Cardiovascular physiology

Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the cardiovascular system, specifically addressing the physiology of the heart ("cardio") and blood vessels ("vascular"). These subjects are sometimes addressed separately, under the names cardiac physiology and circulatory physiology.[1]

Although the different aspects of cardiovascular physiology are closely interrelated, the subject is still usually divided into several subtopics.[citation needed]

## Contents

* 1 Heart
* 2 Regulation of blood pressure
* 2.1 Hemodynamics
* 3 Regional circulation
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Heart

* Cardiac output (= heart rate * stroke volume. Can also be calculated with Fick principle, palpating method.)
* Stroke volume (= end-diastolic volume − end-systolic volume)
* Ejection fraction (= stroke volume / end-diastolic volume)
* Cardiac output is mathematically ` to systole[clarification needed]
* Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic states
* Cardiac input (= heart rate * suction volume Can be calculated by inverting terms in Fick principle)
* Suction volume (= end-systolic volume \+ end-diastolic volume)
* Injection fraction (=suction volume / end-systolic volume)
* Cardiac input is mathematically ` to diastole[clarification needed]
* Electrical conduction system of the heart
* Electrocardiogram
* Cardiac marker
* Cardiac action potential
* Frank–Starling law of the heart
* Wiggers diagram
* Pressure volume diagram

## Regulation of blood pressure

* Baroreceptor
* Baroreflex
* Renin–angiotensin system
* Renin
* Angiotensin
* Juxtaglomerular apparatus
* Aortic body and carotid body
* Autoregulation
* Cerebral Autoregulation

### Hemodynamics

Under most circumstances, the body attempts to maintain a steady mean arterial pressure.[2]

When there is a major and immediate decrease (such as that due to hemorrhage or standing up), the body can increase the following:

* Heart rate
* Total peripheral resistance (primarily due to vasoconstriction of arteries)
* Inotropic state

In turn, this can have a significant impact upon several other variables:

* Stroke volume
* Cardiac output
* Pressure
* Pulse pressure (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)
* Mean arterial pressure (usually approximated with diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure)
* Central venous pressure

## Regional circulation

Name of circulation | % of cardiac output | Autoregulation | Perfusion | Comments

|
|
|
|

pulmonary circulation | 100% (deoxygenated) |  |  | Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia
cerebral circulation | 15%[3] | high | under-perfused | Fixed volume means intolerance of high pressure. Minimal ability to use anaerobic respiration
coronary circulation | 5% | high | under-perfused | Minimal ability to use anaerobic respiration. Blood flow through the left coronary artery is at a maximum during diastole (in contrast to the rest of systemic circulation, which has a maximum blood flow during systole.)
splanchnic circulation | 15% | low |  | Flow increases during digestion.
hepatic circulation | 15% |  |  | Part of portal venous system, so oncotic pressure is very low
renal circulation | 25% | high | over-perfused | Maintains glomerular filtration rate
skeletal muscular circulation | 17%[4] |  |  | Perfusion increases dramatically during exercise.
cutaneous circulation | 2%[5] |  | over-perfused | Crucial in thermoregulation. Significant ability to use anaerobic respiration

## See also

* Cardiovascular System Dynamics Society

## References

1. ↑ Overview at Medical College of Georgia
2. ↑ Joyner, M. J.; Casey, D. P. (2015). "Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs". Physiological Reviews 95 (2): 549–601. doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2013. PMID 25834232.
3. ↑ Nosek, Thomas M.. "Section 3/3ch11/s3c11_13". Essentials of Human Physiology. http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section3/3ch11/s3c11_13.htm.
4. ↑ Nosek, Thomas M.. "Section 3/3ch11/s3c11_2". Essentials of Human Physiology. http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section3/3ch11/s3c11_2.htm. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
5. ↑ Nosek, Thomas M.. "Section 3/3ch11/s3c11_10". Essentials of Human Physiology. http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section3/3ch11/s3c11_10.htm.

## External links

* Cardiovascular+physiology at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
* Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts \- Comprehensive explanation of basic cardiovascular concepts, based on a textbook of the same name.
* The Gross Physiology of the Cardiovascular System \- Mechanical overview of cardiovascular function. Free eBook and video resources.
* Clinical Sciences - Cardiovascular An iPhone app covering detailed cardiovascular physiology and anatomy
* Quantitative Cardiovascular Physiology and Clinical Applications for Engineers

* v
* t
* e

Physiology of the cardiovascular system

Heart|

| Cardiac output|

* Cardiac cycle
* Cardiac output
* Heart rate
* Stroke volume
* Stroke volume
* End-diastolic volume
* End-systolic volume
* Afterload
* Preload
* Frank–Starling law
* Cardiac function curve
* Venous return curve
* Wiggers diagram
* Pressure volume diagram

|

Ultrasound|

* Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension
* End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension
* Aortic valve area calculation
* Ejection fraction
* Cardiac index

Heart rate|

* Cardiac pacemaker
* Chronotropic (Heart rate)
* Dromotropic (Conduction velocity)
* Inotropic (Contractility)
* Bathmotropic (Excitability)
* Lusitropic (Relaxation)

Conduction|

* Conduction system
* Cardiac electrophysiology
* Action potential
* cardiac
* atrial
* ventricular
* Effective refractory period
* Pacemaker potential
* Electrocardiography
* P wave
* PR interval
* QRS complex
* QT interval
* ST segment
* T wave
* U wave
* Hexaxial reference system

Chamber pressure|

* Central venous
* Right
* atrial
* ventricular
* pulmonary artery
* wedge
* Left
* atrial
* ventricular
* Aortic

Other|

* Ventricular remodeling

Vascular system/
Hemodynamics|

| Blood flow|

* Compliance
* Vascular resistance
* Pulse
* Perfusion

|

Blood pressure|

* Pulse pressure
* Systolic
* Diastolic
* Mean arterial pressure
* Jugular venous pressure
* Portal venous pressure

Regulation of BP|

* Baroreflex
* Kinin–kallikrein system
* Renin–angiotensin system
* Vasoconstrictors
* Vasodilators
* Autoregulation
* Myogenic mechanism
* Tubuloglomerular feedback
* Cerebral autoregulation
* Paraganglia
* Aortic body
* Carotid body
* Glomus cell

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