Echiniscus testudo

Short description: Species of tardigrade

Echiniscus testudo

On a grain of sand
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Tardigrada
Class:  | Heterotardigrada
Order:  | Echiniscoidea
Family:  | Echiniscidae
Genus:  | Echiniscus
Species:  |

E. testudo

Binomial name
Echiniscus testudo

(Doyère, 1840)

Synonyms[5][6]

* Echiniscus trifilis Emydium testudo
* Doyère, 1840[1] Schultze, 1840[2]
* Rahm, 1921 Echiniscus filamentosus mongoliensis
* Echiniscus inermis Iharos, 1973[4]
* Echiniscus bellermanni Richters, 1902[3]

Echiniscus testudo is a cosmopolitan species of tardigrade.

## Taxonomy

The species was described by Louis Michel François Doyère in 1840; he placed it in the genus Emydium.[1]

G. Ramazzotti and W. Maucci classified E. filamentos mongoliensis Iharos, 1973[4] as a synonym of E. testudo in 1983; this was followed by other tardigradologists.[5] In 2017, Piotr Gąsiorek and colleagues restored it as a distinct taxon and elevated it to species level: E. mongoliensis.[7]

Gąsiorek and colleagues also classified E. filamentosus Plate, 1888[8] and E. glaber Bartoš, 1937 as junior synonyms of E. testudo.[7]

## Distribution

It is found throughout most of the Palaearctic,[9] and has been recorded in all continents except Antarctica and Australia.[10][11] Most reports are Holarctic.[12] Locations where it has been recorded include: Denmark, Egypt, the Faroe Islands, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Israel, Italy, Morocco,[9] Iberia,[13] Mongolia,[14] and China.[10][15]

Doyère based his description off specimens collected in Paris.[1] The neotype designated by Gąsiorek and colleagues was collected in Paris's Montmartre Cemetery.[7] The type localities of the junior synonyms E. bellermanni and E. inermis are both in Germany: the former is Greifswald,[2] and the latter is the Taunus mountains near Frankfurt.[3]

* Dorsal view, showing its four segmented bands

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Doyère, [L. M. F.] (1840). "Mémoire sur les Tardigrades". Annales des sciences naturelles. Ser. 2 14: 281. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13403660; Pl. 12, Figs. 1–3.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schultze, Carolus Augustus Sigismundus (1840). Echiniscus Bellermanni animal crustaceum, macrobioto Hufelandii affini. Berolinum: G. Reimer. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPRAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Richters, Ferd. (1902). "Beträge zur Kenntnis der Fauna der Umgebung von Frankfurt a.M.". Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt Am Main 1902 (2): 11–12. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8478810; Pl. 1, Fig. 3.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Iharos, Gy. (1973). "Angaben zur geographischen Verbreitung der Tardigraden". Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest) 12 (1–2): 84–85. http://opuscula.elte.hu/PDF/Opuscula12_1973/Iharos, Gy_12_7.pdf.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Guidetti, Roberto G.; Bertolani, Roberto B. (2005). "Tardigrade taxonomy: an updated check list of the taxa and a list of characters for their identification". Zootaxa 845: 24–25. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.845.1.1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279889007.
6. ↑ Degma, Peter; Bertolani, Roberto; Guidetti, Roberto (2017). "Actual checklist of Tardigrada species (2009–2017, 32nd Edition: 01-06-2017)". p. 15. http://www.tardigrada.modena.unimo.it/miscellanea/Actual checklist of Tardigrada.pdf.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Gąsiorek, Piotr; Stec, Daniel; Morek, Witold; Michalczyk, Łukasz (October 2017). "An integrative redescription of Echiniscus testudo (Doyère, 1840), the nominal taxon for the class Heterotardigrada (Ecdysozoa: Panarthropoda: Tardigrada)". Zoologischer Anzeiger 270: 107–122. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2017.09.006.
8. ↑ Plate, Ludwig H. (1888). "Beträge zur Naturgeschichte der Tardigraden". Zoologische Jahrbücher 3 (3): 532. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11176534.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jørgensen, Aslak; Møbjerg, Nadja; Kristensen, Reinhardt M. (2007). "A molecular study of the tardigrade Echiniscus testudo (Echiniscidae) reveals low DNA sequence diversity over a large geographical area". Journal of Limnology 66 (Suppl. 1, Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Tardigrada): 77–83. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2007.s1.77.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Beasley, Clark W.; Miller, William R. (2007). "Tardigrada of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China". Journal of Limnology 66 (Suppl. 1, Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Tardigrada): 52. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2007.s1.49. http://www.jlimnol.it/index.php/jlimnol/article/download/jlimnol.2007.s1.49/204/.
11. ↑ McInnes, S.J. (1994). "Zoogeographic distribution of terrestrial/freshwater tardigrades from current literature". Journal of Natural History 28 (2): 273–274. doi:10.1080/00222939400770131.
12. ↑ McInnes, Sandra J.; Michalczyk, Łukasz; Kaczmarek, Łukasz (2017). "Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part IV: Africa". Zootaxa 4284 (1): 16–17. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4284.1.1. https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/43472.
13. ↑ Maucci, W.; Durante, M. V. (1984). "I Tardigradi della Penisola Iberica". Miscel·lània Zoològica 8: 71. http://other.museucienciesjournals.cat/en/2013/01/23/i-tardigradi-della-penisola-iberica/.
14. ↑ Kaczmarek, Łukasz; Michalczyk, Łukasz (2006). "The Tardigrada Fauna of Mongolia (Central Asia) with a Description of Isohypsibius altai sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae)". Zoological Studies 45 (1): 13. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/45.1/11.pdf.
15. ↑ Li, Xiaochen (2007). "Tardigrades from the Tsinling Mountains, central China with descriptions of two new species of Echiniscidae (Tardigrada)". Journal of Natural History 41 (41–44): 2725. doi:10.1080/00222930701711046. https://zenodo.org/record/5233488.

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