Outline of dyslexia

Short description: Learning disability that affects reading or writing, or both

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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to dyslexia:

## Contents

* 1 Description of dyslexia
* 2 Types of dyslexia
* 3 History of dyslexia
* 4 Causes and theories of dyslexia
* 5 Symptoms, and diagnosing dyslexia
* 6 Treatment of dyslexia
* 7 Dyslexia research
* 8 Dyslexia in popular culture
* 9 Dyslexia organizations
* 10 Dyslexia-related journals
* 11 Persons influential in dyslexia
* 12 Notable people with dyslexia
* 13 See also
* 14 Further reading
* 15 References
* 16 External links

## Description of dyslexia

Dyslexia can be described as the following:

* Learning disability \- A neurological condition that affects reading, writing, and spelling skills.

## Types of dyslexia

* Surface dyslexia - Difficulty with whole-word recognition and irregular word spelling.
* Orthographies and dyslexia \- How dyslexia manifests in different writing systems.
* Deep dyslexia \- Semantic errors in reading, often substituting related words.
* Acquired dyslexia (alexia) - Reading difficulties resulting from brain injury.
* Phonological dyslexia \- Difficulty with letter-sound connections and unfamiliar words.

## History of dyslexia

* History of dyslexia research - Timeline of scientific understanding and approaches to dyslexia.

## Causes and theories of dyslexia

* Theories of dyslexia
* Perceptual noise exclusion hypothesis
* Phonological deficit hypothesis - Theory suggesting difficulties in processing speech sounds.

## Symptoms, and diagnosing dyslexia

* Characteristics of dyslexia - Common signs and symptoms used for identification.
* Rapid automatized naming \- Test measuring ability to quickly name familiar objects.

## Treatment of dyslexia

* Management of dyslexia \- Strategies and interventions to support individuals with dyslexia.

## Dyslexia research

Research in dyslexia - Current scientific investigations and findings.

* Orthographies and dyslexia \- Studies on dyslexia across different writing systems.

## Dyslexia in popular culture

* Dyslexia in popular culture - Representations of dyslexia in media and literature.

## Dyslexia organizations

* Decoding Dyslexia - A grassroots movement advocating for improved awareness and educational support for students with dyslexia in the U.S. and beyond.
* Dyslexia Action - Provides support, assessment, and training services for individuals with dyslexia in the UK.
* International Dyslexia Association - A non-profit organization focused on research, education, and advocacy for dyslexia worldwide.
* Learning Ally - nation-wide non-profit volunteer organization in the U.S. that produces and maintains a library of educational accessible audiobooks for people with learning-related disabilities.

## Dyslexia-related journals

* Annals of Dyslexia \- A peer-reviewed academic journal published by the International Dyslexia Association.
* Dyslexia (journal) - A quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on dyslexia and other learning difficulties.
* Journal of Learning Disabilities \- A peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research on learning disabilities, including dyslexia.
* Reading and Writing \- An interdisciplinary journal that publishes research on literacy, including studies on dyslexia.

## Persons influential in dyslexia

* Samuel Torrey Orton - American neuropsychiatrist who pioneered the study of learning disabilities and developed the Orton-Gillingham approach for reading instruction.
* Anna Gillingham - American educator who collaborated with Orton to create the Orton-Gillingham approach, a multisensory technique for teaching reading to individuals with dyslexia.
* Margaret Byrd Rawson - American educator who further developed the Orton-Gillingham approach and founded the Orton Dyslexia Society (now the International Dyslexia Association).
* Diana Hanbury King - British-American educator who founded several schools, including The Kildonan School, for dyslexic students and developed teaching methods for dyslexia.
* Sally Shaywitz - American neuroscientist known for her research on dyslexia and advocacy for evidence-based interventions.
* Maryanne Wolf - American cognitive neuroscientist and author who has made significant contributions to the understanding of the reading brain and dyslexia.

## Notable people with dyslexia

* List of people with dyslexia

## See also

* Dysgraphia
* Disorder of written expression
* Dyscalculia, difficulty comprehending numbers and math
* Learning to read
* Orton-Gillingham

## Further reading

* Agnew, Susie; Stewart, Jackie; Redgrave, Steve (2014). Dyslexia and Us: A collection of personal stories. Edinburgh: Luath Press Limited.
* Beaton, Alan (2004). Dyslexia, Reading and the Brain: A Sourcebook of Psychological and Biological Research. Psychology Press.
* Brunswick, Nicola (2012). Supporting Dyslexic Adults in Higher Education and the Workplace. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-97479-7
* Capellini, Simone Aparecida (2007). Neuropsycholinguistic Perspectives on Dyslexia and Other Learning Disabilities. Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60021-537-7
* Elliott, Julian G.; Grigorenko, Elena L. (2014). The Dyslexia Debate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13587-0
* Ellis, Andrew W. (2014). Reading, Writing and Dyslexia: A Cognitive Analysis. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-317-71630-3
* Hulme, Charles; Joshi, R. Malatesha; Snowling, Margaret J. (2012). Reading and Spelling: Development and Disorders. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-49807-7
* Peer, Lindsay; Reid, Gavin (2013). Introduction to Dyslexia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-37290-3
* Phillips, Sylvia; Kelly, Kathleen; Symes, Liz (2013). Assessment of Learners with Dyslexic-Type Difficulties. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4462-8704-0
* Rosen, Glenn D. (ed.) (2013). The Dyslexic Brain: New Pathways in Neuroscience Discovery. Psychology Press.

## References

## External links

* International Dyslexia Association (IDA) \- A leading organization providing resources, research, and advocacy for individuals with dyslexia.
* Dyslexia Help University of Michigan \- Offers comprehensive resources for parents, educators, and individuals with dyslexia, including strategies and tools for support.
* Lexercise \- An online platform that offers personalized tutoring and resources for children with dyslexia and other learning disabilities.
* The Yale Center for Dyslexia and Creativity \- Focuses on research and education regarding dyslexia, offering resources for families and educators.
* The Dyslexic Advantage \- A nonprofit organization that promotes the strengths and advantages of dyslexia, providing resources and community support.
* Dyslexia Training Institute \- Provides training and resources for educators and professionals to help them support students with dyslexia.
* Reading Rockets \- Offers strategies, lesson plans, and resources to help children learn to read, with a focus on those with dyslexia.
* LD Online \- A comprehensive resource for learning disabilities, including dyslexia, offering articles, guides, and support.
* Learning Ally \- Provides audiobooks and resources for students with learning disabilities, focusing on improving reading skills.
* Bookshare \- A free online library offering accessible books for individuals with print disabilities, including dyslexia.
* Headstrong Nation[Usurped!] \- A community organization that supports children with dyslexia through advocacy, education, and resources for families.
* CAST: Center for Applied Special Technology \- Focuses on universal design for learning, providing resources and tools to support diverse learners, including those with dyslexia.
* All Kinds of Minds \- A nonprofit organization that provides resources and training for educators to support diverse learners, including those with dyslexia.

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