List of invasive species in Europe

Short description: none

This is a list of invasive species in Europe. A species is regarded as invasive if it has become introduced to a location, area, or region where it did not previously occur naturally (i.e., is not a native species) and becomes capable of establishing a breeding population in the new location. An invasive species will be one that thrives in its new environment and negatively influences the ecology and biodiversity of that ecosystem. Negative effects can also affect humans, by compromising health (e.g. vectors of diseases) or socioeconomic systems (e.g. damages to agriculture or forestry).

The term invasive species refers to a subset of those species defined as introduced species. If a species has been introduced but remains local, and is not problematic to human systems or to the local biodiversity, then it does not belong on this list.

## Contents

* 1 Plants
* 2 Algae
* 3 Animals
* 3.1 Bryozoans
* 3.2 Cnidarians
* 3.3 Ctenophores
* 3.4 Arthropods
* 3.4.1 Crustaceans
* 3.4.2 Insects
* 3.5 Chordates
* 3.5.1 Ascidians
* 3.5.2 Amphibians
* 3.5.3 Birds
* 3.5.4 Fish
* 3.5.5 Mammals
* 3.5.6 Reptiles
* 3.6 Molluscs
* 3.6.1 Marine
* 3.6.2 Freshwater
* 3.7 Annelids
* 3.8 Nematodes
* 3.9 Platyhelminthes
* 4 Fungi
* 5 European priorities
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Plants

* Acacia sp. [1]
* Ailanthus altissima (Tree of heaven)[2]
* Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed)[3]
* Amorpha fruticosa (Desert false indigo)[4]
* Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Ragweed)[5][6]
* Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed)[3]
* Baccharis halimifolia (Eastern baccharis)[3]
* Buddleja davidii [7]
* Cabomba caroliniana (fanwort)[3]
* Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot fig)[8]
* Clematis vitalba (Old man's beard)[9]
* Cortaderia spp. [10]
* Crassula helmsii (Australian swamp stonecrop)[11]
* Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)[3]
* Elodea canadensis (Canadian pondweed)[12][13]
* Elodea nuttallii (Nuttall's waterweed)[3]
* Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust)
* Gunnera tinctoria (Chilean rhubarb)[3]
* Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed)[14][15]
* Heracleum persicum (Persian hogweed)[3]
* Heracleum sosnowskyi (Sosnowsky's hogweed)[3]
* Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Floating pennywort)[16]
* Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam)[17]
* Lagarosiphon major (curly waterweed)[3]
* Lantana camara [18]
* Ludwigia grandiflora (water-primrose)[3]
* Ludwigia peploides (floating primrose-willow)[3]
* Lysichiton americanus (American skunk cabbage)[3]
* Myriophyllum aquaticum (Parrot feather)[19]
* Myriophyllum heterophyllum (broadleaf watermilfoil)[3]
* Nicotiana glauca [20]
* Oxalis pes-caprae (buttercup oxalis) [21]
* Pennisetum setaceum (crimson fountaingrass)[3]
* Pueraria lobata (kudzu vine)[3]
* Reynoutria japonica (syn. Fallopia japonica) (Japanese knotweed)[22]
* Rhododendron ponticum (pontic rhododendron)[23]
* Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)[24]
* Rosa rugosa [25]

Solidago canadensis (Canada goldenrod)

* Solidago canadensis (Canada goldenrod)[26]
* Tradescantia fluminensis [27]

## Algae

* Caulerpa racemosa (Grape caulerpa)[28]
* Caulerpa taxifolia, Mediterranean clone[29]

## Animals

### Bryozoans

* Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)[30]
* Schizoporella errata (branching bryozoan)[31]
* Tricellaria inopinata[32]

### Cnidarians

* Cordylophora caspia (euryhaline hydroid)[33]
* Rhopilema nomadica (nomad jellyfish)

### Ctenophores

* Mnemiopsis leidyi (warty comb jelly)

### Arthropods

#### Crustaceans

* Balanus improvisus (Bay barnacle)[34]
* Cercopagis pengoi (fishhook waterflea)
* Chelicorophium curvispinum (Caspian mud shrimp)[35]
* Dikerogammarus villosus (Killer shrimp)[36]
* Elminius modestus (Australasian barnacle)[37]
* Eriocheir sinensis (Chinese mitten crab)[38]
* Hemigrapsus takanoi (brush-clawed shore crab)
* Hemimysis anomala (bloody-red mysid)
* imnomysis benedeni (Donau-Schwebgarnele)[39]
* Limnoria lignorum (gribble)[40]
* Orconectes limosus (Spiny-cheek crayfish)[41]
* Orconectes virilis (Virile crayfish)[42]
* Pacifastacus leniusculus (Signal crayfish)[43]
* Palaemon elegans (rockpool shrimp)[44]
* Paralithodes camtschaticus (Red king crab)[45]
* Percnon gibbesi (Sally Lightfoot crab)
* Pontogammarus robustoides[46]
* Procambarus clarkii (Louisiana crawfish)[47]

#### Insects

* Adelges piceae (balsam woolly adelgid)[48]
* Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito)
* Agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer)[49]
* Aleurodicus dispersus (spiralling whitefly)[50]
* Aphis spiraecola (green citrus aphid)[51]
* Aproceros leucopoda (elm zigzag sawfly)[52]
* Aromia bungii (red necked longicorn)[53]
* Bemisia tabaci (silverleaf whitefly) [54]
* Cacyreus marshalli (geranium bronze)[55]
* Cameraria ohridella (horse-chestnut leaf miner)
* Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)[56]
* Chilo suppressalis (striped rice stem borer)[57]
* Cinara cupressi (Cypress aphid)[58]
* Corythucha ciliata (sycamore lace bug)[59]
* Cryptotermes brevis (West Indian drywood termite)[60]
* Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid)[61]
* Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth)[62]
* Dendroctonus micans (great spruce bark beetle)[63]
* Diabrotica virgifera (Western corn rootworm)
* Dreyfusia nordmannianae (silver fir adelges)[64]
* Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila)[65]
* Dryocosmus kuriphilus (chestnut gall wasp) [66]
* Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth)[67]
* Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)[68]
* Gilpinia hercyniae (European spruce sawfly)[69]
* Halyomorpha halys (marmorated stink bug)
* Harmonia axyridis (Asian lady beetle)[70]
* Hypogeococcus pungens (cactus mealybug)[71]
* Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)[72]
* Lasius neglectus (invasive garden ant)
* Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado beetle)[73]
* Leptocybe invasa (blue gum chalcid)[74]
* Lilioceris lilii (scarlet lily beetle)
* Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)[75]
* Lysiphlebus testaceipes[76]
* Megastigmus spermotrophus (Douglas-fir seed chalcid)[77]
* Opogona sacchari (banana moth)[78]
* Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh ant)
* Paratrechina longicornis (longhorn crazy ant)[79]
* Paysandisia archon (castniid palm borer)[80]
* Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant)[81]
* Phoracantha semipunctata (Australian Eucalyptus longhorn)[76][82]
* Phyllonorycter issikii (lime leaf miner)[83]
* Rhagoletis cingulata (eastern cherry fruit fly)[84]
* Scaphoideus titanus (American grapevine leafhopper)[85]
* Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant) [86]
* Simacauda dicommatias (a South American moth)[87]
* Thaumastocoris peregrinus (bronze bug)[88]
* Trialeurodes ricini (castor bean whitefly)[89]
* Vespa velutina nigrithorax (Yellow-legged Asian hornet)
* Vespula germanica (European wasp)[90]
* Vespula vulgaris (common wasp)[91]
* Xyleborus perforans (island pinhole borer)[92]
* Xylosandrus germanus (black timber bark beetle)[93]

### Chordates

#### Ascidians

* Microcosmus squamiger[94]
* Polyandrocarpa zorritensis[95]
* Styela clava (Stalked sea squirt)[96]

#### Amphibians

* Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog)
* Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)

#### Birds

* Acridotheres tristis (common myna)[97]
* Alopochen aegyptiacus (Egyptian goose)[98]
* Amandava amandava (red avadavat) [76][99]
* Branta canadensis (Canada goose)A Canada goose in Cambridge, England
* Corvus splendens (House crow)
* Estrilda astrild (common waxbill)[76][100]
* Estrilda troglodytes (black-rumped waxbill)[76][101]
* Euodice cantans (African silverbill)[76][102]
* Euplectes afer (yellow-crowned bishop)[76][103]
* Leiothrix lutea (Red-billed leiothrix)[104]
* Myiopsitta monachus (Monk parakeet)
* Oxyura jamaicensis (Ruddy duck)[105]
* Phasianus colchicus (common pheasant)[76][106]
* Ploceus cucullatus (village weaver)[76][107]
* Ploceus melanocephalus (black-headed weaver)[76][108]
* Psittacula krameri (Rose-ringed parakeet)[109]
* Threskiornis aethiopicus (African sacred ibis)

#### Fish

* Alburnus alburnus (common bleak)[110]
* Ameiurus melas (Black bullhead (catfish))[111]
* Australoheros facetus (Chameleon cichlid)[76]
* Carassius auratus (goldfish)[76][112]
* Carassius gibelio (Prussian carp)[113]
* Cyprinus carpio (common carp)[76]
* Esox lucius (northern pike)[76][114]
* Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog)[76]
* Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish)[115]
* Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (bighead carp)[116]
* Lepomis gibbosus (Pumpkinseed sunfish)[111]
* Leuciscus leuciscus (common dace)[117]
* Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass)[111]
* Neogobius fluviatilis (monkey goby)
* Neogobius melanostomus (round goby)
* Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)[76][118]
* Perccottus glenii (Chinese sleeper)[119]
* Pseudorasbora parva (stone moroko)
* Rutilus rutilus (common roach)[120]
* Sander lucioperca (Sander lucioperca)[76][121]

#### Mammals

* Ammotragus lervia (Barbary sheep)[122]
* Axis axis (chital)[123]
* Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas' squirrel)[124]
* Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel)[125]
* Capra hircus (feral goat)[126]
* Castor canadensis (North American beaver)[127]
* Cervus nippon (sika deer)
* Equus asinus (donkey)[128]
* Muntiacus reevesi (Reeves's muntjac)
* Mustela furo (ferret)[129]
* Myocastor coypus (coypu, nutria)
* Neogale vison (American mink)
* Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)[124]
* Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat)[124]
* Procyon lotor (common raccoon)[124]
* Rattus rattus (black rat)
* Sciurus carolinensis (grey squirrel)[124]
* Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk)[124]
* Urva auropunctata (small Indian mongoose)[130]

#### Reptiles

* Chamaeleo chamaeleon (common chameleon)[76][131]
* Trachemys scripta elegans (Red-eared slider)
* Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese softshell turtle)
* Lampropeltis californiae (California Kingsnake)[132][133]

### Molluscs

* Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug)[134]
* Deroceras invadens (tramp slug)[135]

#### Marine

The veined rapa whelk, Rapana venosa A shell of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha

* Arcuatula senhousia (Asian date mussel)
* Brachidontes pharaonis (variable mussel)
* Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster)
* Crepidula fornicata (Common slipper shell)
* Ensis directus (American jack-knife clam)
* Petricolaria pholadiformis (false angel wing)[136]
* Pinctada radiata (Atlantic pearl-oyster)[137]
* Rapana venosa (Veined rapa whelk)[138]

#### Freshwater

* Corbicula fluminalis[139]
* Corbicula fluminea (Freshwater bivalve mollusk)[140][141]
* Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra mussel)
* Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (Quagga mussel)[142]
* Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mud snail)
* Sinanodonta woodiana (Chinese pond mussel)[141]

### Annelids

* Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Australian tubeworm)[143]
* Lumbricus terrestris (common earthworm)[144]
* Marenzelleria neglecta (red gilled mud worm)[145]

### Nematodes

* Anguillicoloides crassus (swim bladder worm)[146]
* Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)[147]

### Platyhelminthes

* Arthurdendyus triangulatus (New Zealand flatworm)
* Australoplana sanguinea (Australian flatworm)
* Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Asian tapeworm)[148]

## Fungi

* Clathrus archeri (Berk.) Dring
* Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz, Hosoya (ash dieback disease)
* Ophiostoma ulmi (Dutch elm disease)

## European priorities

Different initiatives have been promoted in order to prioritize species among this long (and ongoing) list. Some examples are:

* "100 of the Worst Invasive Species of Europe". Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (DAISIE) - http://www.europe-aliens.org/default.do

## See also

* List of invasive alien species of Union concern (official list pursuant to Article 12(1) of the EU Regulation 1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species).

## References

1. ↑ Ministry of Agriculture, Nourishing and Environment of Spain. Retrieved on 2017-04-20
2. ↑ Ailanthus altissima distribution in Europe . ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern, European Commission. Retrieved on 1 May 2018
4. ↑ EPPO List of invasive alien plants . European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
5. ↑ Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed). CABI, Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on 2020-04-27
6. ↑ Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Gyűjtő Zsolt SAPIENTIA Hungarian University of Transilvania Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Cluj-Napoca. Retrieved on 2010-11-30.
7. ↑ Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush). CABI, Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on 2020-04-27
8. ↑ Alien range of Carpobrotus edulis. ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
9. ↑ Invasive Species Compendium. "Clematis vitalba". http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=14280&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
10. ↑ "Herba de la pampa". http://mediambient.gencat.cat/ca/05_ambits_dactuacio/patrimoni_natural/especies_exotiques_invasores/llista-especies/llista-especies-catalogades/flora/herba-de-la-pampa/.
11. ↑ Most Unwanted: New Zealand pigmyweed . Invasive Species Ireland. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
12. ↑ Barrat-Segretain, M. 2001. [Invasive species in the Rhône river floodplain (France): replacement of Elodea canadensis michaux by E. nuttallii St. John in two former river channels]. (Abstract). Archiv für Hydrobiologie 152(2):237-251.
13. ↑ Poulis, Georgios; Zervas, Dimitrios (2017-12-20). "First confirmed record of Elodea canadensis Michx. (Hydrocharitaceae) in Greece" (in en). Hacquetia 16 (2): 175–179. doi:10.1515/hacq-2017-0001. ISSN 1854-9829.
14. ↑ Heracleum mantegazzianum distribution in Europe . ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
15. ↑ http://mediambient.gencat.cat/ca/05_ambits_dactuacio/patrimoni_natural/especies_exotiques_invasores/llista-especies/llista-especies-catalogades/flora/julivert-gegant/ [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
16. ↑ Maguire, C.M., Cosgrove, P.J. and Kelly, J. 2008.Floating Pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides) Management Plan[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]. Invasive Species Ireland. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
17. ↑ Impatiens glandulifera alien range . Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
18. ↑ Lantana camara (lantana). CABI, Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on 2020-04-27
19. ↑ Myriophyllum aquaticum distribution in the United Kingdom . ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
20. ↑ Nicotiana glauca(tree tobacco). CABI, Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on 2020-04-27
21. ↑ Oxalis pes-caprae. ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2020-04-27
22. ↑ Fallopia japonica distribution in Europe . ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
23. ↑ Invasive Alien Species in Northern Ireland: Rhododendron ponticum. National Museums Northern Ireland. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
24. ↑ Robinia pseudoacacia distribution in Europe . ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
25. ↑ "Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/47835. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
26. ↑ "Invasive Goldenrod is Killing Europe's Ants and Butterflies". Scientific American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/goldenrod/. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
27. ↑ "Misèria". http://mediambient.gencat.cat/ca/05_ambits_dactuacio/patrimoni_natural/especies_exotiques_invasores/llista-especies/llista-especies-catalogades/flora/miseria/.
28. ↑ Durand, C., et al. 2002.Molecular data suggest a hybrid origin for the invasive Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea . Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15:122-133.
29. ↑ Alien range of Caulerpa taxifolia . ISSG Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2009-03-03.
30. ↑ "Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109209.
31. ↑ "Datasheet Schizoporella errata (branching bryozoan)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109921.
32. ↑ "Datasheet Tricellaria inopinata". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109093.
33. ↑ "Cordylophora (euryhaline hydroid)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108329.
34. ↑ "Bay barnacle (Balanus improvisus)". Främmande arter i svenska hav. http://www.frammandearter.se/0/2english/pdf/Balanus_improvisus.pdf. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
35. ↑ "Chelicorophium curvispinum (Caspian mud shrimp)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108307.
36. ↑ Danielle M. Crosnier & Daniel P. Molloy (October 2006). "Killer Shrimp - Dikerogammarus villosus". Aquatic Nuisance Species Research Program. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on December 29, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091229123103/http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/ansrp/dikerogammarus_villosus.pdf. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
37. ↑ "Austrominius modestus". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109096.
38. ↑ Eriocheir sinensis. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2020-11-01.
39. ↑ "Limnomysis benedeni". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108853.
40. ↑ "Limnoria lignorum (Gribble)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109146.
41. ↑ Holdich, D. and Black, J. 2007. The spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cambaridae), digs into the UK[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]. Aquatic Invasions 2(1):1–16.
42. ↑ The virile crayfish, Orconectes virilis (Hagen, 1870) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cambaridae), identified in the UK. Ahern, Daniel, et al. 2008. Aquatic Invasions 3(1):102-104. Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
43. ↑ Pacifastacus leniusculus. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2022-11-01.
44. ↑ "Palaemon elegans (Rock shrimp)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/70617.
45. ↑ Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet: Paralithodes camtschaticus. North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
46. ↑ "Pontogammarus robustoides". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/119602.
47. ↑ Procambarus clarkii. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2022-11-01.
48. ↑ "Adelges piceae (Balsam woolly adelgid)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/3268.
49. ↑ "Agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/3780. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
50. ↑ "Aleurodicus dispersus (Whitefly)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/4141.
51. ↑ "Aphis spiraecola (Spirea aphid)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6221.
52. ↑ "Aproceros leucopoda (elm zigzag sawfly)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/118020. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
53. ↑ "Aromia bungii (Red necked longicorn)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/118984.
54. ↑ "Bemisia tabaci (tobacco whitefly)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/8927.
55. ↑ "Cacyreus marshalli (Pelargonium butterfly)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/10683.
56. ↑ "Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/12367.
57. ↑ "Chilo suppressalis (Striped rice stem borer)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/12855.
58. ↑ "Cinara cupressi sensu lato (Cypress aphid)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/13579.
59. ↑ "Corythucha ciliata (Sycamore lace bug)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/16264.
60. ↑ "Cryptotermes brevis (Powderpost termite)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/16441.
61. ↑ "Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Blue gum psyllid)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/16747.
62. ↑ "Cydalima perspectalis (Box tree moth)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/118433.
63. ↑ "Dendroctonus micans (Great spruce bark beetle)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/18352.
64. ↑ "Dreyfusia nordmannianae (Silver fir adelges)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19860.
65. ↑ "Drosophila suzukii (Spotted wing drosophila)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109283.
66. ↑ "Dryocosmus kuriphilus (chestnut gall wasp)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/20005.
67. ↑ "Epiphyas postvittana (Light brown apple moth)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/54204.
68. ↑ "Frankliniella occidentalis (Western flower thrips)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/24426.
69. ↑ "Gilpinia hercyniae (Spruce sawfly)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/25211.
70. ↑ Harmonia axyridis. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2022-11-01.
71. ↑ "Hypogeococcus pungens (Cactus mealybug)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110614.
72. ↑ "Icerya purchasi (Cottony cushion scale)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28432.
73. ↑ Invasive Alien Species in Northern Ireland: Leptinotarsa decemlineata . National Museums Northern Ireland. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
74. ↑ "Leptocybe invasa (Blue gum chalcid)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108923.
75. ↑ "Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/30839.
76. ↑ 76.00 76.01 76.02 76.03 76.04 76.05 76.06 76.07 76.08 76.09 76.10 76.11 76.12 76.13 76.14 76.15 76.16 76.17 "Decreto-Lei n.o 565/99 de 21 de Dezembro" (in Portuguese). Diário da República (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional). 21 December 1999. https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1999/12/295A00/91009115.PDF. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
77. ↑ "Megastigmus spermotrophus (Douglas-fir seed chalcid)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/33131.
78. ↑ "Opogona sacchari (Banana moth)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/37683.
79. ↑ "Paratrechina longicornis (Crazy ant)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/44709.
80. ↑ "Paysandisia archon (South American palm borer)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/39083.
81. ↑ "Pheidole megacephala (Big-headed ant)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40133.
82. ↑ "Phoracantha semipunctata (Eucalyptus longhorned borer)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40372.
83. ↑ "Phyllonorycter issikii (Lime leafminer)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/40593.
84. ↑ "Rhagoletis cingulata (Cherry fruit fly)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/47051.
85. ↑ "Scientific Opinion on pest categorisation of Grapevine Flavescence dorée". EFSA Journal 12 (2014;12(10):3851): 3851. 2014. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3851.
86. ↑ "The invasive ant Solenopsis invicta is established in Europe". Current Biology 33 (17): R896–R897. September 2023. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.036.
87. ↑ Heckford, R J; Beavan, P J; Lees, David C (2003). "Simacauda dicommatias (Meyrick, 1931) {Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae), a South American species established in Cornwall, new to the British Isles and unknown in mainland Europe, with first details of its biology". Entomologist's Gazette 73 (4): 193-218. doi:10.31184/G00138894.734.1873. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368116789_Simacauda_dicommatias_Meyrick_1931_Lepidoptera_Incurvariidae_a_South_American_species_established_in_Cornwall_new_to_the_British_Isles_and_unknown_in_mainland_Europe_with_first_details_of_its_biology. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
88. ↑ "Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Bronze bug)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109741.
89. ↑ "Trialeurodes ricini (Castor bean whitefly)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/54659.
90. ↑ "Vespula germanica (German wasp)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56667.
91. ↑ "Vespula vulgaris (Wasp, common)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56675.
92. ↑ "Xyleborus perforans (Island pinhole borer)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57169.
93. ↑ "Xylosandrus germanus (Black timber bark beetle)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57237.
94. ↑ "Microcosmus squamiger". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108333.
95. ↑ "Polyandrocarpa zorritensis". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108975.
96. ↑ Styela clava. Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved on 2022-11-01.
97. ↑ "Acridotheres tristis (Common myna)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/2994.
98. ↑ "Alopochen aegyptiaca (Egyptian goose)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/94205.
99. ↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719614/0
100. ↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719574/0
101. ↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719570/0
102. ↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719761/0
103. ↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22719164/0
104. ↑ Weston, Phoebe (6 June 2022). "'The next parakeet': Britain's dawn chorus at risk from Asian songbird" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/06/red-billed-leiothrix-native-birds-britain-aoe.
105. ↑ "Oxyura jamaicensis (ruddy duck)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/71368.
106. ↑ "Phasianus colchicus (Common pheasant)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/70470.
107. ↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22718921/0
108. ↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22718949/0
109. ↑ Menchetti, Mattia; Mori, Emiliano; Angelici, Francesco Maria (2016). "Effects of the Recent World Invasion by Ring-Necked Parakeets Psittacula krameri". Problematic Wildlife. Springer International Publishin. pp. 253–266. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_12. ISBN 978-3-319-22246-2.
110. ↑ "Alburnus alburnus (Bleak)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/95206.
111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 Leppakoski, Erkki. Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts, and management. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1998. The Netherlands. 156-162.
112. ↑ "Carassius auratus auratus (Goldfish)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/90563.
113. ↑ "Carassius gibelio (Prussian carp)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/90562.
114. ↑ "Esox lucius (Pike)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/83118.
115. ↑ "Gambusia holbrooki (Eastern mosquitofish)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/82089.
116. ↑ "Aristichthys nobilis (Bighead carp)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/92426.
117. ↑ "Leuciscus leuciscus (Common dace)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/77316.
118. ↑ "Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/71813.
119. ↑ "Perccottus glenii (Amur sleeper)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110577.
120. ↑ "Rutilus rutilus (Roach)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/66337.
121. ↑ "Sander lucioperca (Pike-perch)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/65338.
122. ↑ "Ammotragus lervia (Aoudad)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/94507.
123. ↑ "Axis axis (Indian spotted deer)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/89941.
124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 124.4 124.5 "Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern". European Commission. 2017. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/pdf/IAS_brochure_species.pdf. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
125. ↑ "Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/91203.
126. ↑ "Capra hircus (Goats)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/90416.
127. ↑ "Castor canadensis (Beaver)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/90583.
128. ↑ "Equus asinus (Donkeys)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/84021.
129. ↑ "Mustela furo (Ferret)". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/74424.
130. ↑ Ćirović, Duško; Raković, Maja; Milenković, Miroljub; Paunović, Milan (6 July 2010). "Small Indian Mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus (Herpestidae, Carnivora): an invasive species in Montenegro". Biological Invasions 13 (2): 393–399. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9831-7.
131. ↑ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/157246/0
132. ↑ Piquet, Julien C.; López-Darias, Marta (2021-12-08). "Invasive snake causes massive reduction of all endemic herpetofauna on Gran Canaria". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288 (1964): 20211939. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1939. PMID 34875190.
133. ↑ "Kalifornische Kettennatter: Breitet sich die Art jetzt auch in Deutschland aus?" (in de). Der Spiegel. 2022-08-08. ISSN 2195-1349. https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/kalifornische-kettennatter-breitet-sich-die-invasive-art-auch-in-deutschland-aus-a-6f1ef80f-3c34-4c4c-8c7b-ce0ab3573464.
134. ↑ "Arion vulgaris (Spanish slug)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6963.
135. ↑ "Deroceras invadens (Tramp slug)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/121099.
136. ↑ "Petricolaria pholadiformis (False angel wing)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108908.
137. ↑ "Pinctada imbricata radiata (Rayed pearl oyster)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108219.
138. ↑ 100 of the worst invasive species in Europe
139. ↑ "Corbicula fluminalis". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109136.
140. ↑ Morais, P. (2009). "The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) in the Guadiana River Basin (southwestern Iberian Peninsula): Setting the record straight". Aquatic Invasions 4 (4): 681–684. doi:10.3391/ai.2009.4.4.14. http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2009/AI_2009_4_4_Morais_etal.pdf.
141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 Popa, O.; Popa, L. O. (2006). "Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834), Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774), Dreissena bugensis (Andrusov, 1897) (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Alien invasive species in Romanian fauna". Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa" 49: 7–12. http://www.travaux.ro/pdf/89-7-12.pdf.
142. ↑ Katharina C. M. Heiler, Sascha Brandt, Christian Albrecht, Torsten Hauffe, Thomas Wilke: A new approach for dating introduction events of the quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). In: Biological Invasions. Online First.
143. ↑ "Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Tubeworm)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108338.
144. ↑ "Lumbricus terrestris". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109385.
145. ↑ "Marenzelleria neglecta (Red gilled mud worm)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/108340.
146. ↑ "Anguillicoloides crassus". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/93709.
147. ↑ "Globodera rostochiensis (Yellow potato cyst nematode)". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/27034.
148. ↑ "Bothriocephalus acheilognathi". http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/91669.

## External links

* "European Alien Species Information Network" (in en). Joint Research Centre. http://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/easin.

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