Perching duck

Short description: Colloquial term for ducks that perch in trees

The term perching ducks is used colloquially to mean any species of ducks distinguished by their readiness to perch high in trees.

Until the late 19th century, perching ducks meant the Cairinini, a tribe of ducks in the duck, goose, and swan family Anatidae, grouped together on the basis of their readiness to perch high in trees. The grouping has since been shown to be paraphyletic and their apparent similarities result from convergent evolution, with the different members more closely related to various other ducks than to each other.[1] Some authors still adhere to the former taxonomy, retaining species like muscovy duck and wood duck within Cairinini.[2][3][4]

Former members of the perching ducks have been suggested to be members, or close relatives, of other subfamilies. Species that were formerly in the Cairinini tribe (and their suggested current taxa) include:

* Spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis): placed in its own subfamily, Plectropterinae[5]

* Salvadori's teal (Salvadorina waigiuensis): contentious; placed by some in Anatini[6], others in Tadornini[5]
* Blue duck (Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos): Tadornini[5]
* Torrent duck (Merganetta armata): sometimes placed in its own tribe, Merganettini; by others in Tadornini[5]

* Brazilian teal (Amazonetta brasiliensis): Anatini[7]; perhaps Anatini – is particularly closely related to Tachyeres, Lophonetta, and Speculanas species.[8]

* Knob-billed duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos)[nb 1]: Anatini[7]; between Anatini or Aythyini[10]; sometimes placed in its own tribe, Sarkidiorini[5]
* Pink-eared duck (Malacorhynchus membranaceus): basal sister to Oxyurinae[10]; sometimes placed in Tandornini or, alternatively, a link between Anatinae and Aythyini[5]
* Hartlaub's duck (Pteronetta hartlaubi): close relative of Aythyini[10]
* Green pygmy goose (Nettapus pulchellus): Oxyurini[6]
* Cotton pygmy goose (Nettapus coromandellanus): Oxyurini[6]
* African pygmy goose (Nettapus auritus): Oxyurini[6]
* Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata): Tadornini[10][7]; (alternatively, between Mergini and Anatini)[10]
* White-winged duck (Asarcornis scutulata): Aythyini[10]
* Wood duck (Aix sponsa): Tadornini[10][7]
* Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata): Tadornini[10][7]
* Ringed teal (Callonetta leucophrys): between Aythyini and Mergini[10]
* Maned duck (Chenonetta jubata): between Aythyini and Mergini[10]; alternatively in Tadornini[11]

## Gallery

* Spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis)

Spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis)

* Salvadori's teal (Salvadorina waigiuensis)

Salvadori's teal (Salvadorina waigiuensis)

* Torrent duck (Merganetta armata)

* Brazilian teal (Amazonetta brasiliensis)

Brazilian teal (Amazonetta brasiliensis)

* Knob-billed duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos)

* Pink-eared duck (Malacorhynchus membranaceus)

Pink-eared duck (Malacorhynchus membranaceus)

* African pygmy goose (Nettapus auritus)

* Wood duck (Aix sponsa)

Wood duck (Aix sponsa)

* Maned duck (Chenonetta jubata)

## Notes

1. ↑ Most taxonomists split an additional species, the Comb duck (Sarkidiornis sylvicola) from S. melanotos.[9] Presumably, S. sylvicola shares the clade(s) of its congener.

## References

1. ↑ Livezey, Bradley C. (1986). "A phylogenetic analysis of recent anseriform genera using morphological characters". Auk 103 (4): 737–754. doi:10.1093/auk/103.4.737. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4087184.
2. ↑ Johnsguard, Paul A. (2010). "Chapter 10: Perching Ducks, Tribe Cairinini". Waterfowl of North America. pp. 161–180. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciwaterfowlna/10/.
3. ↑ British Waterfowl Association (2024). "True Ducks". https://www.waterfowl.org.uk/wildfowl/true-ducks/.
4. ↑ West, Aaron K.; Xu, Emily M.; Nelson, Mitchell D.; Hart, Thomas R.; Stricker, Emilia M.; Cones, Alexandra G.; Martin, Grace M.; Strickland, Kourtney et al. (2022). "Quantitative evaluation of tactile foraging behavior in Pekin and Muscovy Ducks". Frontiers in Psychology 13. doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.921657. PMID 35774281.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Carboneras, Carles (1992). "Family Anatidae". in del Hoyo, Josep. Handbook of the Birds of the World. 1. Lynx Edicions. pp. 528–628. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271326342.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Chatterji, Ray; Heath, Tracy A.; James, Helen F.; Hofman, Courtney; Sorenson, Michael D.; Buckner, Janet C. (2024). "Dietary specialization drives adaptation, convergence, and integration across the cranial and appendicular skeleton in Waterfowl (Anseriformes)". bioRxiv 10.1101/2024.09.21.614171.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Liu, Gang; Zhou, Lizhi; Li, Bo; Zhang, Lili (2014). "The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Aix galericulata and Tadorna ferruginea: Bearings on Their Phylogenetic Position in the Anseriformes". PLOS ONE 9 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109701. PMID 25375111. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j9701L.
8. ↑ Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence". Auk 116 (3): 792–805. doi:10.2307/4089339. http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf.
9. ↑ Eitniear, J. C., J. del Hoyo, N. Collar, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Comb Duck (Sarkidiornis sylvicola), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.comduc3.01
10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 Kizildağ, Sibel; Durmuş, Atilla (2024). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Taxa in The Anatidae Family Using Three Mitochondrial Gene Sequences". Eurasian Journal of Zoology 1 (2): 26–33. http://eurasianzoology.com/index.php/ejz/article/view/13.
11. ↑ Sraml, M.; Christidis, L.; Easteal, S.; Horn, P.; Collet, C. (1996). "Molecular Relationships Within Australasian Waterfowl (Anseriformes)". Australian Journal of Zoology 44 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1071/ZO9960047.

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