Spindalis

Spindalis is a genus consisting of four non-migratory species of bird. It is the only genus in the family Spindalidae. The species are mostly endemic to the West Indies; exceptions include populations of western spindalises on Cozumel Island, off the Yucatán Peninsula's east coast, and in extreme southeastern Florida. The species were traditionally considered aberrant members of the tanager family Thraupidae. Taxonomic studies recover them as a sister group to the Puerto Rican tanager (family Nesospingidae), and some group Spindalidae and Nesospingidae within the Phaenicophilidae.[1]

Males are characterized by bright plumage while females are duller and have a different coloration. The nests are cup-shaped.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Taxonomy
* 2 Taxonomy
* 3 References
* 4 Sources

## Taxonomy

The genus Spindalis was introduced in 1837 by the naturalists William Jardine and Prideaux John Selby to accommodate a single species, Spindalis bilineatus Jardine and Selby. This name is now considered a junior synonym of Tanagra nigricephala Jameson, 1835, the Jamaican spindalis, which becomes the type species by monotypy.[3][4]

The genus contains four species:[5]

Genus Spindalis  – Jardine & Selby, 1837 – four species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

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|
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Hispaniolan spindalis

| Spindalis dominicensis
(Bryant, H, 1867) | Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
| Size:

Habitat:

Diet:  |  LC

Jamaican spindalis

Male

Female

| Spindalis nigricephala
(Jameson, 1835) | Jamaica
| Size:

Habitat:

Diet:  |  LC

Puerto Rican spindalis

File:Puerto Rican Stripe-headed Tanager (male) (5403225223).jpg
Male

Female

| Spindalis portoricensis
(Bryant, H, 1866) | Puerto Rico
| Size:

Habitat:

Diet:  |  LC

Western spindalis

File:Spindalis zena pretrei, Ciego de Avila Province, Cuba 1 (cropped).jpg
Male

Female

| Spindalis zena
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies

* S. z. zena
* S. z. townsendi
* S. z. pretrei
* S. z. salvini
* S. z. benedicti

| southeastern Florida and the western Caribbean (Cozumel, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands)
| Size:

Habitat:

Diet:  |  LC

## Taxonomy

Historically, the genus consisted of a single polytypic species, Spindalis zena (with the common name of stripe-headed tanager), with eight recognized subspecies—S. z. townsendi and S. z. zena from the Bahamas, S. z. pretrei from Cuba, S. z. salvini from Grand Cayman, S. z. dominicensis from Hispaniola and Gonâve Island, S. z. portoricensis from Puerto Rico, S. z. nigreciphala from Jamaica, and S. z. benedicti from Cozumel Island. In 1997, based primarily on morphological and vocalization differences, three of the subspecies (portoricensis, dominicensis and nigricephala) were elevated to species status. S. zena remained a polytypic species with five recognized subspecies—S. z. pretrei, S. z. salvini, S. z. benedicti, S. z. townsendi, and S. z. zena.[6]

## References

1. ↑ Oliveros, C.H. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 116 (16): 7916–7925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMID 30936315. Bibcode: 2019PNAS..116.7916O.
2. ↑ Garrido et al. 1997, p. 587.
3. ↑ Jardine, William; Selby, Prideaux John (1837). Illustrations of Ornithology. 4. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars. Plate 9. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/63411804.
4. ↑ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 316. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483551.
5. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (August 2024). "Enigmatic Oscines". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/enigmas/.
6. ↑ Garrido et al. 1997, pp. 588–589.

## Sources

* Garrido, O.H.; Parkes, K.C.; Reynard, G.B.; Kirkconnell, A.; Sutton, R. (1997). "Taxonomy of the stripe-headed tanager, genus Spindalis (Aves:Thraupidae) of the West Indies". The Wilson Bulletin 109 (4): 561–594. http://sora.unm.edu/node/131513.

* v
* t
* e

Genera of finches, sparrows and tanagers

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Aves
* Suborder: Passeri
* Infraorder: Passerida
* Superfamily: Passeroidea

Passeroidea

| Estrildidae|

| Amandavinae|

* Amadina
* Amandava
* Ortygospiza

|

Erythrurinae|

* Chloebia
* Erythrura

Estrildinae|

* Brunhilda
* Coccopygia
* Cryptospiza
* Delacourella
* Estrilda
* Glaucestrilda
* Mandingoa
* Nesocharis
* Nigrita
* Parmoptila

Lagonostictinae|

* Clytospiza
* Euschistospiza
* Granatina
* Hypargos
* Lagonosticta
* Pyrenestes
* Pytilia
* Spermophaga
* Uraeginthus

Lonchurinae|

* Euodice
* Lepidopygia
* Lonchura
* Mayrimunia
* Padda
* Spermestes

Poephilinae|

* Aidemosyne
* Bathilda
* Emblema
* Heteromunia
* Neochmia
* Oreostruthus
* Poephila
* Stagonopleura
* Stizoptera
* Taeniopygia

Passeridae|

* Carpospiza
* Gymnoris
* Hypocryptadius
* Montifringilla
* Onychostruthus
* Passer
* Petronia
* Pyrgilauda

Ploceidae|

* Amblyospiza
* Anaplectes
* Brachycope
* Bubalornis
* Dinemellia
* Euplectes
* Foudia
* Histurgops
* Malimbus
* Philetairus
* Plocepasser
* Ploceus
* Pseudonigrita
* Quelea
* Sporopipes

Prunellidae|

* Prunella

Urocynchramidae|

* Urocynchramus

Viduidae|

* Anomalospiza
* Vidua

Nine-primaried oscines|

*     * See below ↓

Nine-primaried oscines

| Fringillidae|

| Carduelinae|

* Acanthis
* Agraphospiza
* †Aidemedia
* †Akialoa
* Bucanetes
* Callacanthis
* Carduelis
* Carpodacus
* †Chloridops
* Chloris
* Chlorodrepanis
* Chrysocorythus
* †Ciridops
* Coccothraustes
* Crithagra
* Drepanis
* †Dysmorodrepanis
* Eophona
* Haemorhous
* Hemignathus
* Hesperiphona
* Himatione
* Leucosticte
* Linaria
* Linurgus
* Loxia
* Loxioides
* Loxops
* Magumma
* †Melamprosops
* Mycerobas
* Oreomystis
* †Orthiospiza
* Palmeria
* Paroreomyza
* Pinicola
* Procarduelis
* Pseudonestor
* †Psittirostra
* Pyrrhula
* Pyrrhoplectes
* †Rhodacanthis
* Rhodopechys
* Rhodospiza
* Rhynchostruthus
* Serinus
* Spinus
* Telespiza
* †Vangulifer
* †Viridonia
* †Xestospiza

|

Euphoniinae|

* Chlorophonia
* Euphonia

Fringillinae|

* Fringilla

Motacillidae|

* Anthus
* Dendronanthus
* Macronyx
* Motacilla
* Tmetothylacus

Peucedramidae|

* Peucedramus

Emberizoidea|

*     * See below ↓

Emberizoidea

| Calcariidae|

* Calcarius
* Plectrophenax
* Rhynchophanes

|

Calyptophilidae|

* Calyptophilus

Cardinalidae|

* Amaurospiza
* Cardinalis
* Caryothraustes
* Chlorothraupis
* Cyanocompsa
* Cyanoloxia
* Granatellus
* Habia
* Passerina
* Periporphyrus
* Pheucticus
* Piranga
* Spiza

Emberizidae|

* Emberiza

Icteridae|

*     * See below ↓

Icteriidae|

* Icteria

Mitrospingidae|

* Lamprospiza
* Mitrospingus
* Orthogonys

Nesospingidae|

* Nesospingus

Parulidae|

* Basileuterus
* Cardellina
* Catharopeza
* Geothlypis
* Helmitheros
* Leucopeza
* Leiothlypis
* Limnothlypis
* Mniotilta
* Myioborus
* Myiothlypis
* Oporornis
* Oreothlypis
* Parkesia
* Protonotaria
* Seiurus
* Setophaga
* Vermivora

Passerellidae|

* Aimophila
* Ammodramus
* Ammospiza
* Amphispiza
* Amphispizopsis
* Arremon
* Arremonops
* Artemisiospiza
* Atlapetes
* Calamospiza
* Centronyx
* Chlorospingus
* Chondestes
* Junco
* Melospiza
* Melozone
* Oreothraupis
* Oriturus
* Passerculus
* Passerella
* †Pedinorhis
* Peucaea
* Pezopetes
* Pipilo
* Pooecetes
* Rhynchospiza
* Spizella
* Spizelloides
* Torreornis
* Xenospiza
* Zonotrichia

Phaenicophilidae|

* Microligea
* Phaenicophilus
* Xenoligea

Rhodinocichlidae|

* Rhodinocichla

Spindalidae|

* Spindalis

Teretistridae|

* Teretistris

Thraupidae|

*     * See below ↓

Icteridae

| incertae sedis|

* †Cremaster
* †Pandanaris
* †Pyelorhamphus

|

Agelaiinae|

* Agelaioides
* Agelaius
* Agelasticus
* Amblyramphus
* Anumara
* Chrysomus
* Curaeus
* Dives
* Euphagus
* Gnorimopsar
* Gymnomystax
* Hypopyrrhus
* Lampropsar
* Macroagelaius
* Molothrus
* Nesopsar
* Oreopsar
* Pseudoleistes
* Ptiloxena
* Quiscalus
* Xanthopsar

Amblycercinae|

* Amblycercus

Cassicinae|

* Cacicus
* Cassiculus
* Psarocolius

Dolichonychinae|

* Dolichonyx

Icterinae|

* Icterus

Sturnellinae|

* Leistes
* Sturnella

Xanthocephalinae|

* Xanthocephalus

Thraupidae

| Catamblyrhynchinae|

* Catamblyrhynchus

|

Charitospizinae|

* Charitospiza
* Parkerthraustes

Coerebinae|

* Asemospiza
* Camarhynchus
* Certhidea
* Coereba
* Euneornis
* Geospiza
* Loxigilla
* Loxipasser
* Melanospiza
* Melopyrrha
* Phonipara
* Pinaroloxias
* Platyspiza
* Tiaris

Dacninae|

* Cyanerpes
* Dacnis
* Tersina

Diglossinae|

* Acanthidops
* Catamenia
* Conirostrum
* Diglossa
* Geospizopsis
* Haplospiza
* Idiopsar
* Melanodera
* Nesospiza
* Phrygilus
* Rowettia
* Sicalis
* Xenodacnis

Emberizoidinae|

* Coryphaspiza
* Emberizoides
* Embernagra

Hemithraupinae|

* Chrysothlypis
* Chlorophanes
* Hemithraupis
* Heterospingus
* Iridophanes

Nemosiinae|

* Compsothraupis
* Cyanicterus
* Nemosia
* Sericossypha

Orchesticinae|

* Orchesticus

Poospizinae|

* Castanozoster
* Cnemoscopus
* Cypsnagra
* Donacospiza
* Kleinothraupis
* Microspingus
* Nephelornis
* Piezorina
* Poospiza
* Poospizopsis
* Pseudospingus
* Sphenopsis
* Thlypopsis
* Urothraupis
* Xenospingus

Porphyrospizinae|

* Incaspiza
* Rhopospina

Saltatorinae|

* Saltator
* Saltatricula

Sporophilinae|

* Sporophila

Tachyphoninae|

* Conothraupis
* Coryphospingus
* Creurgops
* Eucometis
* Heliothraupis
* Lanio
* Loriotus
* Ramphocelus
* Rhodospingus
* Tachyphonus
* Trichothraupis
* Volatinia

Thraupinae|

* Anisognathus
* Bangsia
* Buthraupis
* Calochaetes
* Chalcothraupis
* Chlorochrysa
* Chlorornis
* Cissopis
* Cnemathraupis
* Diuca
* Dubusia
* Iridosornis
* Ixothraupis
* Lophospingus
* Neothraupis
* Paroaria
* Pipraeidea
* Poecilostreptus
* Pseudosaltator
* Rauenia
* Schistochlamys
* Sporathraupis
* Stephanophorus
* Stilpnia
* Tangara
* Tephrophilus
* Thraupis
* Wetmorethraupis

Wikidata ☰ Q367998 entry

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindalis. Read more

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