Asteroideae

Asteroideae is a subfamily of the plant family Asteraceae. It contains about 70% of the species of the family.[1] It consists of several tribes, including Astereae, Calenduleae, Eupatorieae, Gnaphalieae, Heliantheae, Senecioneae and Tageteae. Asteroideae contains plants found all over the world, many of which are shrubby. There are about 1,135 genera and 17,200 species within this subfamily; the largest genera by number of species are Helichrysum (500–600) and Artemisia (550).

Asteroideae is said to date back to approximately 46–36.5 million years ago.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Common characteristics
* 2 Taxonomy
* 3 Phylogenetic Tree
* 4 Uses
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Common characteristics

This family will often have radiate style heads but some could have discoid or disciform. They contain ray florets that are three lobed and are also considered perfect flower implying that it is bisexual. Many contain stigmatic surfaces that are separated by two marginal bands and terminal sterile appendages with sweeping hairs.[3]

## Taxonomy

The subfamily is composed of 21 tribes. From 2004 they were grouped into three supertribes: Senecionodae, Asterodae, and Helianthodae.[1][4][5] A phylogenetic study published in 2019 found that Asterodae was polyphyletic, and in 2024 Feng et al. placed tribes Anthemideae and Calenduleae in the supertribes Anthemidodae and Calendulodae, respectively.[6]

The five supertribes and 21 tribes are listed below. Tribe Senecioneae contains about 120 genera and more than 3,200 species that are found in more temperate areas.[7] Asterodae contains many economically important plants such as the common daisy and the asters. Supertribe Helianthodae, which is the largest of the three, containing 15 of the 21 tribes.[8]

* Anthemodae
* Anthemideae (including chrysanthemums)
* Asterodae
* Astereae (including asters and the common daisy)
* Gnaphalieae
* Calendulodae
* Calenduleae (including calendulas)
* Helianthodae (Ambrosiodae per Feng et al.)
* Athroismeae
* Bahieae
* Chaenactideae
* Coreopsideae (including cosmos and dahlias)
* Eupatorieae
* Feddeeae
* Helenieae (including gaillardias)
* Heliantheae (Ambrosieae per Feng et al.; including sunflowers and zinnias)
* Inuleae (including Plucheeae)[9]
* Madieae
* Millerieae
* Neurolaeneae
* Perityleae
* Polymnieae
* Tageteae (including marigolds)

* Senecionodae
* Senecioneae (Doronicum is sometimes placed in a separate tribe Doroniceae[10])

## Phylogenetic Tree

Asteroideae while being a subfamily to the plant family Asteraceae has a very complicated phylogenetic tree with many scientists believing that it is similarly related to different plant families. While there still needs to be more research done to truly identify a phylogenetic tree the most recent discovery pointer to the closest common ancestor is the tribe Anthemideae.[11]

## Uses

The subfamily Asteroideae has many genera within the tribes that have economic uses. Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke), Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Guizotia abyssinica (niger seed) are all used as oil seed crops. Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon) is used as a culinary herb and Parthenium argentatum (guayule) is a rubber source. Some of the other genera are used as ornamentals; those are Dendranthema spp. (chrysanthemum), Callistephus, Cosmos, Tagetes (marigold), and many others.[12] Asteroideae is also a good source of food for land mammals such as rabbits, deer, racoons, chipmunks, squirrels, and other grazing animals.[13]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Asteraceae, Tree of Life Web Project
2. ↑ Huang, C. -H; Zhang, C; Liu, M; Hu, Y; Gao, T; Qi, J; Ma, H (2016). "Multiple polyploidization events across Asteraceae with two nested events in the early history revealed by nuclear phylogenomics". Mol. Biol. Evol. 33 (11): 2820–2835. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw157. PMID 27604225.
3. ↑ Lindley, J., The Vegetable Kingdom
4. ↑ Robinson, Harold (2004). "New supertribes, Helianthodae and Senecionodae, for the subfamily Asteroideae (Asteraceae)". Phytologia 86 (86): 116–120. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.28428. ISSN 0031-9430. http://biostor.org/reference/63079. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
5. ↑ "Eupatorieae". p. 14. http://www.bio.utk.edu/schilling/Danielweb/Eupatorieae_chapter.pdf.
6. ↑ Feng, Z.-H., Huang, Z.-J., Sun, H.-N., & Liu, S. (2024). Meeting Necessity instead of Serendipity: Miscellaneous Nomenclatural Notes on Asteraceae. Phytotaxa, 644(2), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.644.2.4
7. ↑ Barkley, Theodore M.; Brouillet, Luc; Strother, John L., "Asteraceae tribe Senecioneae", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), 19, 20, and 21, New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=20544
8. ↑ Panero, J.L; Crozier, B.S.. "Asteraceae: Sunflowers, daisies". Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/Asteraceae.
9. ↑ Anderberg, A (2005), "Evolutionary relationships in the Asteraceae tribe Inuleae (incl. Plucheeae) evidenced by DNA sequences of F; with notes on the systematic positions of some aberrant genera", Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5 (2): 135–146, doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.015, Bibcode: 2005ODivE...5..135A
10. ↑ Fernandez, I (2001), "A Phylogenetic Analysis of Doronicum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) Based on Morphological, Nuclear Ribosomal (ITS), and Chloroplast (trnL-F) Evidence", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20 (1): 41–64, doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0954, PMID 11421647, Bibcode: 2001MolPE..20...41F
11. ↑ Erbar, Claudia (2020-03-26). "Pelucha trifida – a case study in Asteraceae-Asteroideae on the value of stylar characters analysed in detail". Plant Diversity and Evolution 132 (1): 57–86. doi:10.1127/pde/2019/0132-0089. ISSN 1869-6155. https://doi.org/10.1127/pde/2019/0132-0089.
12. ↑ Murrell, Z.E (2010). Vascular Plant Taxonomy. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.
13. ↑ "Terpenes and their biological relevance", Studies in Natural Products Chemistry (Elsevier): pp. 3–24, 1997, ISBN 978-0-444-50105-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1572-5995(97)80028-2, retrieved 2025-11-16

## External links

* Data related to Asteroideae at Wikispecies

Wikidata ☰ Q21004 entry

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