Pesticide refuge area

A refuge area is a countermeasure against pesticide resistance in agriculture.[1][2][3][4][5] In this technique two adjacent pieces of land are demarcated, and one is applied with a pesticide and one is not - the refuge.[1][2][3][4][5] Given that resistance develops concurrent with application,[1][2][3][4][5] a more complex way of dealing with the problem is needed than simply using or not using a particular pesticide. A refuge encourages the overall population to maintain a lower prevalence of resistance by segmenting them into two populations: The population receiving the pesticide and the pesticide-free population.[1][2][3][4][5] Over time the population that suffers pesticide application will evolve resistance - and more widespread resistance.[1][2][3][4][5] Meanwhile, the other will continue to be pesticide-naive.[1][2][3][4][5] However the trick here is that a larger proportion of the main population will die off - allowing the pesticide-naive genetics to more successfully reproduce within the overall area, and thus to dominate the overall population.[1][2][3][4][5] Refugia are commonly used today[1][2][3][4][5] especially to maintain effectiveness in Bt-modified transgenic crops.[4][3][2]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Desneux, Nicolas; Fauvergue, Xavier; Dechaume-Moncharmont, FranÇois-Xavier; Kerhoas, Lucien; Ballanger, Yannick; Kaiser, Laure (2005-02-01). "Diaeretiella rapae Limits Myzus persicae Populations After Applications of Deltamethrin in Oilseed Rape". Journal of Economic Entomology (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 98 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1093/jee/98.1.9. ISSN 1938-291X. PMID 15765661.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Qaim, Matin; de Janvry, Alain (2005). "Bt cotton and pesticide use in Argentina: economic and environmental effects". Environment and Development Economics (Cambridge University Press (CUP)) 10 (2): 179–200. doi:10.1017/s1355770x04001883. ISSN 1355-770X.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Hurley, Terrance M.; Babcock, Bruce A.; Hellmich, Richard L. (July 2001). "BT CORN AND INSECT RESISTANCE: AN ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF REFUGES". Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics (Western Agricultural Economics Association) 26 (1): 176–194. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.31156. ISSN 1068-5502.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Alstad, D. N.; Andow, D. A. (1995-06-30). "Managing the Evolution of Insect Resistance to Transgenic Plants". Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)) 268 (5219): 1894–1896. doi:10.1126/science.268.5219.1894. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17797533. Bibcode: 1995Sci...268.1894A.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 "Refuges of genetic variation: controlling crop pest evolution". 3 September 2021. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/agriculture_04.

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