Pheromone trap

Short description: Type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects

Chamaesphecia empiformis (Sesiidae) on a red rubber septa pheromone lure

A pheromone trap is a type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects. Sex pheromones and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure, as the red rubber septa in the picture, is encased in a conventional trap such as a bottle trap, Delta trap, water-pan trap, or funnel trap. Pheromone traps are used both to count insect populations by sampling, and to trap pests such as clothes moths to destroy them.

Pheromone traps are an integral part of the pest control landscape, offering an effective, non-toxic method for monitoring and managing pest populations. Specifically, they've proven instrumental in controlling the spread of clothes moths, a common household pest that can cause significant damage to clothing, upholstery, and other fabric items. Clothes moth traps work by using pheromones - chemical signals that attract the moths - to lure them into the trap, preventing them from reproducing and causing further damage.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Purpose of Pheromone Moth Traps
* 2 Instructions for Use of Pheromone Traps
* 3 Pheromone Traps Placement
* 4 Efficiency
* 5 Best Time for Pheromone Traps Treatment
* 6 Sensitivity
* 7 Digital Pheromone Traps
* 8 Targets
* 9 Gallery
* 10 References

## Purpose of Pheromone Moth Traps

Pheromone clothes moth traps are specialized pest control devices designed with a clear purpose: to control and manage clothes moth populations. The key ingredient in these insect traps is a pheromone lure, a synthesized version of the female clothes moth's sex pheromone. This lure is exceptionally potent to male clothes moths, irresistibly drawing them towards the trap. Once they enter, a sticky substance prevents them from escaping, disrupting the mating process and reducing the moth population over time.

Beyond their function as a control measure, these traps also serve a crucial monitoring role. The number of moths trapped provides a visual indicator of the extent of an infestation, allowing homeowners to promptly recognize a potential issue. Early detection is often vital in preventing severe infestations, as it enables timely protective measures for valuable clothing and fabric items. Additionally, consistent use of these traps allows for ongoing monitoring, providing insight into the effectiveness of various control strategies and facilitating adaptive pest management. Thus, pheromone clothes moth traps are not just an intervention tool but also an informative resource for maintaining a moth-free home.

## Instructions for Use of Pheromone Traps

Pheromone traps offer a user-friendly method for pest control. The process is generally straightforward - most traps involve a pheromone lure placed inside a sticky trap. This lure then works to draw in the moths, where they become ensnared by the adhesive and can't escape. The setup for these traps is typically hassle-free. Users simply open the packet, remove any protective layer from the glue, and situate the pheromone lure in the appropriate location.

Several traps come pre-baited, further easing the setup process, and are ready for immediate placement upon opening. However, their simplicity doesn't negate the need for proper maintenance. The traps must be replaced routinely, approximately every 2–3 months, or earlier if they become full before this time. Continual monitoring is also essential; users should regularly check the traps for any signs of moth capture, as this could indicate a growing infestation. Notably, some manufacturers provide detailed instructions or online resources to help homeowners use their products effectively, supporting successful pest management strategies in the household.

## Pheromone Traps Placement

Pheromone traps should be strategically placed in locations where moth activity is either suspected or has already been identified. This typically includes spaces like closets, basements, and other storage areas where clothes and fabrics are kept. These locations offer the ideal moth conditions: darkness, quiet, and access to fibrous materials for feeding and breeding.

Placement at eye level is recommended, as it facilitates easy inspection and monitoring. Additionally, it's essential to keep these traps out of reach of children and pets to prevent accidental contact with the sticky surface or ingestion of the pheromone lure.

Traps should also be positioned near items composed of natural fibers, such as wool, silk, fur, or feathers, as clothes moths are particularly drawn to these materials. Bear in mind that moth larvae are the culprits for the damage, so consider areas where you've previously noticed holes in clothing or spotted the small, creamy-white caterpillars. Remember, the primary goal of the traps is to interrupt the breeding cycle of the moths, so focusing on areas where the females lay their eggs can significantly increase the traps' effectiveness.

## Efficiency

Pheromone traps have proven to be a compelling resource in the battle against clothing moth infestations. By exploiting the powerful attraction male moths have towards female pheromones, these traps effectively lure and trap males, thereby disrupting the moths' breeding cycle. This disruption, over time, leads to a noticeable decrease in the moth population, reducing the potential damage to valuable clothing and fabrics.

However, while their efficiency is unquestionable, pheromone traps should be viewed as something other than a standalone solution. They're a vital component of a comprehensive pest management plan, working in conjunction with other control methods such as proper storage practices, regular cleaning, and professional pest control services when necessary.

Studies and user testimonies alike have demonstrated the significant impact these traps can have in reducing moth populations when used correctly and consistently. Moreover, they offer an environmentally friendly option that avoids chemical pesticides, making them an increasingly popular choice in sustainable pest management strategies. These traps, while simple, provide a powerful weapon for safeguarding our homes from the destructive tendencies of clothes moths.

## Best Time for Pheromone Traps Treatment

Implementing a moth control strategy should be initiated at the earliest signs of moth activity. Given that clothes moths can breed year-round in the right conditions—typically warm indoor environments—constant vigilance is required. As a rule, spring and summer generally witness peak moth activity, driven by warmer temperatures that facilitate breeding. However, heated homes can also provide a favorable environment for moth proliferation throughout the year, irrespective of external weather conditions.

Taking immediate and decisive action upon noticing an infestation is crucial, as this can prevent a small, manageable problem from spiraling into a major infestation. This includes placing pheromone traps and implementing additional control measures, such as regular cleaning and mothproofing clothing. Furthermore, seasonal changes can serve as helpful reminders to refresh the moth control strategies:

* Replacing traps and conducting thorough inspections of your clothes and fabrics at the beginning of each new season.
* Maintaining good storage practices - like storing clothes in sealed containers and regularly cleaning wardrobes and closets - can help keep moth populations in check.

Ultimately, proactive, year-round monitoring forms the cornerstone of effective moth control.

## Sensitivity

Pheromone traps are very sensitive, meaning they attract insects present at very low densities. They are often used to detect presence of exotic pests, or for sampling, monitoring, or to determine the first appearance of a pest in an area. They can be used for legal control, and are used to monitor the success of the Boll Weevil Eradication Program and the spread of the spongy moth. The high species-specificity of pheromone traps can also be an advantage, and they tend to be inexpensive and easy to implement. This sensitivity is especially suited to some investigations of invasive species: Flying males are easily blown off course by winds. Rather than introducing noise, Frank et al 2013 find this can actually help detect isolated nests or populations and determine the length of time necessary between introduction and establishment. (Although any trap can answer the same questions, high sensitivity such as provided by pheromone traps does so more accurately.)[2]

However, it is impractical in most cases to completely remove or "trap out" pests using a pheromone trap. Some pheromone-based pest control methods have been successful, usually those designed to protect enclosed areas such as households or storage facilities. There has also been some success in mating disruption. In one form of mating disruption, males are attracted to a powder containing female attractant pheromones. The pheromones stick to the males' bodies, and when they fly off, the pheromones make them attractive to other males. It is hoped that if enough males chase other males instead of females, egg-laying will be severely impeded.[3]

Some difficulties surrounding pheromone traps include sensitivity to bad weather, their ability to attract pests from neighboring areas, and that they generally only attract adults, although it is the juveniles in many species that are pests.[4] They are also generally limited to one sex.

## Digital Pheromone Traps

In recent years, pheromone traps also partook in the digital transformation in agriculture, and agritech companies introduced digital pheromone traps. Also known as Pest Traps, digital pheromone traps are IoT devices that include systems to detect and identify pests in the field. Their main goal is to notice pests and manage pesticide spraying. They involve sticky papers, in-built cameras, and various software systems that enable pest detection and identification. Some pheromone traps such as Doktar's PestTrapp, utilize machine learning technologies to automatize the detection process for farmers and agricultural businesses. Smart farming practices have adapted using Digital Pest Traps as financially beneficial and environmentally friendly tools.

## Targets

Though certainly not all insect pheromones have been discovered, many are known and many more are discovered every year. Some sites curate large lists of insect pheromones.[5] Pheromones are frequently used to monitor and control lepidopteran and coleopteran species, with many available commercially.[6] Pheromones are available for insects including:

* African bollworm
* African cotton leafworm
* Apple brown tortrix
* Apple clearwing moth
* Apple fruit moth
* Apple maggot
* Artichoke moth
* Asian beetle
* Asian corn borer moth
* Baluchistan fruit fly
* Banana weevil
* Banded elm bark beetle
* Barred fruit-tree tortrix
* Beech tortrix moth
* Beet armyworm
* Bertha armyworm
* Black cutworm
* Blueberry maggot
* Bollworm
* Bright-line brown-eye or tomato moth
* Brown oak tortrix
* Cabbage leaf roller
* Cabbage looper moth
* Cabbage moth
* Carnation tortrix
* Carob moth
* Cherry-bark moth
* Cherry fruit fly
* Citrus cutworm
* Citrus flower moth
* Citrus leafmining moth
* Citrus mealybug
* Codling moth
* Corn earworm
* Corn stalk borer
* Cucumber fruit fly
* Cucumber moth
* Currant clearwing moth
* Cutworm
* Date palm fruit stalk borer
* Diamond back moth
* Douglas-fir tussock moth
* Dubas bug
* Durra stem borer
* Eastern cherry fruit fly
* Eggplant shoot and fruit borer
* Egyptian cotton leaf worm
* Engraver beetle
* European corn borer
* European goat moth
* European pine shoot moth
* European spruce bark beetle
* Eye-spotted bud moth
* Fall armyworm[7]
* False codling moth
* Fruit fly
* Fruit tree leaf roller
* Garden pebble
* Golden leaf roller
* Golden twin moth or groundnut semi-looper moth
* Grape moth or vine moth
* Green oak moth
* Grey tortrix
* Hants moth
* Japanese beetle
* Jasmine moth[8]
* Large fruit tree tortrix
* Leche's twist moth
* Leek moth or onion moth
* Legume pod borer
* Leopard moth
* Lesser peach tree borer
* Longhorn date stem borer
* Marbled orchard tortrix
* Mediterranean fruit fly
* Mediterranean pine engraver beetle
* Melon fly
* Northern bark beetle
* Nun moth
* Olive fruit fly
* Olive moth
* Orange tortrix
* Oriental fruit fly
* Oriental fruit moth
* Pea moth
* Peach fruit fly
* Pear leaf blister moth
* Pear twig borer
* Pine processionary moth
* Pine sawfly
* Pink bollworm
* Plum fruit moth
* Potato moth
* Potato tuber moth
* Queensland fruit fly
* Quince moth
* Red palm weevil
* Rhinoceros beetle
* Rice stem borer
* Rose tortrix
* San Jose scale
* Sesiidae (some)
* Silver Y moth
* Six-spined spruce bark beetle
* Six-toothed bark beetle
* Spiny boll worm
* Spongy moth
* Spotted bollworm
* Spotted tentiform miner
* Straw coloured tortrix moth
* Sugar beet weevil
* Summer fruit tortrix moth
* Tobacco budworm
* Tomato leaf miner
* Tomato looper
* Turnip moth
* Variegated golden tortrix
* Winter moth
* Xyloterus bark beetle

## Gallery

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## References

1. ↑ "Powerful Clothes Moth Traps for Closets by MothPrevention" (in en-US). https://www.moth-prevention.com/products/powerful-clothes-moth-trap-3-traps-proven-best-catch-rates-in-the-usa.
2. ↑ Grayson, Kristine L.; Johnson, Derek M. (2017-10-17). Woodcock, Ben. ed. "Novel insights on population and range edge dynamics using an unparalleled spatiotemporal record of species invasion". Journal of Animal Ecology (Wiley) 87 (3): 581–593. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12755. ISSN 0021-8790. PMID 28892141. (KLG ORCID: 0000-0003-1710-0457).
3. ↑ "Pheromone Traps - Using Sex as Bait". 5 November 2008. https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/pheromone-traps-using-sex-bait.
4. ↑ R. Weinzierl, T. Henn, P. G. Koehler and C. L. Tucker (June 2005). Insect Attractants and Traps, ENY 277. University of Florida.
5. ↑ "The Pherobase: Database of pheromones and semiochemicals". http://www.pherobase.com/.
6. ↑ "Lures". http://iscatech.com/collections/lures.
7. ↑ "F.A.W. PheroLure ®". https://insectscience.co.za/pherolure/f-a-w-pherolure/.
8. ↑ "Pheromones". http://www.russellipm-agriculture.com/pheromoenmonitoringsystem.php?kt_az=all.

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