Coronavirus diseases

Short description: List of Coronavirus diseases

Structural view of a coronavirus

Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses),[1][2] while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19.[3][4] As of 2021, 45 species are registered as coronaviruses,[5] whilst 11 diseases have been identified, as listed below.

Coronaviruses are known for their shape resembling a stellar corona, such as that of the Sun visible during a total solar eclipse; corona is derived from la corōna 'garland, wreath, crown'.[6] It was coined by Tony Waterson (professor of virology at St Thomas' Hospital)[7][8][9] in a meeting with his colleagues June Almeida and David Tyrrell, the founding fathers of coronavirus studies, and was first used in a Nature article in 1968,[10] with approval by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses three years later.[11]

The first coronavirus disease was discovered in the late 1920s. Coronaviridae were generally of limited interest to the wider scientific community, until the appearance of SARS. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s, through a variety of experiments in the United States and the United Kingdom.[12] A common origin in human coronaviruses is bats.[13]

## List

Coronavirus diseases  Host organism | Disease  | Pathogen | Year of Discovery  | Details

|
|
|
|

Birds  | Avian infectious bronchitis | Avian coronavirus (IBV)  | 1920s[14] (isolated in 1938)[15] | Discovered in North America.[14]
Pigs, dogs, cats  | Enteritis | Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)  | 1946 (isolated in 1965)[16] | Infects pigs,[16] cats,[17] and dogs.[18]
Humans | Common cold | Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV‑229E)  | 1930s (isolated in 1965)[19] | Possibly originated from bats.[20]
Mice, rats  | Encephalitis | MHV-JHM, a strain of murine coronavirus (M‑CoV) named after John Howard Mueller.[21] | 1949[22] |
Humans  | Common cold | Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV‑OC43)  | 1967[23] | Possibly originated from rodents, then jumped through cattle to humans.[24]
Pigs  | Enteritis | Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)  | 1971[25] | Infects pigs.
Caused outbreaks in 1972[26] and 1978,[27] 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2015.[28]
Dogs  | Enteritis | Canine coronavirus (CCoV)  | 1971  |
Cats  | Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)  | Feline coronavirus (FCoV)  |  |
Cattle | Enteritis | Bovine coronavirus (BCV or BCoV)  |  |
Humans  | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)  | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV or SARS‑CoV‑1), a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr‑CoV)  | 2002  | Discovered in Foshan, China.[29]
Caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.
Possibly originated from horseshoe bats.[30]
Humans  | Common cold | Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV‑HKU1)  | 2004  | Discovered in Hong Kong, China.[31]
Humans  | Common cold | Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV‑NL63)  | 2004  | Discovered in Amsterdam, Netherlands.[32]
Possibly originated from tricolored bats.[33]
Chinese bulbuls  |  | Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (BulbulCoV‑HKU11)  | 2008  | Discovered in Hong Kong, China.[34][35]
Humans  | Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)  | Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS‑CoV)  | 2012  | Discovered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.[36]
Caused outbreaks in 2012, 2015, and 2018.
Pigs  | Enteritis | Porcine coronavirus HKU15 (PorCov‑HKU15)  | 2014  | Discovered in Hong Kong, China.[37]
Humans  | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19)  | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), a strain of SARSr‑CoV | 2019  | Discovered in Wuhan, China.[38][39]
Caused the COVID-19 pandemic.
Possibly originated from pangolins, horseshoe bats, or both.[40]

## See also

Note: This topic belongs to "Biology" portal

* Alphacoronavirus
* Betacoronavirus
* Gammacoronavirus
* Deltacoronavirus

## References

1. ↑ Al-Juhaishi, Atheer Majid Rashid; Aziz, Noor D. (2022-09-12). "Safety and Efficacy of antiviral drugs against covid-19 infection: an updated systemic review" (in en). Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal 1 (2): 45–55. doi:10.55940/medphar20226. ISSN 2957-6067. http://pharmacoj.com/ojs/index.php/Medph/article/view/8.
2. ↑ "Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution". Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 324 (5923): 55–59. 2009. doi:10.1126/science.1165557. PMID 19213880. Bibcode: 2009Sci...324...55P.
3. ↑ Alfarouk, Khalid O.; AlHoufie, Sari T. S.; Ahmed, Samrein B. M.; Shabana, Mona; Ahmed, Ahmed; Alqahtani, Saad S.; Alqahtani, Ali S.; Alqahtani, Ali M. et al. (2021-05-21). "Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19". Journal of Xenobiotics 11 (2): 77–93. doi:10.3390/jox11020006. PMID 34063739.
4. ↑ "Common Human Coronaviruses" (in en-us). 2020-05-27. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/general-information.html.
5. ↑ "Taxonomy" (in en). International Union of Microbiological Societies. https://ictv.global/taxonomy.
6. ↑ "Definition of corona" (in en). Section Behind the Word.. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/corona.
7. ↑ "Europe PMC". https://europepmc.org/article/ppr/ppr134321#S9.
8. ↑ "The woman who discovered the first coronavirus" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-04-14. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-52278716.
9. ↑ Group, British Medical Journal Publishing (1979-01-06). "Medicine and Books" (in en). Br Med J 1 (6155): 45–50. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6155.45. ISSN 0007-1447. PMID 21009845. https://www.bmj.com/content/1/6155/45.
10. ↑ "Virology: Coronaviruses". Nature 220 (5168): 650. November 1968. doi:10.1038/220650b0. Bibcode: 1968Natur.220..650.. "[T]here is also a characteristic "fringe" of projections 200 A long, which are rounded or petal shaped ... This appearance, recalling the solar corona, is shared by mouse hepatitis virus and several viruses recently recovered from man, namely strain B814, 229E and several others.".
11. ↑ Lalchhandama, Kholhring (2020). "The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold" (in en). Science Vision 20 (1): 43–53. doi:10.33493/scivis.20.01.04.
12. ↑ Monto, Arnold S. (1984). "Coronaviruses". in Evans, Alfred S. (in en). Viral Infections of Humans. Springer US. pp. 151–165. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4727-9_7. ISBN 978-1-4684-4727-9.
13. ↑ "Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes". Trends in Microbiology 25 (1): 35–48. January 2017. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001. PMID 27743750. "Specifically, all HCoVs are thought to have a bat origin, with the exception of lineage A beta-CoVs, which may have reservoirs in rodents [2].".
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Estola, T. (1970). "Coronaviruses, a New Group of Animal RNA Viruses". Avian Diseases 14 (2): 330–336. doi:10.2307/1588476. ISSN 0005-2086. PMID 4316767. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1588476.
15. ↑ Bushnell, L. D.; Brandly, C. A. (1933-01-01). "Laryngotracheitis in Chicks*" (in en). Poultry Science 12 (1): 55–60. doi:10.3382/ps.0120055. ISSN 0032-5791.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Doyle, L. P.; Hutchings, L. M. (1946). "A transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 108: 257–259. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 21020443. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21020443/. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
17. ↑ Wolfe, L. G.; Griesemer, R. A. (1966). "Feline infectious peritonitis". Pathologia Veterinaria 3 (3): 255–270. doi:10.1177/030098586600300309. ISSN 0031-2975. PMID 5958991. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5958991/.
18. ↑ Binn, L. N.; Lazar, E. C.; Keenan, K. P.; Huxsoll, D. L.; Marchwicki, R. H.; Strano, A. J. (1974). "Recovery and characterization of a coronavirus from military dogs with diarrhea". Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association (78): 359–366. ISSN 0082-8750. PMID 4377955. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4377955/. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
19. ↑ "COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic" (in en-GB). 2020-04-06. https://www.fpm.org.uk/blog/covid-19-sars-cov-2-pandemic/.
20. ↑ Tao, Ying; Shi, Mang; Chommanard, Christina; Queen, Krista; Zhang, Jing; Markotter, Wanda; Kuzmin, Ivan V.; Holmes, Edward C. et al. (2017-03-01). "Surveillance of Bat Coronaviruses in Kenya Identifies Relatives of Human Coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and Their Recombination History". Journal of Virology 91 (5). doi:10.1128/JVI.01953-16. ISSN 1098-5514. PMID 28077633.
21. ↑ Pappenheimer, Alwin M. (1958-05-01). "Pathology of Infection with the JHM Virus" (in en). JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 20 (5): 879–891. doi:10.1093/jnci/20.5.879. ISSN 0027-8874. PMID 13539633. https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/20/5/879/885440. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
22. ↑ Cheever, F. Sargent; Daniels, Joan B.; Pappenheimer, Alwin M.; Bailey, Orville T. (1949-08-31). "A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin". The Journal of Experimental Medicine 90 (3): 181–194. doi:10.1084/jem.90.3.181. ISSN 0022-1007. PMID 18137294.
23. ↑ McIntosh, K; Becker, WB; Chanock, RM (1967-10-24). "Growth in suckling-mouse brain of "IBV-like" viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 58 (6): 2268–73. doi:10.1073/pnas.58.6.2268. PMID 4298953. Bibcode: 1967PNAS...58.2268M.
24. ↑ Forni, Diego; Cagliani, Rachele; Clerici, Mario; Sironi, Manuela (2017). "Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes". Trends in Microbiology 25 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001. ISSN 0966-842X. PMID 27743750.
25. ↑ Oldham, J (1972). "Letter to the editor". Pig Farming. 72 (October Suppl): 72–73.
26. ↑ Pensaert, Maurice B.; Martelli, Paolo (2016-12-02). "Porcine epidemic diarrhea: A retrospect from Europe and matters of debate". Virus Research 226: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030. ISSN 0168-1702. PMID 27317168.
27. ↑ Wood, E. N. (1977-03-19). "An apparently new syndrome of porcine epidemic diarrhoea" (in en). Veterinary Record 100 (12): 243–244. doi:10.1136/vr.100.12.243. ISSN 0042-4900. PMID 888300. https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/100/12/243. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
28. ↑ Antas, Marta; Woźniakowski, Grzegorz (2019-10-24). "Current Status of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea (PED) in European Pigs". Journal of Veterinary Research 63 (4): 465–470. doi:10.2478/jvetres-2019-0064. ISSN 2450-7393. PMID 31934654.
29. ↑ "A Chronicle on the SARS Epidemic" (in en). Chinese Law & Government 36 (4): 12–15. July–August 2003. doi:10.2753/CLG0009-4609360412. ISSN 0009-4609. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2753/CLG0009-4609360412. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
30. ↑ editor, Robin McKie Science (2017-12-10). "Scientists trace 2002 Sars virus to colony of cave-dwelling bats in China" (in en-GB). The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/10/sars-virus-bats-china-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome.
31. ↑ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Chu, Chung-ming; Chan, Kwok-hung; Tsoi, Hoi-wah; Huang, Yi; Wong, Beatrice H. L.; Poon, Rosana W. S. et al. (2005). "Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia". Journal of Virology 79 (2): 884–895. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 15613317.
32. ↑ Abdul-Rasool, Sahar; Fielding, Burtram C (2010-05-25). "Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63". The Open Virology Journal 4: 76–84. doi:10.2174/1874357901004010076. ISSN 1874-3579. PMID 20700397.
33. ↑ Huynh, Jeremy; Li, Shimena; Yount, Boyd; Smith, Alexander; Sturges, Leslie; Olsen, John C.; Nagel, Juliet; Johnson, Joshua B. et al. (2012). "Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63". Journal of Virology 86 (23): 12816–12825. doi:10.1128/JVI.00906-12. ISSN 1098-5514. PMID 22993147.
34. ↑ Woo, P.C.; Lau, S.K.; Lam, C.S.; Lai, K.K.; Huang, Y.; Lee, P.; Luk, G.S.; Dyrting, K.C. et al. (2008). "Comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of three avian coronaviruses reveals a novel group 3c coronavirus". J. Virol. 83 (2): 908–917. doi:10.1128/jvi.01977-08. PMID 18971277.
35. ↑ Woo, PC; Lau, SK; Lam, CS; Lau, CC; Tsang, AK; Lau, JH; Bai, R; Teng, JL et al. (Apr 2012). "Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus". J Virol 86 (7): 3995–4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-11. PMID 22278237.
36. ↑ "ECDC Rapid Risk Assessment – Severe respiratory disease associated with a novel coronavirus". 19 Feb 2013. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/novel-coronavirus-rapid-risk-assessment-update.pdf.
37. ↑ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Lam, Carol S. F.; Lau, Candy C. Y.; Tsang, Alan K. L.; Lau, John H. N.; Bai, Ru; Teng, Jade L. L. et al. (2012). "Discovery of Seven Novel Mammalian and Avian Coronaviruses in the Genus Deltacoronavirus Supports Bat Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus and Avian Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus". Journal of Virology 86 (7): 3995–4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-11. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 22278237.
38. ↑ Zhou, P.; Yang, X. L.; Wang, X. G.; Hu, B.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, W. et al. (March 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature 579 (7798): 270–273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMID 32015507. Bibcode: 2020Natur.579..270Z.
39. ↑ "WHO | Novel Coronavirus – China". http://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/.
40. ↑ Lau, Susanna K.P.; Luk, Hayes K.H.; Wong, Antonio C.P.; Li, Kenneth S.M.; Zhu, Longchao; He, Zirong; Fung, Joshua; Chan, Tony T.Y. et al. (2020). "Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2". Emerging Infectious Diseases 26 (7): 1542–1547. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200092. ISSN 1080-6040. PMID 32315281.

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