Biodesign

Biodesign is an interdisciplinary field uniting design principles with biological sciences, engineering, and emerging biotechnologies.[1][2] It focuses on the cooperation between living organisms (such as algae, bacteria, and fungi) to create architecture, materials, products, and systems. These components are sustainable, regenerative, and often adaptive to their environment.[1] Biodesign takes inspiration from nature, sometimes using biology as its medium. In which case, it designs with living organisms, mimics biological processes (biomimicry), or deals with biofabricated materials.[3] Different fields applying biodesign include architecture, fashion design, healthcare, industrial design, and materials science. One focus of biodesign is to drive regenerative and eco-conscious design solutions.[1]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Core principles
* 3 Applications
* 3.1 Architecture and urban design
* 3.2 Products and industrial design
* 3.3 Fashion and textiles
* 3.4 Material design
* 4 Ethical and societal considerations
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## History

Biodesign Institute

Biodesign originated in the early 20th century with innovations in natural system models. Advances in materials science showed living systems could integrate with the design process. During the 1990s, biotechnology became more popular. Janine Benyus helped spread the concept of biomimicry.[4] The field of synthetic biology, along with tissue engineering and biofabrication, allowed for more design avenues with living organisms. Algae, bacteria, and fungi were among these.[5][6]

A number of institutions chose biodesign as a formal discipline. Among them were Arizona State University, MIT Media Lab, Central Saint Martins and Biomimicry Institute.[7][8][9][10]

Biodesign expanded to comprise areas of philosophy, ecology and ethics. It has continued to evolve in response to global sustainability challenges.[1]

## Core principles

A guiding principle for biodesign is to include biological systems in sustainable and ethical ways. It uses living things and natural processes in creating regenerative and sustainable solutions.[1] Unlike more traditional designs using non-living materials, biodesign incorporates living or biologically derived components (such as algae, engineered bacteria, and mycelium). These materials introduce new dynamics to design processes by growing, responding to stimuli, or self-healing.[11][12]

* Sustainability: A central tenet of biodesign is environmentally responsible solutions. It seeks to reduce environmental impact and promote regenerative systems. To do so, it leverages biological processes and renewable materials.[13]
* Systems thinking: Biodesign considers how designed interventions interact with broader biological and environmental systems. A holistic view of ecosystems can encourage long-term thinking and responsible innovation.[13]
* Biomimicry: Biodesign takes inspiration from natural forms, processes, and systems when solving challenges.[11][14]
* Interdisciplinarity: Biodesign integrates fields such as architecture, biology, design, engineering, and material science. Through these collaborations, it is capable of more complex solutions.[13]
* Health: Biodesign seeks to benefit the well-being of both human and non-human life. It prioritizes creating non-toxic and biodegradable materials that are beneficial to ecosystems.[13]

## Applications

### Architecture and urban design

Termite nest

Biodesign introduces ecological processes, living systems, and organic materials to architecture. Some architects use biological materials for construction, façade systems, and insulation.[15] Some benefits of these materials are biodegradability, carbon sequestration, and temperature control. Mycelium bricks used in structures show waste streams and fungal growth can replace materials such as concrete or plastic.[16][17] As seen in the BIQ House in Hamburg, façades with living materials like microalgae bioreactors can reduce CO2.[18][19] Through biomimetics from termite mounds and coral growth, biodesign can inform architectural shape. It can also aid in the development of passive cooling and fluid ventilation.[20]

Urban design applies these ideas in moss walls to filter pollutants and biologically responsive surfaces.[21][22]

### Products and industrial design

Mycelium

Biodesign encourages a shift to growth and cultivation in product and industrial design. Designers use living organisms to create biodegradable, renewable, and responsive products. An example is the use of mycelium in acoustic panels, furniture, and packaging. Companies like Ecovative produce mycelium-based substitutes for Styrofoam. Other designers have developed mycelium helmets, lamps, and wall tiles.[23][24][25][26] Harvested from fermented bacteria, bacterial cellulose is used to produce leather-like sheets for accessories, bags, and biodegradable film.[27] In contrast to petroleum-based plastics, such materials are grown with lower energy and non-toxic waste.[28]

Some biodesigned products are alive, such as bioluminescent bacteria and algae-powered lamps or air-purifying decor with embedded moss.[29][30][31][32] This introduces new design parameters like growth, decay, and lifecycle. These elements are not present in traditional models of production. Biodesign moves away from it to a more circular, regenerative model.[1]

### Fashion and textiles

Bioluminescent algae

One of the most resource-consuming and polluting industries is traditional textile production. Some environmentally-focused designers seek alternatives within living materials and biologically inspired processes.[33][34] Microbial leather, cultured from bacterial cellulose in fermentation tanks, appears promising for this goal.[35] Suzanne Lee, a fashion designer, has shown how microbes can be used to create leather-like fabric without animals and tanning. Bacteria that create natural dyes, algae yarns, and lab-grown spider silk are studied in an effort to substitute petroleum-based textiles and synthetic dyes. These non-traditional materials need less energy, land, and water than traditional textiles.[36][37] An example of sustainable leather from mycelium is Ephea, produced by Sqim Company.[38][39]

Biodesign makes responsive and interactive clothing able to react to react to pH, temperature, or the wearer's movement.

Speculative designs include wearable bioluminescent organisms and clothes housing microalgae or bacteria.[40][41]

### Material design

Bacterial cellulose

At the center of biodesign, there is material design. It uses living systems and biological principles to create new forms of regenerative and sustainable materials.[42] Rather than processing raw materials through extractive or chemical means, biodesigners grow materials from microorganisms—even mammalian cells.[42] Mycelium composites are biodegradable, fire-resistant, and light in weight. They can be used in insulation, packaging, and structural components. Such products offer an alternative to foam and plastic.[43] Bio-based and biofabricated materials can be fabricated at room temperature in most cases, and they become active participants of ecological and technological systems, rather than static objects.[42]

Produced by fermentation, bacterial cellulose is another versatile material. It is biocompatible, strong, and transparent. Also being bioengineered are chitosan, gelatin, and silk proteins as hydrogels, coatings, and stimulus-responsive textiles.[28]

Of interest are algae-based materials due to them absorbing carbon dioxide as they grow. Bioplastics and algal-based foams can be used in disposable cutlery, shoe soles, and building panels.[44]

## Ethical and societal considerations

Biodesign involves the convergence of living systems, genetic technologies, and living organisms in design. Thusly, it raises ethical questions, such as about accountability, agency, the exploitation of life, and sustainability.[1] The modification and use of living organisms is an area of concern. While biodesign uses non-sentient organisms such as algae, some applications utilize animal or human cells.[45]

It provokes queries about boundaries of artificial and natural life, due to the engineering of organisms for functional purposes. An unintended ecological consequence might result. Concerns arise over whether to use life as a material of design or not, and how to regulate it. Its legislation lags behind other technological progress.[45]

Additional concerns are biosafety and biosecurity, as some genetically engineered organisms are used outside of controlled environments. A risk remains that a bioengineered substance can disrupt ecosystems if not contained and discarded in an appropriate way. As biodesign becomes more accessible to users, specifically with open-source software and community bio-labs, concerns of monitoring and accountability mount.[46]

Biodesign subverts aesthetical norms, since organic or decomposing matter can defy conventional ideas of cleanliness and usability. Such acceptance relies on public culture values and perception, especially on fields like fashion, food, or medicine.[42]

Biodesign can slow down environmental degradation and resource scarcity. Ethical biodesign works to do minimal harm and promote ecosystems and societies. To achieve its pinnacle would require ethicists, policymakers, and the general public for discussion and decision-making.[1]

## See also

* Biomimicry
* Eco design
* Mycelium
* Circular economy
* Cradle to cradle

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Kim, Raphael; Karana, Elvin; Zhou, Jiwei; Groutars, Eduard Georges. "Principles of biological design as a model for biodesign and biofabrication in architecture". DRS. doi:10.21606/drs.2022.942. https://dl.designresearchsociety.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3126&context=drs-conference-papers. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
2. ↑ Myers, William (2018). Bio Design: Nature, Science, Creativity. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500294390.
3. ↑ Ilieva, Lazaara; Isabella, Ursano (2022). "Biomimicry as a Sustainable Design Methodology—Introducing the 'Biomimicry for Sustainability' Framework". Biomimetics 7 (2): 37. doi:10.3390/biomimetics7020037. PMID 35466254. PMC 9036301. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359628119. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
4. ↑ Benyus, Janine (1997). Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. Mariner Books. pp. 320. ISBN 9780060533229. https://www.biomimicry.net/product/janine-book/. Retrieved 8 July 2025.
5. ↑ Crawford, Assia (2022). "Biodesign research in the Anthropocene". Creative Practice Inquiry in Architecture. pp. 218–229. doi:10.4324/9781003174295-28. ISBN 978-1-003-17429-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362311538. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
6. ↑ Gilbert, Charlie; Ellis, Tom (2019-01-18). "Biological Engineered Living Materials: Growing Functional Materials with Genetically Programmable Properties". ACS Synthetic Biology 8 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.8b00423. PMID 30576101. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.8b00423.
7. ↑ Biodesign Institute. "Biodesign Institute". https://biodesign.asu.edu/.
8. ↑ MA Biodesign (23 June 2025). "MA Biodesign". https://www.arts.ac.uk/subjects/textiles-and-materials/postgraduate/ma-biodesign-csm.
9. ↑ MIT Media Lab. "MIT Media Lab". https://www.media.mit.edu/.
10. ↑ Biomimicry Institute. "Biomimicry". https://biomimicry.org/.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Biomimicry Institute. "What is Biomimicry?". https://biomimicry.org/inspiration/what-is-biomimicry/.
12. ↑ Ertürkan, Hazal; Karana, Elvin; Mugge, Ruth (2022-06-25). "Is this alive? Towards a vocabulary for understanding and communicating living material experiences". DRS Biennial Conference Series. DRS2022: Bilbao. doi:10.21606/drs.2022.796. ISBN 978-1-912294-57-2. https://dl.designresearchsociety.org/drs-conference-papers/drs2022/researchpapers/304.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 House of Biodesign. "What is Biodesign ?". https://houseofbiodesign.com/.
14. ↑ Aziz, Moheb Sabry; El sherif, Amr Y. (2016-03-01). "Biomimicry as an approach for bio-inspired structure with the aid of computation". Alexandria Engineering Journal 55 (1): 707–714. doi:10.1016/j.aej.2015.10.015. ISSN 1110-0168. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016815001702.
15. ↑ Maciej, Sydor; Bonenberg, Agata (2021). "Mycelium-Based Composites in Art, Architecture, and Interior Design: A Review". Polymers 14 (1): 145. doi:10.3390/polym14010145. PMID 35012167. PMC 8747211. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357568718. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
16. ↑ Benjamin, David. "Hy-fi in USA". https://www.holcimfoundation.org/projects/hy-fi.
17. ↑ "The Living". https://www.livingarchitecturelab.com/.
18. ↑ BIQ House, Arup. "Hamburg debut for world's first algae-based bio-reactive façade". https://www.architonic.com/it/pr/biq-house/5101636/.
19. ↑ Navarro, Aleixandre Rodrigo; Sankaran, Shrikrishnan (2021). "Engineered living biomaterials". Nature Reviews Materials 6 (12): 1175–1190. doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00350-8. Bibcode: 2021NatRM...6.1175R. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41578-021-00350-8#citeas. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
20. ↑ Pierce, Mick. "Passively Cooled Building Inspired by Termite Mounds". https://asknature.org/innovation/passively-cooled-building-inspired-by-termite-mounds/.
21. ↑ Cosma, Mattia Pancrazio; Brighenti, Roberto (2023). "From responsiveness in biological matter to functional materials: Analogies and inspiration towards the systematic design and synthesis of new smart materials and systems". Applied Materials Today 32. doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2023.101842. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352940723001129. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
22. ↑ Respyre. "Green facade". https://www.gorespyre.com/.
23. ↑ Ecovative. "Ecovative: We grow better materials". https://ecovative.com/.
24. ↑ MushLume Lighting. "Mycelium Lamps". https://mushlumelighting.com/shop?srsltid=AfmBOopezq_RFhXvSGU49p_sBhci7JGOXaFINWrYD2hb4fq2LhFlOOSy.
25. ↑ Mogu. "Pluma Panels". https://mogu.bio/pluma-panels/?_gl=1*1lqwxus*_up*MQ..*_gs*MQ..&gclid=CjwKCAjwyb3DBhBlEiwAqZLe5HEMEOsda3OtIQa49pBLcUnvXk-jyTZLe7Esxsk9avNeaRvroGiv2BoCZOgQAvD_BwE&gbraid=0AAAAABoylmXPrn5EdB46_5zG86Picgnto.
26. ↑ Studio MOM. "MyHelmet". https://studiomom.nl/en/projects/myhelmet.
27. ↑ Quijano, Luis; Fischer, Dagmar (2025). "Exploring bacterial cellulose as an engineered living and programmable biomaterial across disciplines through qualitative thematic analysis". Scientific Reports 15 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01931-1. PMID 40410284. Bibcode: 2025NatSR..1517980Q.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Bhat, A.H.; Khan, Imran; Bhawani, Showkat Ahmad; Abdul Rahim, M.K.; Gazal, U. (2021). "Stimuli-responsive polymer composites for fabric applications" (in en). Smart Polymer Nanocomposites. Elsevier. pp. 351–376. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819961-9.00018-9. ISBN 978-0-12-819961-9. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128199619000189. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
29. ↑ PyroFarms. "Bio Orb". https://pyrofarms.com/products/the-bio-orb?srsltid=AfmBOoqz4RpDPxFbBVP29oSbgixoVnC9L_MA6OLGjAoAEABOaLOefSO6.
30. ↑ Moss Lab. "Moss Air - Add Calm with Living Moss". https://shop.mosslab.com/products/mossair?srsltid=AfmBOooX1fcPVEDXLi0rCgQHJZ9YBvGM7iDpCTXSy-kyx_kMP5LTep0v.
31. ↑ Ofer, Netta; Bell, Fiona; Alistar, Mirela (2021). "Designing Direct Interactions with Bioluminescent Algae". Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021. pp. 1230–1241. doi:10.1145/3461778.3462090. ISBN 978-1-4503-8476-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352806724. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
32. ↑ Barati, Bahareh; Karana, Elvin; Pont, Sylvia; van Dortmont, Tim (2021-06-28). "Living Light Interfaces —An Exploration of Bioluminescence Aesthetics". Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021. DIS '21. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1215–1229. doi:10.1145/3461778.3462038. ISBN 978-1-4503-8476-6. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3461778.3462038.
33. ↑ Burggraf, Nicola (2014-09-23). "Bioluminescence: Toward Design with Living Light" (in en). ALIVE. Birkhäuser. pp. 82–85. doi:10.1515/9783990436684.82. ISBN 978-3-99043-668-4. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783990436684.82/html. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
34. ↑ Jacometti, Valentina (2019-10-31). "Circular Economy and Waste in the Fashion Industry" (in en). Laws 8 (4): 27. doi:10.3390/laws8040027. ISSN 2075-471X.
35. ↑ Absharina, Dheanda; Padri, Mohamad (2025). "Bacterial Cellulose: From Biofabrication to Applications in Sustainable Fashion and Vegan Leather". Fermentation 11: 23. doi:10.3390/fermentation11010023.
36. ↑ Lee, Suzanne. "Modern Meadow". https://modernmeadow.com/.
37. ↑ Su, Yupei; Shi, Shou (2024). "Spider silk-inspired tough materials: Multi-pathway synthesis, advanced processing, and functional applications". Nanotoday 55. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2024.102188. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1748013224000434. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
38. ↑ Ephea. "Mycelium Leather". https://ephea.bio/.
39. ↑ Amobonye, Ayodeji; Lalung, Japareng; Awasthi, Mukesh Kumar; Pillai, Santhosh (2023-12-01). "Fungal mycelium as leather alternative: A sustainable biogenic material for the fashion industry". Sustainable Materials and Technologies 38. doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00724. ISSN 2214-9937. Bibcode: 2023SusMT..3800724A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214993723001598.
40. ↑ Geaney, Victoria. "Living Light Dress". https://www.victoriageaney.co.uk/portfolio/living-light-dress.
41. ↑ Aghighi, Roya (5 June 2022). "Biogarmentry". https://materialsexperiencelab.com/index.php/biogarmentry/.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Duarte Poblete, Sofia Soledad; Romani, Alessia; Rognoli, Valentina (June 2024). "Emerging materials for transition: A taxonomy proposal from a design perspective". Sustainable Futures 7. doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100155. Bibcode: 2024SusFu...7j0155D. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377453623. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
43. ↑ Camilleri, Emma; Narayan, Sumesh; Lingam, Divnesh; Blundell, Renald (March 2025). "Mycelium-based composites: An updated comprehensive overview". Biotechnology Advances 79. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108517. PMID 39778780. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734975025000035. Retrieved 10 July 2025.
44. ↑ Zia, Khalid Mahmood (2017). Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-812360-7.
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Armstrong, Rachel (25 June 2022). "Biodesign for a culture of life: Of microbes, ethics, and design". in Lockton, D.. DRS2022: Bilbao. doi:10.21606/drs.2022.144. ISBN 978-1-912294-57-2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363015729.
46. ↑ Pollini, Barbara (2024). "From biodesigners to designers in lab: testing the nuances of an emerging profession through autoethnography" (in en). Research Directions: Biotechnology Design 2. doi:10.1017/btd.2024.11. ISSN 2752-9452. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2752945224000116/type/journal_article.

## Further reading

* Arruda A. & Palombini F. (2024). Biomimetics, Biodesign and Bionics. Springer.
* Crawford A. (2023). Designer’s Guide to Lab Practice. Routledge.
* Hargroves, K. D. & Smith, M. H. (2006). Innovation inspired by nature Biomimicry. Ecos, (129), 27–28.
* Myers, W. (2012). Bio design: nature, science, creativity. Museum of Modern Art.
* Pasquero C. & Poletto M. (2023). Biodesign in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Routledge.
* Pyper, W. (2006). Emulating nature: The rise of industrial ecology. Ecos, (129), 22–26.
* Tsing, A. L. (2017). The mushroom at the end of the world. Princeton University Press.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodesign. Read more

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