Minicell

In bacteriology, minicells are bacterial cells that are smaller than usual. The first minicells reported were from a strain of Escherichia coli that had a mutation in the Min System that lead to mis-localization of the septum during cell division and the production of cells of random sizes.[1][2]

## Contents

* 1 Generation of minicells
* 2 Normal role of minicells in bacteriology
* 3 Applications of minicells
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading

## Generation of minicells

The first report of minicells in scientific literature dates to 1930,[3] but the first use of the term "minicell" dates to 1967.[2]

Minicells of a variety of gram negative[4] and gram positive[5][6] bacteria, including Escherichia coli[7] and Salmonella enterica,[8] have been reported, but in principle, minicells could be generated for any bacterial species that can be genetically edited. Minicells cannot reproduce because they do not contain a full copy of the genome.[9]

## Normal role of minicells in bacteriology

Scientists hypothesize that minicells are produced by normal bacteria in times of stress so that damaged areas of the cell can be expelled.[9]

## Applications of minicells

Minicells have been extensively used to study ultrastructure of bacteria using electron cryotomography (cryoET).[10][11][12] Minicells are ideal for cryoET because they are small enough for the electron beam to penetrate in transmission electron microscopy.

Bacterial minicells are being developed as a drug delivery system.[13][14] Minicells could be used to deliver genetic material to eukaryotic cells for gene editing.[15] They are also being investigated for vaccine development.[16]

## References

1. ↑ de Boer, Piet A.J.; Crossley, Robin E.; Rothfield, Lawrence I. (February 1989). "A division inhibitor and a topological specificity factor coded for by the minicell locus determine proper placement of the division septum in E. coli" (in en). Cell 56 (4): 641–649. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90586-2. PMID 2645057. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092867489905862.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Adler, H. I.; Fisher, W. D.; Cohen, A.; Hardigree, A. A. (1967-02-01). "MINIATURE escherichia coli CELLS DEFICIENT IN DNA" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 57 (2): 321–326. doi:10.1073/pnas.57.2.321. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 16591472. Bibcode: 1967PNAS...57..321A.
3. ↑ Frazer, Anne Cornish; Curtiss, Roy (1975), "Production, Properties and Utility of Bacterial Minicells", in Arber, W.; Henle, W.; Hofschneider, P. H. et al. (in en), Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 69, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–84, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-50112-8_1, ISBN 978-3-642-50114-2, PMID 1098854, http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-50112-8_1, retrieved 2020-03-19
4. ↑ Treuner-Lange, Anke; Aguiluz, Kryssia; van der Does, Chris; Gómez-Santos, Nuria; Harms, Andrea; Schumacher, Dominik; Lenz, Peter; Hoppert, Michael et al. (January 2013). "PomZ, a ParA-like protein, regulates Z-ring formation and cell division in Myxococcus xanthus: Regulation of cell division in M. xanthus" (in en). Molecular Microbiology 87 (2): 235–253. doi:10.1111/mmi.12094. PMID 23145985.
5. ↑ Lee, Jin-Young; Choy, Hyon E.; Lee, Jin-Ho; Kim, Geun-Joong (2015-04-28). "Generation of Minicells from an Endotoxin-Free Gram-Positive Strain Corynebacterium glutamicum" (in en). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25 (4): 554–558. doi:10.4014/jmb.1408.08037. ISSN 1017-7825. PMID 25341464.
6. ↑ Reeve, John N.; Mendelson, Neil H.; Coyne, Sheila I.; Hallock, Linda L. (1973-05-01). "Minicells of Bacillus subtilis" (in en). Journal of Bacteriology 114 (2): 860–873. doi:10.1128/jb.114.2.860-873.1973. ISSN 0021-9193. PMID 4196259. PMC 251848. https://jb.asm.org/content/114/2/860.
7. ↑ Ward, John E.; Lutkenhaus, Joe (October 1985). "Overproduction of FtsZ induces minicell formation in E. coli" (in en). Cell 42 (3): 941–949. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90290-9. PMID 2996784. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092867485902909.
8. ↑ Kawamoto, Akihiro; Morimoto, Yusuke V.; Miyata, Tomoko; Minamino, Tohru; Hughes, Kelly T.; Kato, Takayuki; Namba, Keiichi (December 2013). "Common and distinct structural features of Salmonella injectisome and flagellar basal body" (in en). Scientific Reports 3 (1): 3369. doi:10.1038/srep03369. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 24284544. Bibcode: 2013NatSR...3E3369K.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rang, Camilla U.; Proenca, Audrey; Buetz, Christen; Shi, Chao; Chao, Lin (2018-09-19). Bowman, Grant R.. ed. "Minicells as a Damage Disposal Mechanism in Escherichia coli" (in en). mSphere 3 (5): e00428–18, /msphere/3/5/mSphere428–18.atom. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00428-18. ISSN 2379-5042. PMID 30232168.
10. ↑ Farley, Madeline M.; Hu, Bo; Margolin, William; Liu, Jun (2016-04-15). de Boer, P.. ed. "Minicells, Back in Fashion" (in en). Journal of Bacteriology 198 (8): 1186–1195. doi:10.1128/JB.00901-15. ISSN 0021-9193. PMID 26833418.
11. ↑ Liu, Jun; Chen, Cheng-Yen; Shiomi, Daisuke; Niki, Hironori; Margolin, William (September 2011). "Visualization of bacteriophage P1 infection by cryo-electron tomography of tiny Escherichia coli" (in en). Virology 417 (2): 304–311. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2011.06.005. PMID 21745674.
12. ↑ Briegel, A.; Li, X.; Bilwes, A. M.; Hughes, K. T.; Jensen, G. J.; Crane, B. R. (2012-03-06). "Bacterial chemoreceptor arrays are hexagonally packed trimers of receptor dimers networked by rings of kinase and coupling proteins" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (10): 3766–3771. doi:10.1073/pnas.1115719109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 22355139. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..109.3766B.
13. ↑ "Recombinant Bacterial Minicells (rBMCs)" (in en). http://vaxiion.com/recombinant-bacterial-minicells--rbmcs-.html.
14. ↑ MacDiarmid, Jennifer A.; Mugridge, Nancy B.; Weiss, Jocelyn C.; Phillips, Leo; Burn, Adam L.; Paulin, Richard P.; Haasdyk, Joel E.; Dickson, Kristie-Ann et al. (May 2007). "Bacterially Derived 400 nm Particles for Encapsulation and Cancer Cell Targeting of Chemotherapeutics" (in en). Cancer Cell 11 (5): 431–445. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2007.03.012. PMID 17482133.
15. ↑ Giacalone, Matthew J.; Gentile, Angela M.; Lovitt, Brian T.; Xu, Tong; Surber, Mark W.; Sabbadini, Roger A. (October 2006). "The use of bacterial minicells to transfer plasmid DNA to eukaryotic cells" (in en). Cellular Microbiology 8 (10): 1624–1633. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00737.x. ISSN 1462-5814. PMID 16984417. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00737.x.
16. ↑ Carleton, Heather A.; Lara-Tejero, María; Liu, Xiaoyun; Galán, Jorge E. (June 2013). "Engineering the type III secretion system in non-replicating bacterial minicells for antigen delivery" (in en). Nature Communications 4 (1): 1590. doi:10.1038/ncomms2594. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 23481398. Bibcode: 2013NatCo...4.1590C.

## Further reading

* Minicells, at openwetware.org
* Minicells on Target

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