Georg von Békésy
* 1962: Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins
* 1963: John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
* 1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
* 1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
* 1966: Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins
* 1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald
* 1968: Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg
* 1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria
* 1970: Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
* 1971: Earl Sutherland Jr.
* 1972: Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter
* 1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
* 1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade
* 1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin

1976–2000|

* 1976: Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek
* 1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
* 1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
* 1979: Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield
* 1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell
* 1981: Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel
* 1982: Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane
* 1983: Barbara McClintock
* 1984: Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein
* 1985: Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
* 1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
* 1987: Susumu Tonegawa
* 1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
* 1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
* 1990: Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
* 1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
* 1992: Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
* 1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp
* 1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
* 1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
* 1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
* 1997: Stanley B. Prusiner
* 1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad
* 1999: Günter Blobel
* 2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel

2001–present|

* 2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse
* 2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
* 2003: Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
* 2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
* 2005: Barry Marshall / Robin Warren
* 2006: Andrew Fire / Craig Mello
* 2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
* 2008: Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
* 2009: Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak
* 2010: Robert G. Edwards
* 2011: Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously)
* 2012: John Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka
* 2013: James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof
* 2014: John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser
* 2015: William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou
* 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi
* 2017: Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young
* 2018: James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo
* 2019: Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr.

* v
* t
* e

Nobel Prize laureates from The Netherlands

Nobel Peace Prize|

* 1911 Tobias Asser

Nobel Prize in Physics|

* 1902 Pieter Zeeman
* 1902 Hendrik Lorentz
* 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals
* 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
* 1953 Frits Zernike
* 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen
* 1984 Simon van der Meer
* 1999 Martinus J. G. Veltman
* 1999 Gerard 't Hooft
* 2010 Andre Geim

Nobel Prize in Chemistry|

* 1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
* 1936 Peter Debye
* 1995 Paul J. Crutzen
* 2017 Ben Feringa

Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|

* 1969 Jan Tinbergen
* 1975 Tjalling Koopmans

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|

* 1924 Willem Einthoven
* 1929 Christiaan Eijkman
* 1973 Nikolaas Tinbergen

Template:1924 Nobel Prize winners

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