Blue rock thrush

Short description: Species of bird

Blue rock thrush

Male M. s. solitarius
Female M. s. solitarius

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Aves
Order:  | Passeriformes
Family:  | Muscicapidae
Genus:  | Monticola
Species:  |

M. solitarius

Binomial name
Monticola solitarius

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Range of M. solitarius

Breeding

Resident

Passage

Non-breeding

Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)

Synonyms

Turdus solitarius Linnaeus, 1758

The blue rock thrush (Monticola solitarius) is a species of chat. This thrush-like Old World flycatcher was formerly placed in the family Turdidae. It breeds in southern Europe, northwest Africa, and from Central Asia to northern China and Malaysia. The blue rock thrush is the official national bird of Malta (the word for it in Maltese being Merill) and was shown on the Lm 1 coins that were part of the country's former currency.

## Contents

* 1 Taxonomy
* 2 Description
* 3 Distribution and habitat
* 4 Behaviour
* 5 Gallery
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Taxonomy

The blue rock thrush was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Turdus solitarius.[2][3] The scientific name is from Latin. Monticola is from mons, montis "mountain", and colere, "to dwell", and the specific epithet solitarius means "solitary".[4]

The rock thrush genus Monticola was formerly placed in the family Turdidae[5] but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the species in the genus are more closely related to members of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.[6]

There are five recognised subspecies:[7][8]

* M. s. solitarius (Linnaeus, 1758) – northwest Africa, south Europe, north Turkey to Georgia and Azerbaijan.
* M. s. longirostris (Blyth, 1847) – Greece and west and south Turkey through the Middle East to the northwest Himalayas to northeast Africa and India
* M. s. pandoo (Sykes, 1832) – central Himalayas to east China and north Vietnam to Greater Sunda Islands
* M. s. philippensis (Statius Müller, 1776) – east Mongolia to Sakhalin south to Japan, extreme north Philippines and northeast China to Indonesia
* M. s. madoci Chasen, 1940 – Malay Peninsula and north Sumatra

There is a proposal to split Monticola solitarius into two species: a western taxon comprising M. s. solitarius and M. s. longirostris and an eastern taxon with M. s. philippensis, M. s. pandoo and M. s. madoci.[9]

## Description

The blue rock thrush is a starling-sized bird, 21–23 cm (8.3–9.1 in) in length with a long slim bill. The breeding male of the nominate subspecies is unmistakable, with all blue-grey plumage apart from its darker wings.[8] Females and immatures are much less striking, with dark brown upperparts, and paler brown scaly underparts. The male of the subspecies M. s. philippensis has rufous-chestnut plumage from the mid-breast down to the undertail.[8] Both sexes lack the reddish outer tail feathers of rock thrush.

The male blue rock thrush sings a clear, melodious call that is similar to, but louder than, the call of the rock thrush.

## Distribution and habitat

female at Kutch

The European, north African and southeast Asian birds are mainly resident, apart from altitudinal movements. Other Asian populations are more migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa, India and southeast Asia. This bird is a very uncommon visitor to northern and western Europe.

## Behaviour

Blue rock thrush breeds in open mountainous areas. It nests in rock cavities and walls, and usually lays 3-5 eggs. An omnivore, the blue rock thrush eats a wide variety of insects and small reptiles in addition to berries and seeds.[8]

## Gallery

* Male M. s. philippensis

* Female, winter, Yakushima, Japan

* Male, autumn, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

* Breeding male of race pandoo from northeastern India

* Male, late winter, Spain

* Female, late winter, Maharashtra, India

* Male in December, near Gumma Nayakana Palya, Karnataka

* Male in January, Gamla Nature Reserve, Israel

* Monticola solitarius solitarius \- MHNT

## References

1. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Monticola solitarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22708286A87933903. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708286A87933903.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22708286/87933903. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
2. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758) (in la). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. 1. Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 170. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727077.
3. ↑ Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr. (1964). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 138. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14486327.
4. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp. 260, 359. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling. .
5. ↑ Dickinson, E.C., ed (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (3rd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-6536-9.
6. ↑ Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57 (1): 380–392. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID 20656044.
7. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Collar, N. (2020). "Blue Rock-thrush (Monticola solitarius)". in del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. et al.. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.burthr.01. http://www.hbw.com/node/58415. Retrieved 9 July 2016. (Subscription content?)
9. ↑ Zuccon, D.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2010). "The Monticola rock-thrushes: phylogeny and biogeography revisited". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (3): 901–910. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.009. PMID 20079862.

## External links

* Blue rock thrush videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
* Ageing and sexing by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
* Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the blue rock thrush

Wikidata ☰ Q152144 entry

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