Extinct in the wild

Short description: IUCN conservation category

The Hawaiian crow has been listed as extinct in the wild since 2004

The Guam kingfisher has been extinct in the wild since 1986

A species that is extinct in the wild (EW) is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as known only by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat loss.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Examples
* 2 Reintroduction
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Examples

The scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah) is an example of a species which is extinct in the wild.

Examples of species and subspecies that are extinct in the wild include:

* Alagoas curassow (last unconfirmed sighting reported in the late 1980s, listed extinct in the wild since 1994)[2]
* Beloribitsa[3]
* La Palma pupfish (last seen in 1994, listed extinct in the wild since 1996)[4]
* Christmas Island blue-tailed skink (listed extinct in the wild since 2014)[5]
* Dabry's sturgeon (listed extinct in the wild since 2022)[6]
* Escarpment cycad (listed extinct in the wild since 2006)[7]
* Franklinia (last seen in 1803, listed extinct in the wild since 1998)[8]
* Golden skiffia (listed extinct in the wild since 1996)[9]
* Guam kingfisher (listed extinct in the wild since 1986)[10]
* Hawaiian crow or ʻalalā (last seen in 2002, listed as extinct in the wild since 2004)[11] Small groups have since been released in 2017[12][13] and 2018.[14]
* Kihansi spray toad (listed extinct in the wild since 2009)[15]
* Lister's gecko (listed extinct in the wild since 2014)[16]
* Oahu deceptor bush cricket (listed extinct in the wild since 1996)[17]
* Panamanian golden frog (possibly extinct in the wild)[18]
* Père David's deer (listed extinct in the wild since 2008.[19] However, reintroduction from captive populations began in 1985, with 53 wild herds of varying sizes being recorded in 2003)[20]
* Scimitar oryx (listed extinct in the wild since 2000.[21] A herd of 21 was successfully released into the wild in Chad in 2016, producing the first offspring born in the wild in over 20 years in 2017)[22]
* Socorro dove (listed extinct in the wild since 1994)[23]
* Socorro isopod (last seen in 1988, listed as extinct in the wild since August 1996)[24]
* South China tiger (since 2008 IUCN Red List lists as critically endangered; possibly extinct in the wild)[25][26]
* Spix's macaw (listed extinct in the wild since June 2019)[27]
* Wyoming toad (listed extinct in the wild since 1991, although 853 have been released into the wild since 1995, leading to a population of around 1,500 in 2017)[28]

The Pinta Island tortoise (Geochelone nigra abingdoni) had only one living individual, named Lonesome George, until his death in June 2012.[29] The tortoise was believed to be extinct in the mid-20th century, until Hungarian malacologist József Vágvölgyi spotted Lonesome George on the Galapagos island of Pinta on 1 December 1971. Since then, Lonesome George has been a powerful symbol for conservation efforts in general and for the Galapagos Islands in particular.[30] With his death on 24 June 2012, the subspecies is again believed to be extinct.[31] With the discovery of 17 hybrid Pinta tortoises located at nearby Wolf Volcano a plan has been made to attempt to breed the subspecies back into a pure state.[32]

Not all EW species are rare. An example is the Brugmansia family, where all seven species are widely cultivated but none are found in the wild.[33] Ultimately, the purpose of preserving biodiversity is to maintain ecological function so when a species exists only in captivity, it is ecologically extinct.

## Reintroduction

Reintroduction is the deliberate release of individuals into the wild, from captivity or from other areas where the species survives. However, it may be difficult to reintroduce EW species into the wild, even if their natural habitats were restored, because survival techniques, which are often passed from parents to offspring during parenting, may have been lost.

An example of a successful reintroduction of a formerly EW species is Przewalski's horse, which as of 2018 is considered to be an endangered species, following reintroduction started in the 1990s.[34]

## See also

* IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species for a list by taxonomy
* Category:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species for an alphabetical list
* Extinction
* Local extinction
* Lists of extinct species

## References

1. ↑ "2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1". IUCN. p. 14. https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf.
2. ↑ "Alagoas Curassow (Mitu mitu)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 7 August 2018. 7 August 2018. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22678486/132315266#assessment-information.
3. ↑ Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Stenodus leucichthys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T20745A9229071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20745/9229071.
4. ↑ "La Palma Pupfish (Cyprinodon longidorsalis)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 27 September 2018. 27 September 2018. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6174/3107266#assessment-information.
5. ↑ "Christmas Island Blue-tailed Shinning-skink (Cryptoblepharus egeriae)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 20 February 2017. 20 February 2017. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/102327291/102327566.
6. ↑ Qiwei, W. (2022). "Acipenser dabryanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T231A61462199. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/231/61462199. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
7. ↑ Donaldson, J.S. (2010). "Encephalartos brevifoliolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T41882A10566751. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T41882A10566751.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41882/10566751. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
8. ↑ "Franklin Tree (Franklinia alatamaha)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3 February 2015. 3 February 2015. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/30408/62077322#assessment-information.
9. ↑ "Golden Skiffia (Skiffia francesae)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 18 April 2018. 18 April 2018. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20285/2757376#assessment-information.
10. ↑ "Guam Kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamominus)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species October 2016. October 2016. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22725862/117372355#assessment-information.
11. ↑ "Hawaiian Crow (Corvus hawaiiensis)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species October 2016. October 2016. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22706052/94048187#assessment-information.
12. ↑ "'ALALĀ RELEASED INTO NATURAL AREA RESERVE". Aliso Laguna News. http://www.alisolagunanews.com/alala-released-into-natural-area-reserve/.
13. ↑ "Rare Hawaiian crows released into native forests of Hawai'i Island". KITV4. https://www.kitv.com/story/36609266/rare-hawaiian-crows-released-into-native-forests-of-hawaii-island.
14. ↑ "Five more alala released into Puu Makaala Forest Reserve". West Hawaii Today. October 2018. https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2018/10/01/hawaii-news/go-for-crow/.
15. ↑ "Nectophrynoides asperginis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 25 July 2014. 25 July 2014. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54837/16935685#assessment-information.
16. ↑ "Christmas Island Chained Gecko (Lepidodactylus listeri)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 20 February 2017. 20 February 2017. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11559/83321765.
17. ↑ "Leptogryllus deceptor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species August 1996. August 1996. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11690/3301867#assessment-information.
18. ↑ "'Last wave' for wild golden frog". BBC. 2 February 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7219803.stm.
19. ↑ "Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 31 March 2016. 31 March 2016. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7121/22159785#assessment-information.
20. ↑ Yang, R., Zhang, L., Tan, B. and Zhong, Z. 2003. Investigation on the status of Père David’s deer in China. Chinese Journal of Zoology 38: 76~81.
21. ↑ "Scimitar-horned Oryx (Oryx dammah)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 27 April 2016. 27 April 2016. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15568/50191470#assessment-information.
22. ↑ "Scimitar-horned oryx returns to Sahara". Zoological Society of London. https://www.zsl.org/conservation/news/scimitar-horned-oryx-returns-to-sahara.
23. ↑ "Zenaida graysoni (Socorro Dove)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species October 2016. October 2016. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22690740/93286172.
24. ↑ "Thermosphaeroma thermophilum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species August 1996. August 1996. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21741/9315891.
25. ↑ "South China Tiger". World Wide Fund for Nature. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/south-china-tiger.
26. ↑ "Panthera tigris amoyensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 30 June 2008. 30 June 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15965/5334628.
27. ↑ "Spix's Macaw". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 20 June 2019. 20 June 2019. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685533/153022606.
28. ↑ "Wyoming Toads Begin To Recover As States Seek Endangered Species Act Overhaul". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2017/06/19/533203933/wyoming-toads-rebound-as-states-seek-endangered-species-act-reforms?t=1581297210546www.iucnredlist.org/species/22690740/93286172.
29. ↑ Gardner, Simon (6 February 2001). "Lonesome George faces own Galapagos tortoise curse". http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/9708/newsDate/06-Feb-2001/story.htm.
30. ↑ Nicholls, H. (2006). Lonesome George: The Life and Loves of a Conservation Icon. London, England: Macmillan Science. ISBN 1-4039-4576-4. http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/henry. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
31. ↑ "Last Pinta giant tortoise Lonesome George dies". BBC News. 24 June 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-18574279.
32. ↑ "Scientists: Extinct Galapagos tortoise species could be resurrected". CTV News. 22 November 2012. https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/sci-tech/scientists-extinct-galapagos-tortoise-species-could-be-resurrected-1.1049936.
33. ↑ Petruzzello, Melissa. "Extinct in the Wild but Still Around: 5 Plants and Animals Kept Alive by Humans". ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA. https://www.britannica.com/list/extinct-in-the-wild-but-still-around-5-plants-and-animals-kept-alive-by-humans.
34. ↑ "An extraordinary return from the brink of extinction for worlds last wild horse". 2005-12-19. http://www.zsl.org/info/media/press-releases/null,1790,PR.html.

## External links

* List of Extinct in the Wild species as identified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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* t
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Extinction

Phenomena|

* Background extinction rate
* Coextinction
* De-extinction
* Ecological extinction
* Extinct in the wild
* Functional extinction
* Genetic pollution
* Lazarus taxon
* Local extinction
* Pseudoextinction

Models|

* Extinction vortex

Causes|

* Genetic erosion
* Habitat destruction
* Human overpopulation
* Muller's ratchet
* Mutational meltdown
* Overexploitation
* Paradox of enrichment
* Overabundant species

Theories
and concepts|

* Extinction debt
* Extinction risk from global warming
* Extinction threshold
* Field of Bullets
* Hypothetical species
* Latent extinction risk

Extinction events|

| Major|

* Ordovician–Silurian
* Late Devonian
* Permian–Triassic
* Triassic–Jurassic
* Cretaceous–Paleogene
* Holocene
* Timeline

|

Other|

* Great Oxidation
* End-Ediacaran
* End-Botomian
* Dresbachian
* Cambrian–Ordovician
* Ireviken
* Mulde
* Lau
* Carboniferous
* Olson's
* End-Capitanian
* Carnian Pluvial
* Toarcian
* End-Jurassic or Tithonian
* Aptian
* Cenomanian-Turonian
* Eocene–Oligocene
* Middle Miocene
* Pliocene–Pleistocene
* Quaternary

Extinct species|

* Lists of extinct species
* Lists of extinct animals
* List of extinct plants
* IUCN Red List extinct species

Organizations|

* International Union for Conservation of Nature
* IUCN Species Survival Commission
* Voluntary Human Extinction Movement

See also|

* Decline in amphibian populations
* Decline in insect populations
* Human extinction

* Category
* Commons

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