Citrus rootstock

Short description: Plants used as rootstock for citrus plants

Citrus rootstock are plants used as rootstock for citrus plants. A rootstock plant must be compatible for scion grafting, and resistant to common threats, such as drought, frost, and common citrus diseases.

## Contents

* 1 Principal rootstocks
* 2 Other rootstock cultivars
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Principal rootstocks

Five types of rootstock predominate in temperate climates where cold or freezing weather is not probable, especially Florida and southern Europe:

A double graft union of diamante citron upon sour orange rootstock.

* Sour orange: the only rootstock that truly is an orange (the  Citrus × aurantium or bitter orange). It is vigorous and highly drought-resistant.
* Poncirus trifoliata: a close relative of the genus Citrus, sometimes classified as Citrus trifoliata. It is especially resistant to cold, the tristeza virus, and the fungus Phytophthora parasitica (root rot), and grows well in loam soil. Among its disadvantages are its slow growth—it is the slowest growing rootstock—and its poor resistance to heat and drought. It is primarily used in China , Japan , and areas of California with heavy soils.[1]
* Swingle citrumelo: tolerant of tristeza virus and Phytophthora parasitica and moderately resistant to salt and freezing.[2] This rootstock selection was hybridized from the Duncan grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) and the Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. by Walter Tennyson Swingle in Eustis, Florida, in 1907. It was released by the US Department of Agriculture to nurserymen in 1974.
* Troyer citrange and Carrizo citrange: reasonably vigorous rootstocks, resistant to Phytophthora parasitica, nematodes, and tristeza virus and with good cold tolerance. They also are highly polyembryonic, so growers can obtain multiple plants from a single seed. Citrange, however, does not do well in clay, calcareous or high-pH soils, and is sensitive to salinity. It is not feasible as rootstock for mandarin scions, as it overgrows them by producing branches of its own in competition with the grafted budwood.[3] Citranges are hybrids of the Washington navel orange and the Poncirus trifoliata. The original crosses, made in the early 1900s by the U.S. Department of Agriculture with the intention of producing cold tolerant scion varieties, were later identified as suitable for use as rootstocks. The commercial use of these rootstocks began in Australia in the 1960s. The Troyer variety generally is found in California, while the Carrizo variety is used in Florida.
* Cleopatra mandarin: tolerant of salinity and soil alkalinity and also suitable for shallow soils. It is used primarily in Spain , Australia , and Florida. Dade County, for example, has 85% calcareous soil, a typical trait of land that has been under water.[4] The Cleopatra mandarin, originated in India and introduced into Florida from Jamaica in the mid-nineteenth century, has been distributed and tested as a rootstock throughout the world. Nowadays, however, it is considered an inferior rootstock because it is sensitive to many diseases, grows slowly, and is difficult to propagate.[5]

## Other rootstock cultivars

* African shaddock X trifoliate hybrid[6]
* Benton citrange trifoliate hybrid[6]
* Borneo Rangpur lime[6]
* Bitters C-22 citrange (X Citroncirus sp. Rutaceae): it was hybridized at the USDA Date and Citrus Station in Indio, California, and developed further by the University of California, Riverside. It is used primarily as rootstock for navel oranges in California. In 2009, a report suggested it also may be useful to replace sour orange rootstock for grapefruit in Texas because it is tolerant of calcareous soil.[7][8] Its name is not related to the bitter orange: it was named after Willard Paul Bitters, emeritus professor of Horticulture and a curator of the Citrus Variety Collection.
* Carpenter C-54 citrange[8]
* C-32 citrange trifoliate hybrid[6]
* C-35 citrange trifoliate hybrid[6]
* Calamondin kumquat hybrid[6]
* Carrizo citrange trifoliate hybrid[6]
* Citradia trifoliate hybrid[6]
* Citremon trifoliate hybrid (CRC 1449)[6]
* Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid C190[6]
* Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid (CRC 1452)[6]
* Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid (CRC 4475)[6]
* Citrus macrophylla (Alemow)[6]
* Citrus volkameriana (Volkamer lemon)[6]
* Cleopatra mandarin X trifoliate hybrid X639[6]
* Flying dragon trifoliate (CRC 3330A)[6]
* Fraser Seville sour orange[6]
* Furr C-57 citrange[8]
* Goutoucheng sour orange (CRC 3929)[6]
* Goutoucheng sour orange (CRC 4004)[6]
* Grapefruit seedling (CRC 343)[6]
* Pomeroy trifoliate[6]
* Rangpur lime X Troyer citrange hybrid[6]
* Rich 16-6 trifoliate[6]
* Rubidoux trifoliate[6]
* Rusk citrange trifoliate orange hybrid[6]
* Satsuma X trifoliate hybrid[6]
* Schaub rough lemon[6]
* Small-leaf trifoliate[6]
* Smooth Flat Seville sour orange[6]
* Sun Chu Sha Kat mandarin[6]
* US 119 (Grapefruit X trifoliate) X Sweet Orange hybrid[6]
* Vangassay rough lemon[6]
* Yuma Ponderosa lemon pummelo hybrid[6]
* Zhuluan sour orange hybrid (CRC 3930)[6]
* Zhuluan sour orange hybrid (CRC 3981)[6]

## See also

* Citrus hybrid
* List of citrus diseases

## Notes

1. ↑ "Poncirus trifoliata" (PDF). http://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/aspdev/resources/documents/Poncirustrifoliatascreenpdf.pdf.
2. ↑ Dr Price, Martin. "Citrus Propagation and Rootstocks". ultimatecitrus.com. http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/pdf/tncitrus.htm.
3. ↑ "Troyer & Carrizo citrange" (PDF). http://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/gen_pdfs/TroyerCarrizocitrange.pdf.
4. ↑ SL 183/TR004: Calcareous Soils In Miami-Dade County. Edis.ifas.ufl.edu (2009-07-10). Retrieved on 2011-10-02.
5. ↑ "Cleopatra mandarin" (PDF). http://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/PDFs/resources/varieties/Cleopatra_mandarin.pdf.
6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 Citrus Variety Collection, University of California Riverside, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences http://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/rootstocks.html.
7. ↑ bittersC22. Citrusvariety.ucr.edu. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Summary of Rootstock Trials (Roose program)". Plantbiology.ucr.edu. 12 May 2009. http://plantbiology.ucr.edu/faculty/Summary-of-Active-Rootstock-Trials-5-09v5.pdf.

## References

* High Quality Citrus Rootstock by Leon Dexter Batchelor and Willard Paul Bitters
* Article on new citrus rootstock by USDA

## External links

* EDIS by University of Florida
* Citrus Rootstocks by FFSP
* Sunkist
* Compatible scion to rootstock
* The Development of Improved Citrus Rootstocks
* Rootstock table

* v
* t
* e

Citrus

True species|

* Australian and Papuan wild limes
* Citron
* Clymenia
* Indian wild orange
* Ichang papeda
* Kumquat
* Mandarin
* Mangshanyegan
* Micrantha
* Pomelo

Major hybrids|

* Grapefruit
* Lemon
* Lime
* Orange

True and hybrid
cultivars|

* Alemow
* Amanatsu
* Bergamot orange
* Bizzaria
* Bitter orange
* Blood lime
* Blood orange
* Byeonggyul
* Cam sành
* Cara cara navel
* Cheonhyehyang
* Cherry orange
* Citrange
* Citrumelo
* Clementine
* Daidai
* Dekopon
* Fairchild tangerine
* Florentine citron
* Hassaku orange
* Hebesu
* Hyuganatsu
* Imperial lemon
* Iyokan
* Jabara
* Jaffa orange
* Kabbad
* Kabosu
* Kaffir lime
* Kakadu lime
* Kalpi
* Key lime
* Khasi papeda
* Kinnow
* Kishumikan
* Kiyomi
* Komikan
* Laraha
* Lemonade fruit
* Lumia
* Mandelo
* Mandora
* Melanesian papeda
* Melogold
* Meyer lemon
* Murcott
* Myrtle-leaved orange tree
* Ōgonkan
* Orangelo/Chironja
* Oroblanco
* Palestinian sweet lime
* Persian lime
* Pixie mandarin
* Ponderosa lemon
* Ponkan
* Rangpur
* Reikou
* Rhobs el Arsa
* Rough lemon
* Sanboken
* Satsuma mandarin
* Setoka
* Shangjuan
* Shonan Gold
* Sudachi
* Sweet lemon
* Sweet limetta
* Tangelo
* Tangerine
* Tangor
* Ugli fruit
* Valencia orange
* Variegated pink lemon
* Winged lime
* Xã Đoài orange
* Yuukou mandarin
* Yuzu

Citrons|

* Balady citron
* Corsican citron
* Diamante citron
* Fingered citron/Buddha's hand
* Greek citron
* Moroccan citron
* Yemenite citron

Mandarin oranges|

* Cleopatra mandarin
* Shīkwāsā
* Nanfengmiju
* Tachibana

Papedas|

* Citrus halimii/Mountain "citron"
* Ichang papeda

Pomelos|

* Banpeiyu
* Dangyuja

Australian and Papuan citrus
(Microcitrus, Eromocitrus,
Clymenia and Oxanthera subgenera)|

* Australian outback lime
* Australian round lime
* Brown River finger lime
* Desert lime
* Mount white lime (Microcitrus)
* New Guinea wild lime
* Russell River lime
* Clymenia
* Oxanthera

Kumquat hybrids
(×Citrofortunella)|

* Calamansi
* Citrangequat
* Limequat
* Orangequat
* Procimequat
* Sunquat
* Yuzuquat

Related genera
(perhaps properly Citrus)|

* Poncirus/Trifoliate orange
* Feroniella

Drinks|

* Chūhai
* Curaçao
* Dried lime tea (noomi basra)
* Grapefruit juice
* Lemonade
* Limeade
* Orange juice
* Yuja-hwachae
* Yuja tea

Products|

* Calcium citrate
* Citric acid
* Lemonene
* Limonene
* Neroli
* Orange flower water
* Orange oil
* Orangeat
* Succade
* Zest

Diseases|

* Black spot
* Canker
* CTV/Tristeza
* Exocortis
* Greening
* Mal secco
* Phytophthora
* citricola

Citrus botanists|

* Clara H. Hasse
* Robert Willard Hodgson
* Lena B. Smithers Hughes
* David Mabberley
* Clément Rodier
* Robert Soost
* Walter Tennyson Swingle
* Chōzaburō Tanaka
* Ikuro Takahashi
* Johann Christoph Volkamer
* Herbert John Webber

Related topics|

* The Citrus Industry
* Citrus production
* Citrus rootstock
* Citrus taxonomy
* Cold-hardy citrus
* Hesperidium
* Japanese citrus
* List of citrus fruits
* Mother Orange Tree
* Orangery
* University of California Citrus Experiment Station
* University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection

* Book
* Category
* Production
* Commons

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