Rif (GTPase)

Short description: Small signalling G protein

Rif is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rho family of GTPases.[1] It is primarily active in the brain and plays a physiological role in the formation of neuronal dendritic spine. This process is regulated by FARP1, a type of activator for RhoA GTPases.[2] Alternatively, Rif can induce the formation of actin stress fibers in epithelial cells, which is dependent on the activity levels of ROCK proteins since the absence of ROCK activity would mean Rif would be unable to stimulate the growth of stress fibers.[3]

Rif is also seen expressed in diverse amount of human tissues such as in the colon and stomach due to Rho's use of actin dynamics to absorb intestinal epithelial cells.[4] Rif is one way of generating filopodia (Rif-induced filopodia) through its interaction with mDia2. Specifically, the interaction is between the GTP from Rif and the GTPase binding domain (GBD) of mDia2.[3][5] Rif's function in forming filopodia has a relation to the function of platelets. But in mice, Rif is not necessary for platelets to function.[6] The co-expression of Rif with Rac or Cdc42, other GTPases that also participate in regulating cell structure and morphology, can give rise to new filopodial structures that differ from the filopodia arrangements stimulated by each of these GTPases functioning separately.[7]

## References

1. ↑ "Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking". Trends in Cell Biology 16 (10): 522–9. October 2006. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.006. PMID 16949823.
2. ↑ "The Rif GTPase regulates cytoskeletal signaling from plexinA4 to promote neurite retraction". Neuroscience Letters 590: 178–83. March 2015. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.010. PMID 25668492.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The small GTPase Rif is an alternative trigger for the formation of actin stress fibers in epithelial cells". Journal of Cell Science 123 (Pt 8): 1247–52. April 2010. doi:10.1242/jcs.061754. PMID 20233848.
4. ↑ "The small Rho GTPase Rif and actin cytoskeletal remodelling". Biochemical Society Transactions 40 (1): 268–72. February 2012. doi:10.1042/BST20110625. PMID 22260703. https://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article/40/1/268/66370/The-small-Rho-GTPase-Rif-and-actin-cytoskeletal.
5. ↑ Pellegrin, Stéphanie; Mellor, Harry (2005-01-26). "The Rho Family GTPase Rif Induces Filopodia through mDia2" (in en). Current Biology 15 (2): 129–133. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.011. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 15668168.
6. ↑ "The small GTPase Rif is dispensable for platelet filopodia generation in mice". PLOS ONE 8 (1): e54663. 2013-01-24. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054663. PMID 23359340. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...854663G.
7. ↑ Ellis, Sara; Mellor, Harry (November 2000). "The novel Rho-family GTPase Rif regulates coordinated actin-based membrane rearrangements". Current Biology 10 (21): 1387–1390. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00777-6. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 11084341.

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Hydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6)

3.6.1|

* Pyrophosphatase
* Inorganic
* Thiamine
* Apyrase
* Thiamine-triphosphatase

3.6.2|

* Adenylylsulfatase
* Phosphoadenylylsulfatase

3.6.3-4: ATPase|

| 3.6.3|

| Cu++ (3.6.3.4)|

* Menkes/ATP7A
* Wilson/ATP7B

|

Ca+ (3.6.3.8)|

* SERCA
* ATP2A1
* ATP2A2
* ATP2A3
* Plasma membrane
* ATP2B1
* ATP2B2
* ATP2B3
* ATP2B4
* SPCA
* ATP2C1
* ATP2C2

Na+/K+ (3.6.3.9)|

* ATP1A1
* ATP1A2
* ATP1A3
* ATP1A4
* ATP1B1
* ATP1B2
* ATP1B3
* ATP1B4

H+/K+ (3.6.3.10)|

* ATP4A

Other P-type ATPase|

* ATP8B1
* ATP10A
* ATP11B
* ATP12A
* ATP13A2
* ATP13A3

3.6.4|

* Dynein
* Kinesin
* Myosin
* Katanin

3.6.5: GTPase|

| 3.6.5.1: Heterotrimeric G protein|

* Gαs
* Golf
* Gαi
* GNAI1
* GNAI2
* GNAI3
* Transducin
* GNAT1
* GNAT2
* Gustducin
* GNAT3
* Gαq/11
* GNAQ
* GNA11
* Gα12/13
* GNA12
* GNA13

|

3.6.5.2: Small GTPase > Ras superfamily|

* Rho family of GTPases: Cdc42
* CDC42
* TC10
* TCL
* RhoUV
* RhoU
* RhoV
* Rac
* Rac1
* 2
* 3
* RhoG
* RhoBTB
* 1
* 2
* RhoH
* Rho
* A
* B
* C
* Rnd
* 1
* 2
* 3
* RhoDF
* RhoF
* RhoD

* other: Ras
* HRAS
* KRAS
* NRAS
* Rab
* RAB23
* RAB27
* Arf
* ARF6
* SAR1B
* ARL13B
* ARL6
* Ran
* Rheb
* Rap
* RGK

3.6.5.3: Protein-synthesizing GTPase|

* Prokaryotic
* IF-2
* EF-Tu
* EF-G
* Eukaryotic

3.6.5.5-6: Polymerization motors|

* Dynamin
* Tubulin

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Enzymes

Activity|

* Active site
* Binding site
* Catalytic triad
* Oxyanion hole
* Enzyme promiscuity
* Catalytically perfect enzyme
* Coenzyme
* Cofactor
* Enzyme catalysis

Regulation|

* Allosteric regulation
* Cooperativity
* Enzyme inhibitor
* Enzyme activator

Classification|

* EC number
* Enzyme superfamily
* Enzyme family
* List of enzymes

Kinetics|

* Enzyme kinetics
* Eadie–Hofstee diagram
* Hanes–Woolf plot
* Lineweaver–Burk plot
* Michaelis–Menten kinetics

Types|

* EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
* EC2 Transferases (list)
* EC3 Hydrolases (list)
* EC4 Lyases (list)
* EC5 Isomerases (list)
* EC6 Ligases (list)
* EC7 Translocases (list)

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