Sand lance

Short description: Common name for several species of fish

Sand lances

Ammodytes hexapterus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Actinopterygii
Order:  | Trachiniformes
Family:  | Ammodytidae
Bonaparte, 1832
Genera[1]

Ammodytes
Ammodytoides
Bleekeria
Gymnammodytes
Hyperoplus
Lepidammodytes
Protammodytes

A common tern with a sand lance, Biddeford Pool, ME - August 2013

A sand lance or sandlance is a fish belonging to the family Ammodytidae. Several species of sand lances are commonly known as "sand eels", though they are not related to true eels. Another variant name is launce,[2] and all names of the fish are references to its slender body and pointed snout. The family name (and genus name, Ammodytes) means "sand burrower", which describes the sand lance's habit of burrowing into sand to avoid tidal currents.

Sand lances are most commonly encountered by fishermen in the North Pacific and North Atlantic, but are found in oceans throughout the world. These fish do not have pelvic fins and do not develop swim bladders, staying true to their bottom-dwelling habit as adults. Both adult and larval sea lances primarily feed on copepods. Larval forms of this fish are perhaps the most abundant of all fish larvae in areas such as the northwest Atlantic, serving as a major food item for cod, salmon, whales[3] and other commercially important species. As adults, sand lances are harvested commercially in some areas (primarily in Europe), leading to direct human competition with diving birds such as puffins, auks, terns, and cormorants. Some species are inshore coastal dwellers, and digging for sand lances to use as a bait fish has been a popular pastime in coastal areas of Europe and North America. Other species are deep-water dwellers, some of which have only recently been described to science, and most of which lack common names.

Ammodytes americanus Ammodytes tobianus Ammodytes dubius

## Contents

* 1 Chameleon like
* 2 Timeline
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Chameleon like

Sand lances have chameleon-like independent eye movements and special focusing lenses. Sand lance also have a tongue that can quickly dart out of its mouth at high velocity, a ballistic tongue. Sand lances and chameleons share other features.[4][5][6]

## Timeline

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id:cenozoic     value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
id:paleogene     value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
id:paleocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
id:eocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
id:oligocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
id:neogene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
id:miocene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
id:pliocene     value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
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from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleocene
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eocene
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligocene
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Miocene
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Plio.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pleist.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

bar:eratop
from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

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align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:eocene bar:NAM1  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	Ammodytes
color:miocene bar:NAM2  from:	-15.97	till:	0	text:	Hyperoplus

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from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleocene
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eocene
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligocene
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Miocene
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Plio.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pleist.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

bar:era
from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

</timeline>

## See also

The sand lance has lent its name to two submarines of the United States Navy:

* missing name, a Script error: The function "sclass" does not exist..
* missing name, a Sturgeon-class nuclear submarine.

## References

* Bigelow, H. B.; Schroeder, W. C. (1953). "Sand launce Ammodytes americanus De Kay 1942, in Fishes of the Gulf of Maine, Fishery Bulletin 74". Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service 53. http://www.gma.org/fogm/Ammodytes_americanus.htm.
* biologists.org on independent eye movements
* Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class. Retrieved 2011-05-19.

1. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). "Ammodytidae" in FishBase. December 2012 version.
2. ↑ Bigalow &amp Schroeder, 1953
3. ↑ "Do Whales Have Culture? Humpbacks Pass on Behavior". News.nationalgeographic.com. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130425-humpback-whale-culture-behavior-science-animals/. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
4. ↑ John D. Pettigrew, Shaun P. Collin, and Matthias Ott, “Convergence of Specialised Behaviour, Eye Movements and Visual Optics in the Sandlance (Teleostei) and the Chameleon (Reptilia),” Current Biology 9 (April 1999): 421–24, doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80189-4
5. ↑ Michael F. Land, “Visual Optics: The Sandlance Eye Breaks All the Rules,” Current Biology 9 (April 1999): R286–88, doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80180-8.
6. ↑ Chameleons And Their Amazing Tongues, November 6, 2022, biobubblepets.com

## External links

* Sand Lance profile at Fisheries and Oceans Canada

Wikidata ☰ Q695712 entry

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