Nepenthes alata

Short description: Species of pitcher plant from the Philippines

Nepenthes alata

Nepenthes alata upper pitcher, Mount Ambucao, near Banaue and Sagada, northern Luzon, Philippines

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Eudicots
Order:  | Caryophyllales
Family:  | Nepenthaceae
Genus:  | Nepenthes
Species:  |

N. alata

Binomial name
Nepenthes alata

Blanco (1837)[2]

Synonyms

Synonyms

* Nepenthes blancoi
Blume (1852)[3]
[after neotypification][4]
* Nepenthes cristata
Brongn. (1824)[5]
[=N. alata/N. madagascariensis]
* Nepenthes melamphora
auct. non Reinw. ex Blume: Fern.-Vill. (1880)

Heterochresonyms

* Nepenthes alata
auct. non Blanco: Danser (1928)[6]
[=N. abalata/N. alata/N. benstonei/
N. copelandii/N. eustachya/N. graciliflora/
N. mindanaoensis/N. mirabilis/
N. negros/N. philippinensis][7][8][9]
* Nepenthes alata
auct. non Blanco: Smythies (1965)[10]
[=N. stenophylla]
* Nepenthes alata
auct. non Blanco: Sh.Kurata (1973);[11]
Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986);[12]
M.Hopkins, Maulder & B.R.Salmon (1990)[13]
[=N. alata/N. eustachya]
* Nepenthes alata
auct. non Blanco: Shivas (1984)[14]
[=N. gracillima]
* Nepenthes alata
auct. non Blanco: Jebb & Cheek (1997);[15]
Cheek & Jebb (2001)[16]
[=N. abalata/N. alata]

Nepenthes alata (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz əˈlɑːtə/; from Latin alatus "winged") is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippines.[7][17] Like all pitcher plants, it is carnivorous and uses its nectar to attract insects that drown in the pitcher and are digested by the plant. It is highly polymorphic, and its taxonomy continues to be subject to revisions.

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Taxonomy
* 3 Infraspecific taxa
* 4 Natural hybrids
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 7 External links

## Description

Developing seed pods.

N. alata can vary strongly in colouration and morphology. The floral formula is ✶ K4 A4+4+1* G0 for staminate (the apical stamen /*/ may not be present) and ✶ K4 A0 G(4) for pistillate flowers.[18]

## Taxonomy

Nepenthes alata has long been treated as a highly polymorphic species spanning all the major islands of the Philippine archipelago (with the possible exception of Palawan).[19] Under this broad circumscription, N. alata was understood to have an altitudinal range of 0–1,900 m (0–6,234 ft) above sea level[17] and was recorded from, among others, the islands of Bohol, Camiguin, Cebu, Culion, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar,[20][21] and Sibuyan. Nepenthes alata in this broad sense (sensu lato) is one of the easiest and most popular Nepenthes in cultivation.[22]

In 2013, N. alata was redelimited by Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb to encompass only those populations from northern and central Luzon with conspicuously hairy pitchers (a taxon known in horticultural circles as the "hairy N. alata").[7] Cheek and Jebb's N. alata sensu stricto has an altitudinal distribution of 550 m (1,800 ft) and above.[7] Under this interpretation, the more southerly plants previously referred to this species actually represent the newly resurrected N. graciliflora (the "typical N. alata" of horticulture; found on Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, and Sibuyan) as well as the newly described N. negros (Biliran and Negros) and N. ramos (Mindanao).[7][23] Nepenthes viridis from Dinagat and Samar is another close relative,[24] as are N. ceciliae (Mindanao), N. copelandii (Mindanao), N. extincta (Mindanao), N. hamiguitanensis (Mindanao), N. kitanglad (Mindanao), N. kurata (Mindanao), N. leyte (Leyte), N. mindanaoensis (Dinagat and Mindanao), N. saranganiensis (Mindanao), and N. ultra (Luzon).[7][17][23][25][26][27] Together these species form the so-called "N. alata group", being united by a number of morphological characters including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base.[25]

Nepenthes alata is closely related to several other species, including N. copelandii, N. mindanaoensis, and N. saranganiensis. Nepenthes eustachya from Sumatra was once considered to fall within the variability of N. alata, but this was based on a misinterpretation of type specimens; these two species do not seem closely related to each other.

Morphological differences between N. alata and N. eustachya (Jebb & Cheek, 1997)  Morphological character | N. alata | N. eustachya

|
|

Leaf blade | lanceolate-ovate | lanceolate
Leaf apex | acute or attenuate | rounded to sub-peltate
Petiole | broadly winged | scarcely or not winged
Spur | simple, acutely pointed | simple or bifurcate
Indumentum | reddish or whitish hairs | absent throughout
Structure of pitcher base | texture similar to rest of pitcher, abruptly attenuate to tendril | angular, woody, gradually attenuate to tendril

## Infraspecific taxa

* N. alata f. variegata Hort. ex P.Mann (1996) nom.nud.
* N. alata var. biflora Macfarl. (1908)[28] [=N. negros][7]
* N. alata var. ecristata Macfarl. (1908)[28] [=N. kurata][25]

## Natural hybrids

* N. alata × N. burkei[17]
* N. alata × N. merrilliana [=N. × merrilliata][21][29]
* ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya]
* N. alata × N. mindanaoensis[17]
* N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata][16][30]
* ? N. alata × N. petiolata[16][30]
* N. alata × N. pulchra[19]
* N. alata × N. truncata [=N. × truncalata][29]
* N. alata × N. ventricosa [=N. × ventrata][31]

## References

1. ↑ Clarke, C.M. (2018). "Nepenthes alata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T49120197A143972386.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/49120197/143972386. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. ↑ (in Spanish) Blanco, F.M. 1837. Nepenthes. In: Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. pp. 805–809.
3. ↑ (in Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
4. ↑ Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines". Nordic Journal of Botany 31 (2): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00012.x.
5. ↑ Brongniart, A (1824). "Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes" (in fr). Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5752237.
6. ↑ Danser, B.H. 1928. 1\. Nepenthes alata Blanco. [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines". Nordic Journal of Botany 31 (5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x.
8. ↑ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
9. ↑ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plant Database.
10. ↑ Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.
11. ↑ Kurata, S (1973). "Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra". The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26 (2): 227–232.
12. ↑ (in Indonesian) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
13. ↑ Hopkins, M.; Maulder, R. (1990). "A real nice trip to Southeast Asia". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19 (1–2): 19–28. doi:10.55360/cpn191-2.mh330. http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv19n1_2p19_28.pdf.
14. ↑ Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
15. ↑ Jebb, M.H.P.; Cheek, M.R. (1997). "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).". Blumea 42 (1): 1–106.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Cheek, M.R.; Jebb, M.H.P. (2001). "Nepenthaceae.". Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
18. ↑ Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010-02-04). Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-521-49346-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
20. ↑ Suarez, W. 2011. Samar's Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, January 12, 2011.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar . Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
22. ↑ Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes. In: Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines". Willdenowia 43 (1): 107–111. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43112.
24. ↑ (in German) Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013. Nepenthes viridis, eine neue Nepenthes-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen. Das Taublatt 76: 4–21.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species". European Journal of Taxonomy (69): 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69.
26. ↑ Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines". Blumea 58 (3): 241–244. doi:10.3767/000651913X675124.
27. ↑ Mey, F.S. 2013. The Nepenthes alata group: resurrection of N. graciliflora ; N. ramos and N. negros described as new species. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, August 27, 2013.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Mann, P (1998). "A trip to the Philippines". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27 (1): 6–11. doi:10.55360/cpn271.pm673. http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/samples/v27n1p6_11.html.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(1): 155–158. Abstract
31. ↑ Fleming, R (1979). "Hybrid Nepenthes". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 8 (1): 10–12. doi:10.55360/cpn081.rf403. http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv08n1p10_12.pdf.

## Further reading

* Alejandro, G.J.D.; Baysa, J.P.C.; Lemana, B.O.C.; Madulara, G.M.; Madulid, R.S.; Madulid, D.A. (2007). "Conspecificity of Nepenthes alata Blco. population found in Mt. Guisguis, Zambales inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data". Acta Manilana 55: 15–21. doi:10.3860/acta.v55i0.1482.
* Alejandro, G.J.D.; Madulid, R.S.; Madulid, D.A. (2008). "The utility of Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data for phylogenetic reconstruction in endemic Philippine Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae)". The Philippine Scientist 45: 99–110. doi:10.3860/psci.v45i0.994.
* Amoroso, V.B.; Aspiras, R.A. (2011). "Hamiguitan Range: a sanctuary for native flora". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 18 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.07.003. PMID 23961098.
* Amoroso, V.B.; Obsioma, L.D.; Arlalejo, J.B.; Aspiras, R.A.; Capili, D.P.; Polizon, J.J.A.; Sumile, E.B. (2009). "Inventory and conservation of endangered, endemic and economically important flora of Hamiguitan Range, southern Philippines". Blumea 54 (1–3): 71–76. doi:10.3767/000651909X474113. http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/525755.
* An, C.-I.; Fukusaki, E.-I.; Kobayashi, A. (2001). "Plasma-membrane H+-ATPases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco". Planta 212 (4): 547–555. doi:10.1007/s004250000455. PMID 11525511.
* An, C.-I.; Fukusaki, E.-I.; Kobayashi, A. (2002). "Aspartic proteinases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco". Planta 214 (5): 661–667. doi:10.1007/s004250100665. PMID 11882933.
* An, C.-I.; Takekawa, S.; Okazawa, A.; Fukusaki, E.-I.; Kobayashi, A. (2002). "Degradation of a peptide in pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco". Planta 215 (3): 472–477. doi:10.1007/s00425-002-0768-7. PMID 12111230.
* Bauer, U.; Clemente, C.J.; Renner, T.; Federle, W. (2012). "Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25 (1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x. PMID 22023155.
* Bauer, U.; Federle, W. (2009). "The insect-trapping rim of Nepenthes pitchers: surface structure and function". Plant Signaling & Behavior 4 (11): 1019–1023. doi:10.4161/psb.4.11.9664. PMID 20009546.
* Benz, M.J.; Gorb, E.V.; Gorb, S.N. (2012). "Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa". Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6 (1): 147–158. doi:10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2.
* Beveridge, N.G.P.; Rauch, C.; Keßler, P.J.A.; van Vugt, R.R.; van Welzen, P.C. (2013). "A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed!". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42 (4): 122–128. doi:10.55360/cpn424.nb466.
* (in Spanish) Blanco, F.M. 1845. Nepenthes. In: Flora de Filipinas, segun el sistema sexual de Linneo. Segunda impresion, corregida y aumentada por el mismo autor. D. Miguel Sanchez, Manila. pp. 555–557.
* Buch, F.; Rott, M.; Rottloff, S.; Paetz, C.; Hilke, I.; Raessler, M.; Mithöfer, A. (2012). "Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth". Annals of Botany 111 (3): 375–383. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs287. PMID 23264234.
* Cantley, R. 2000. Nepenthes of the Philippines. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
* Cheek, M.R.; Jebb, M.H.P. (1999). "Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines". Kew Bulletin 54 (4): 887–895. doi:10.2307/4111166.
* Cheers, G. 1992. Nepenthes alata. In: Letts Guide to Carnivorous Plants of the World. Letts of London House, London. p. 92.
* Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
* Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012. Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
* Eilingsfeld, A (2008). "Endoskop-Aufnahmen aus der Verdauungsflüssigkeit einer Nepenthes alata" (in de). Das Taublatt 60: 4–7.
* Fontanilla, J.R.; Madulid, R. (2002). "Morphometric analysis of Nepenthes alata Blco. in Mt. Guisguis, Sta. Cruz, Zambales". Acta Manilana 50: 25–31.
* Gaume, L.; Gorb, S.; Rowe, N. (2002). "Function of epidermal surfaces in the trapping efficiency of Nepenthes alata pitchers". New Phytologist 156 (3): 479–489. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00530.x. PMID 33873580.
* Gorb, E.V.; Haas, K.; Henrich, A.; Enders, S.; Barbakadze, N.; Gorb, S. (2005). "Composite structure of the crystalline epicuticular wax layer of the slippery zone in the pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata and its effect on insect attachment". Journal of Experimental Biology 208 (24): 4651–4662. doi:10.1242/jeb.01939. PMID 16326946.
* Gorb, E.V.; Gorb, S.N. (2006). "Physicochemical properties of functional surfaces in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco (Nepenthaceae)". Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany) 8 (6): 841–848. doi:10.1055/s-2006-923929. PMID 17203436.
* Gorb, E.V. & S.N. Gorb 2009. Chapter 8: Functional Surfaces in the Pitcher of the Carnivorous Plant Nepenthes alata: A Cryo-Sem Approach. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 205–238.
* Gronemeyer, T (2008). "Nepenthes auf den Philippinen – ein Reisebericht" (in de). Das Taublatt 60: 15–27.
* Gronemeyer, T.; Heinrich, V. (2008). "Wiederentdeckung von Nepenthes surigaoensis am Naturstandort auf den Philippinen" (in de). Das Taublatt 60 (1): 28–33.
* Hatano, N.; Hamada, T. (2008). "Proteome analysis of pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata". Journal of Proteome Research 7 (2): 809–816. doi:10.1021/pr700566d. PMID 18183948.
* Hatano, N.; Hamada, T. (2012). "Proteomic analysis of secreted protein induced by a component of prey in pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata". Journal of Proteomics 75 (15): 4844–4852. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.048. PMID 22705321.
* Ishisaki, K.; Honda, Y.; Taniguchi, H.; Hatano, N.; Hamada, T. (2012). "Heterogonous expression and characterization of a plant class IV chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata". Glycobiology 22 (3): 345–351. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwr142. PMID 21930651.
* Ishisaki, K.; Arai, S.; Hamada, T.; Honda, Y. (2012). "Biochemical characterization of a recombinant plant class III chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata". Carbohydrate Research 361: 170–174. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.001. PMID 23026711.
* Kajii, E.; Kamesaki, T.; Ikemoto, S.; Miura, Y. (1988). "Decomposing enzymes against human blood-group antigens in the extract of Nepenthes alata". Die Naturwissenschaften 75 (5): 258–259. doi:10.1007/BF00378020. PMID 3405311.
* Kajii, E.; Kamesaki, T.; Ikemoto, S. (1991). "The effect of the Nepenthes alata extract on the cold agglutinin-associated antigens". Nihon Hōigaku Zasshi 45 (1): 30–32. PMID 2046171.
* Kamesaki, T.; Kajii, E.; Ikemoto, S. (1989). "Purification of the decomposing enzyme from Nepenthes alata against glycophorin B of human red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Chromatography 489 (2): 384–389. doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82918-7. PMID 2666423.
* Kato, M.; Hotta, M.; Tamin, R.; Itino, T. (1993). "Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra". Tropical Zoology 6 (1): 11–25. doi:10.1080/03946975.1993.10539206. http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=2978780.
* Kiew, R.G. (1990). "Pitcher plants of Gunung Tahan". Journal of Wildlife and National Parks (Malaysia) 10: 34–37.
* Lecoufle, M. 1990. Nepenthes alata. In: Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Blandford, London. pp. 118–121.
* Macfarlane, J.M. (1927). "The Philippine species of Nepenthes". The Philippine Journal of Science 33 (2): 127–140.
* (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
* McPherson, S.; Gronemeyer, T. (2008). "Die Nepenthesarten der Philippinen: eine Fotodokumentation" (in de). Das Taublatt 60: 34–78.
* Meimberg, H.; Dittrich, P.; Bringmann, G.; Schlauer, J.; Heubl, G. (2000). "Molecular phylogeny of Caryophyllidae s.l. based on matK sequences with special emphasis on carnivorous taxa". Plant Biology 2 (2): 218–228. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9460.
* Meimberg, H.; Wistuba, A.; Dittrich, P.; Heubl, G. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data". Plant Biology 3 (2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897.
* (in German) Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l.. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich.
* Meimberg, H.; Heubl, G. (2006). "Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae". Plant Biology 8 (6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676. PMID 17203435.
* Merrill, E.D. 1905. Nepenthaceæ. In: A review of the identifications of the species described in Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. Bureau of Public Printing, Manila. p. 72.
* Merrill, E.D. 1918. Nepenthaceae. In: Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by Llanos. Bureau of Printing, Manila. p. 160.
* Mey, F.S. 2013. Neotypification of Nepenthes blancoi and description of N. abalata a new species from the Philippines. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, February 11, 2013.
* Mey, F.S. 2013. Nepenthes alzapan and an army of new species from the Philippines. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, July 15, 2013.
* Mithöfer, A (2011). "Carnivorous pitcher plants: insights in an old topic". Phytochemistry 72 (13): 1678–1682. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.024. PMID 21185041.
* Owen, T.P.; Lennon, K.A. (1999). "Structure and development of the pitchers from the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata (Nepenthaceae)". American Journal of Botany 86 (10): 1382–1390. doi:10.2307/2656921. PMID 10523280. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/86/10/1382.pdf.
* Owen, T.P.; Lennon, K.A.; Santo, M.J.; Anderson, A.N. (1999). "Pathways for nutrient transport in the pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata". Annals of Botany 84 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0944. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/84/4/459.pdf.
* Pavlovič, A.; Masarovičová, E.; Hudák, J. (2007). "Carnivorous syndrome in Asian pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes". Annals of Botany 100 (3): 527–536. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm145. PMID 17664255.
* Renner, T.; Specht, C.D. (2011). "A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping". International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 (7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882.
* Riedel, M.; Eichner, A.; Jetter, R. (2003). "Slippery surfaces of carnivorous plants: composition of epicuticular wax crystals in Nepenthes alata Blanco pitchers". Planta 218 (1): 87–97. doi:10.1007/s00425-003-1075-7. PMID 12883887.
* Rottloff, S.; Stieber, R.; Maischak, H.; Turini, F.G.; Heubl, G.; Mithöfer, A. (2011). "Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus, Nepenthes". Journal of Experimental Botany 62 (13): 4639–4647. doi:10.1093/jxb/err173. PMID 21633084.
* Santo, M.J.; Massa, J.S.; Owen, T.P. (1998). "Glandular secretion and absorption in the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes alata". American Journal of Botany 85 (Suppl): 92.
* Schlauer, J (2000). "Literature reviews". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 29 (2): 53. http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv29n2p50_53.pdf.
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