List of human hormones

Short description: none

The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. For example, current North American and international usage uses [citation needed] estrogen and gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek digraph in oestrogen and favours the earlier spelling gonadotrophin.

## Hormone listing

SN  | Name.  | Abbr.  | Type  | Tissue  | Cells  | Receptor  | Target tissue  | Effect

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1  | Adrenaline

(or epinephrine)

| EPI  | Amino acid derivative  | adrenal gland  | Adrenal medulla / Tyrosine | adrenergic receptor | nearly all tissues  | blood pressure, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, etc.
2  | Melatonin | MT  | Amino acid derivative  | pineal gland | Pinealocyte / Tryptophan | melatonin receptor | CNS and peripheral tissue  | sleep–wake cycle
3  | Noradrenaline

(or norepinephrine)

| NE  | Amino acid derivative  | adrenal gland  | Adrenal medulla / Tyrosine | noradrenergic receptor  | nearly all tissues  | blood pressure, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, etc.
4  | Triiodothyronine | T3 | Amino acid derivative  | peripheral tissue of thyroid gland  | Thyroid follicular cell / Tyrosine | thyroid hormone receptor | nearly every cell in the body  | increased metabolism
5  | Thyroxine  | T4 | Amino acid derivative  | thyroid gland  | Thyroid follicular cell / Tyrosine | thyroid hormone receptor | nearly every cell in the body  | similar effect as T3 but much weaker; converted to T3 in target cells
6  | Dopamine | DA  | Amino acid derivative  | substantia nigra (mainly)  | Phenylalanine / Tyrosine | D1 and D2 | system-wide  | regulation of cellular cAMP levels, prolactin antagonist
7  | Prostaglandins  | PG  | Eicosanoid  | All nucleated cells |  | prostaglandin receptor |  | vasodilation
8  | Leukotrienes | LT  | Eicosanoid  | Blood | white blood cells  | G protein-coupled receptors |  | increase vascular permeability
9  | Prostacyclin | PGI2 | Eicosanoid  |  |  | prostacyclin receptor |  | vasodilation, platelet activation inhibitor
10  | Thromboxane  | TXA2 | Eicosanoid  | Blood | platelets  | thromboxane receptor |  | vasoconstriction, Platelet Aggregation
11  | Amylin

(or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide)

| IAPP  | Peptide | pancreas | pancreatic β-cells | amylin receptor |  | slowing down gastric emptying, inhibition of digestive secretion, in order to reduce food intake
12  | Anti-Müllerian hormone

(or Müllerian-inhibiting factor/hormone)

| AMH （or MIF or MIH)  | Peptide | testes | Sertoli cell | AMHR2 |  | Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary
13  | Adiponectin | Acrp30  | Peptide | adipose tissue |  | adiponectin receptors |  | regulating glucose levels
14  | Adrenocorticotropic hormone

(or corticotropin)

| ACTH  | Peptide | anterior pituitary | corticotrope | ACTH receptor → cAMP |  | synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells
15  | Angiotensinogen and

Angiotensin

| AGT  | Peptide | liver |  | angiotensin receptor → IP3 |  | vasoconstriction

release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen.

16  | Antidiuretic hormone

(or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin)

| ADH  | Peptide | posterior pituitary | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary | AVPRs, VACM-1 |  | retention of water in kidneys
moderate vasoconstriction
Release ACTH in anterior pituitary
17  | Atrial natriuretic peptide

(or atriopeptin)

| ANP  | Peptide | heart |  | ANP receptor → cGMP |  | increase sodium and GFR excretion, antagonize venal constriction, inhibit renin secretion
18  | Brain natriuretic peptide | BNP  | Peptide | heart[dubious - discuss] | Cardiac myocytes | NPR |  | (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:

reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

19  | Calcitonin | CT  | Peptide | thyroid gland | parafollicular cell | CT receptor → cAMP |  | Construct bone, reduce blood Ca2+
20  | Cholecystokinin | CCK  | Peptide | duodenum |  | CCK receptor |  | Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas
Release of bile from gallbladder
Hunger suppressant
21  | Corticotropin-releasing hormone | CRH  | Peptide | hypothalamus |  | CRF1 → cAMP |  | Release ACTH from anterior pituitary
22  | Cortistatin | CORT  | Peptide | cerebral cortex | inhibitory neurons | Somatostatin receptor |  | depression of neuronal activity; induction of slow-wave sleep; reduction of locomotor activity; activation of cation selective currents not responsive to somatostatin
23  | Enkephalin |  | Peptide | Kidney | Chromaffin cells | Opioid receptor |  | Regulate pain
24  | Endothelin |  | Peptide | Vascular endothelium | Endothelial cells | ET receptor |  | Smooth muscle contraction of medium-sized vessels
25  | Erythropoietin | EPO  | Peptide | kidney | Extraglomerular mesangial cells | EpoR |  | Stimulate erythrocyte production
26  | Follicle-stimulating hormone | FSH  | Peptide | anterior pituitary | gonadotrope | FSH receptor → cAMP |  | In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.

In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes

27  | Galanin | GAL  | Peptide | central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract |  | GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3 |  | modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons
28  | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide | GIP  | Peptide | mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum | K cell | GIPR |  | Induces insulin secretion
29  | Gastrin | GAS  | Peptide | stomach, duodenum | G cell | CCK2 |  | Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells
30  | Ghrelin |  | Peptide | stomach | P/D1 cell | ghrelin receptor |  | Stimulate appetite,

secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland

31  | Glucagon | GCG  | Peptide | pancreas | alpha cells | Glucagon receptor → cAMP |  | glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver

increases blood glucose level

32  | Glucagon-like peptide-1 | GLP1  | Peptide | ileum | L cells | GLP1R, GLP2R | pancreatic beta cells | Stimulates the adenylyl cyclase pathway, resulting in increased synthesis and release of insulin
33  | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GnRH  | Peptide | hypothalamus |  | GnRH receptor → IP3 |  | Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary.
34  | Growth hormone-releasing hormone | GHRH  | Peptide | hypothalamus |  | GHRH receptor → IP3 |  | Release GH from anterior pituitary
35  | Hepcidin | HAMP  | Peptide | liver |  | ferroportin |  | inhibits iron export from cells
36  | Human chorionic gonadotropin | hCG  | Peptide | placenta | syncytiotrophoblast cells | LH receptor → cAMP |  | promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy

Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.

37  | Human placental lactogen | HPL  | Peptide | placenta |  |  |  | increase production of insulin and IGF-1

increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance

38  | Growth hormone | GH or hGH  | Peptide | anterior pituitary | somatotropes | GH receptor |  | stimulates growth and cell reproduction

Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver

39  | Inhibin |  | Peptide | testes, ovary, fetus | Sertoli cells of testes
granulosa cells of ovary
trophoblasts in fetus | anterior pituitary |  | Inhibit production of FSH
40  | Insulin | INS  | Peptide | pancreas | beta cells | insulin receptor, IGF-1, IGF-2 |  | Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood

intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects

41  | Insulin-like growth factor

(or somatomedin)

| IGF  | Peptide | liver | Hepatocytes | insulin receptor, IGF-1 |  | insulin-like effects

regulate cell growth and development

42  | Leptin | LEP  | Peptide | adipose tissue |  | LEP-R |  | decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.
43  | Lipotropin | LPH  | Peptide | anterior pituitary | Corticotropes |  |  | lipolysis and steroidogenesis,
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
44  | Luteinizing hormone | LH  | Peptide | anterior pituitary | gonadotropes | LHR → cAMP |  | In female: ovulation

In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

45  | Melanocyte stimulating hormone | MSH or α-MSH  | Peptide | anterior pituitary/pars intermedia | Melanotroph | melanocortin receptor → cAMP |  | melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair
46  | Motilin | MLN  | Peptide | Small intestine |  | Motilin receptor |  | stimulates gastric activity
47  | Orexin |  | Peptide | hypothalamus |  | OX1, OX2 |  | wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite
48  | Osteocalcin | OCN  | Peptide | Skeleton | Osteoblasts | Gprc6a | Muscle Brain Pancreas Testes | Favors muscle function, memory formation, testosterone synthesis and energy expenditure[1]
49  | Oxytocin

(or pitocin)

| OXT  | Peptide | posterior pituitary | Magnocellular neurosecretory cells | OXT receptor → IP3 |  | release breast milk

Stimulates contraction of cervix and vagina. Involved in orgasm, trust between people,[2] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness).[3]

50  | Pancreatic polypeptide |  | Peptide | Pancreas | PP cells | pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 |  | Self-regulation of pancreatic secretions (endocrine and exocrine). It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions.
51  | Parathyroid hormone | PTH  | Peptide | parathyroid gland | parathyroid chief cell | PTH receptor → cAMP |  | increase blood Ca2+:

* indirectly stimulate osteoclasts
* Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
* activate vitamin D

(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:

* (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones
* activate vitamin D )

52  | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide | PACAP  | Peptide | multiple |  | ADCYAP1R1, VIPR1, VIPR2 |  | Stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells
53  | Prolactin

(or leuteotropic hormone)

| PRL  | Peptide | anterior pituitary, uterus | lactotrophs of anterior pituitary
Decidual cells of uterus | PRL receptor |  | milk production in mammary glands
sexual gratification after sexual acts
54  | Prolactin-releasing hormone | PRLH  | Peptide | hypothalamus |  |  |  | Release prolactin from anterior pituitary
55  | Relaxin | RLN  | Peptide | Corpus luteum, Uterus, placenta, and Mammary gland | Decidual cells | RLN receptor |  | Unclear in humans
56  | Renin |  | Peptide | Kidney | Juxtaglomerular cells |  |  | Activates the renin–angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen
57  | Secretin | SCT  | Peptide | duodenum | S cell | SCT receptor |  | Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands

Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice

58  | Somatostatin

(or growth hormone–inhibiting hormone or

growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone or

somatotropin release–inhibiting factor or somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone)

| GHIH or GHRIH or SRIF or SRIH  | Peptide | hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system | delta cells in islets
Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus | Somatostatin receptor |  | Inhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary
Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system
Lowers rate of gastric emptying

Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine[4]
Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells[5]
Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells[5]
Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.

59  | Thrombopoietin | TPO  | Peptide | liver, kidney, striated muscle | Myocytes | TPO receptor | megakaryocytes | produce platelets[6]
60  | Thyroid-stimulating hormone

(or thyrotropin)

| TSH  | Peptide | anterior pituitary | thyrotropes | Thyrotropin receptor → cAMP | thyroid gland | secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
61  | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | TRH  | Peptide | hypothalamus | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons | TRHR → IP3 | anterior pituitary | Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily)
Stimulate prolactin release
62  | Vasoactive intestinal peptide | VIP  | Peptide | gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus |  | Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor |  | stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder
63  | Guanylin | GN  | Peptide  | gut  |  | guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor)  |  | regulates electrolyte and water transport in intestinal epithelia.
64  | Uroguanylin | UGN  | Peptide  | renal tissues  |  | guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor)  |  | regulates electrolyte and water transport in renal epithelia.

## Steroid

Name  | Chemical Class  | Abbreviation  | Tissue  | Cells  | Receptor  | Target Tissue  | Effect

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Testosterone | androgen |  | testes, ovary | Leydig cells | AR |  | libido, Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength,

Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair.

Dehydroepiandrosterone | androgen | DHEA | testes, ovary, kidney | Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney
theca cells of ovary
Leydig cells of testes | AR |  | Virilization, anabolic
Androstenedione | androgen |  | adrenal glands, gonads |  | AR |  | Substrate for estrogen
Dihydrotestosterone | androgen | DHT | multiple |  | AR |  | 5-DHT or DHT is a male reproductive hormone that targets the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum and promotes growth/mitosis/cell maturation and differentiation. Testosterone is converted to 5-DHT by 5alpha-reductase, usually with in the target tissues of 5-DHT because of the need for high concentrations of 5-dht to produce the physiological effects.
Aldosterone | mineralocorticoid |  | adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) |  | MR |  | Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily)

Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney.

Estradiol | estrogen | E2 | females: ovary, males testes | females: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cell | ER |  | Females:

Structural:

* promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics
* stimulate endometrial growth
* increase uterine growth
* maintenance of blood vessels and skin
* reduce bone resorption
* increase hepatic production of binding proteins

Coagulation:

* increase circulating level of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, antithrombin III, plasminogen
* increase platelet adhesiveness

Fluid balance:

* salt (sodium) and water retention
* increase growth hormone
* increase cortisol, SHBG

Gastrointestinal tract:

* reduce bowel motility
* increase cholesterol in bile

Lung function:

* promote lung function by supporting alveoli.[7]

Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[8]

Estrone | estrogen |  | ovary | granulosa cells, Adipocytes | ER |  |
Estriol | estrogen | E3 | placenta | syncytiotrophoblast | ER |  |
Cortisol | glucocorticoid |  | adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells) |  | GR |  | Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

Progesterone | progestogen |  | ovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant) | Granulosa cells theca cells of ovary | PR |  | Support pregnancy:[9]

* Convert endometrium to secretory stage
* Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm
* Inhibit immune response, e.g. towards the human embryo.
* Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[9]
* Inhibit lactation
* Inhibit onset of labor
* Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids

Other:

* Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels
* Increase core temperature during ovulation[10]
* Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus)
* Antiinflammatory. Regulate immune response
* Reduce gall-bladder activity[11]
* Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy
* Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts
* Resilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament and skin healing by regulating collagen
* Nerve function and healing by regulating myelin
* Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen

Calcitriol | secosteroid (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) |  | skin/proximal tubule of kidneys |  | VDR |  | Active form of vitamin D3

Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH

Calcidiol | secosteroid (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) |  | skin/proximal tubule of kidneys |  | VDR |  | Inactive form of vitamin D3

## References

1. ↑ "Bone and Muscle Endocrine Functions: Unexpected Paradigms of Inter-organ Communication". Cell 164 (6): 1248–1256. March 2016. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.043. PMID 26967290.
2. ↑ "Oxytocin increases trust in humans". Nature 435 (7042): 673–6. June 2005. doi:10.1038/nature03701. PMID 15931222. Bibcode: 2005Natur.435..673K. https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:101739.
3. ↑ "Scientific American Mind, "Rhythm and Blues"; June/July 2007; Scientific American Mind; by Ulrich Kraft". http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=C001082B-2B35-221B-641CA6ED64E8BCF3.
4. ↑ http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/somatostatin.html Colorado State University - Biomedical Hypertextbooks - Somatostatin
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nosek, Thomas M.. "Section 5/5ch4/s5ch4_17". Essentials of Human Physiology. http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section5/5ch4/s5ch4_17.htm.
6. ↑ "Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors". The New England Journal of Medicine 354 (19): 2034–45. May 2006. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052706. PMID 16687716.
7. ↑ "Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 287 (6): L1154-9. December 2004. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00228.2004. PMID 15298854.
8. ↑ "Estradiol acts as a germ cell survival factor in the human testis in vitro". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 (5): 2057–67. May 2000. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.5.6600. PMID 10843196.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Placental Hormones
10. ↑ Nosek, Thomas M.. "Section 5/5ch9/s5ch9_13". Essentials of Human Physiology. http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section5/5ch9/s5ch9_13.htm.
11. ↑ "Progesterone receptors regulate gallbladder motility". The Journal of Surgical Research 45 (6): 505–12. December 1988. doi:10.1016/0022-4804(88)90137-0. PMID 3184927.

* v
* t
* e

Hormones

Endocrine
glands|

| Hypothalamic-
pituitary|

| Hypothalamus|

* GnRH
* TRH
* Dopamine
* CRH
* GHRH
* Somatostatin (GHIH)
* MCH

|

Posterior pituitary|

* Oxytocin
* Vasopressin

Anterior pituitary|

* FSH
* LH
* TSH
* Prolactin
* POMC
* CLIP
* ACTH
* MSH
* Endorphins
* Lipotropin
* GH

Adrenal axis|

* Adrenal cortex
* Aldosterone
* Cortisol
* Cortisone
* DHEA
* DHEA-S
* Androstenedione
* Adrenal medulla
* Epinephrine
* Norepinephrine

Thyroid|

* Thyroid hormones
* T3
* T4
* Calcitonin
* Thyroid axis

Parathyroid|

* PTH

Gonadal axis|

| Testis|

* Testosterone
* AMH
* Inhibin

|

Ovary|

* Estradiol
* Progesterone
* Activin
* Inhibin
* Relaxin
* GnSAF

Placenta|

* hCG
* HPL
* Estrogen
* Progesterone

Pancreas|

* Glucagon
* Insulin
* Amylin
* Somatostatin
* Pancreatic polypeptide

Pineal gland|

* Melatonin
* N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
* 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine

Other|

| Thymus|

* Thymosins
* Thymosin α1
* Beta thymosins
* Thymopoietin
* Thymulin

|

Digestive system|

| Stomach|

* Gastrin
* Ghrelin

|

Duodenum|

* CCK
* Incretins
* GIP
* GLP-1
* Secretin
* Motilin
* VIP

Ileum|

* Enteroglucagon
* Peptide YY

Liver/other|

* Insulin-like growth factor
* IGF-1
* IGF-2

Adipose tissue|

* Leptin
* Adiponectin
* Resistin

Skeleton|

* Osteocalcin

Kidney|

* Renin
* EPO
* Calcitriol
* Prostaglandin

Heart|

* Natriuretic peptide
* ANP
* BNP

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