The World s 25 Most Endangered Primates

Short description: List of highly-endangered primate species

The silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus), found only in Madagascar , has been on The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates list since its inception in 2000. Between 100 and 1,000 individuals are left in the wild.

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates is a list of highly endangered primate species selected and published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Primate Specialist Group (PSG), the International Primatological Society (IPS), Global Wildlife Conservation (GWC), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS).[1] The IUCN/SSC PSG worked with Conservation International (CI) to start the list in 2000, but in 2002, during the 19th Congress of the International Primatological Society, primatologists reviewed and debated the list, resulting in the 2002–2004 revision and the endorsement of the IPS. The publication was a joint project between the three conservation organizations until the 2012–2014 list when BZS was added as a publisher.[2] The 2018–2020 list was the first time Conservation International was not among the publishers, replaced instead by GWC. The list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS.[1] Starting with the 2004–2006 report, the title changed to "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates".[3] That same year, the list began to provide information about each species, including their conservation status and the threats they face in the wild.[4] The species text is written in collaboration with experts from the field, with 60 people contributing to the 2006–2008 report[5] and 85 people contributing to the 2008–2010 report.[4] The 2004–2006 and 2006–2008 reports were published in the IUCN/SSC PSG journal Primate Conservation,[3][6], since then they have been published as independent publications.[4][7][2][8][9][1]

The 25 species on the 2018–2020 list are distributed between 32 countries. The country with the most species on the list is Madagascar with five species, Indonesia, Brazil , Ghana, and Cote d'Ivoire each have three. The list is broken into four distinct regions: the island of Madagascar, the continent of Africa, the continent of Asia including the islands of Indonesia, and the Neotropics (Central and South America).[1]

The purpose of the list, according to Russell Mittermeier, the president of CI, is "to highlight those [primate species] that are most at risk, to attract the attention of the public, to stimulate national governments to do more, and especially to find the resources to implement desperately needed conservation measures."[10] Species are selected for the list based on two primary reasons: extremely small population sizes and very rapid drops in numbers. These reasons are heavily influenced by habitat loss and hunting, the two greatest threats primates face. More specifically, threats listed in the report include deforestation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, clearing for pasture or farmland, charcoal production, firewood production, illegal logging, selective logging, mining, land development, and cash crop production; forest fragmentation; small population sizes; live capture for the exotic pet trade; and hunting for bushmeat and traditional medicine.[4] Twelve species were dropped for the 2018–2020 list, Mittermeier notes this was not because their situation has improved but instead to focus attention on other species that are also have "bleak prospects for their survival.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Key
* 2 Current list
* 3 Former list members
* 4 List history
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Key

Key for column headings  Species  | Common and scientific name of the species, including a picture if available

|

Years listed  | Years the species has been included in the IUCN's list of the "Top 25 Most Endangered Primates"
Location(s)  | Countries in which it is found
Estimated population  | Latest population estimate from the IUCN
IUCN status  | Conservation status of the species, per the IUCN as of the date of the latest list publication
Threats  | A list of threats facing the species; used by the IUCN in assessing conservation status

## Current list

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2018–2020: Madagascar[1] Species  | Years listed  | Location(s)  | Estimated population  | IUCN status  | Threats

|
|
|
|
|

Bemanasy mouse lemur
Microcebus manitatra | 2018  | Madagascar  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[11]

* loss of habitat (agricultural encroachment)

Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur
Hapalemur alaotrensis | 2000
2014
2016
2018  | Madagascar  | 2,500
(2018 estimate) | 1
Critically Endangered

[12]

* loss of habitat (agricultural encroachment, burning of marshlands [to create rice paddies, catch fish, and for cattle grazing]
* hunting (bushmeat)
* live capture (local pet trade)

James' sportive lemur
Lepilemur jamesorum | 2016
2018  | Madagascar  | 1,386
(2010 estimate) | 1
Critically Endangered

[13]

* habitat loss (shifting agriculture)
* hunting (bushmeat)
* live capture (pet trade)

Indri
Indri indri | 2012
2018  | Madagascar  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[14]

* loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, firewood)
* hunting (bushmeat, skins)

Aye-aye
Daubentonia madagascariensis | 2016
2018  | Madagascar  | unknown  | 1
Endangered

[15]

* habitat loss (selective logging for local use [boats, houses, coffins], agricultural encroachment, fire)
* hunting (pests, local taboos, bushmeat)

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2012–2014: Africa[2] Species  | Years listed  | Location(s)  | Estimated population  | IUCN status  | Threats

|
|
|
|
|

Rondo dwarf galago
Galagoides rondoensis | 2006
2008
2010
2012  | Tanzania  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[16]

* very small range
* habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, logging)

Roloway monkey
Cercopithecus roloway | 2002
2006
2008
2010
2012  | Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana  | unknown  | 1
Endangered

[17]

* hunting (bushmeat)
* habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, logging)

Tana River red colobus
Procolobus rufomitratus | 2002
2004
2006
2008
2012  | Kenya  | 1,100–1,300  | 1
Endangered

[18]

* hunting (bushmeat)
* habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, fire, firewood, selective logging for local use [houses, canoes])
* habitat degradation (livestock, dam construction, irrigation projects)
* parasitic infection of isolated populations

Bioko red colobus
Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii | 2004
2006
2010
2012  | Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island)  | fewer than 5,000  | 1
Endangered

[19]

* habitat degradation
* hunting (bushmeat)
* small range

Eastern lowland gorilla
Gorilla beringei graueri | 2010
2012  | Democratic Republic of the Congo  | 5,000  | 1
Critically Endangered

[20]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, pastoral farming, illegal mining, charcoal production, wood and bamboo harvesting)
* hunting (bushmeat, infant capture)

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2012–2014: Asia[2] Species  | Years listed  | Location(s)  | Estimated population  | IUCN status  | Threats

|
|
|
|
|

Javan slow loris
Nycticebus javanicus | 2008
2010
2012  | Indonesia (Java)  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[21]

* live capture (pet trade [intense])
* hunting (traditional medicine [intense])
* habitat loss (agriculture, development activities [roads], human disturbance)

Pig-tailed langur
Simias concolor | 2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012  | Indonesia (Mentawai Islands)  | 700–3,347  | 1
Critically Endangered

[22]

* habitat loss (human encroachment, product extraction, commercial logging, conversion to cash crops and oil palm plantations)
* hunting (bushmeat)
* live capture (pet trade)

Delacour's langur
Trachypithecus delacouri | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012  | Vietnam  | fewer than 250  | 1
Critically Endangered

[23]

* habitat fragmentation
* hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine)

Golden-headed langur
Trachypithecus poliocephalus | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012  | Vietnam  | 60–70  | 1
Critically Endangered

[24]

* habitat fragmentation (human encroachment, development for tourism)
* hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine)

Western purple-faced langur
Semnopithecus vetulus nestor | 2004
2006
2008
2010
2012  | Sri Lanka  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[25]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (urbanization, agricultural encroachment)
* dependent on gardens for survival
* live capture (pet trade)
* hunting (pests)
* other human factors (electrocution [power lines], road kill, dog attacks)

Grey-shanked douc
Pygathrix cinerea | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012  | Vietnam  | 600–700  | 1
Critically Endangered

[26]

* restricted range
* habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, illegal logging, firewood)
* hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine)
* live capture (pet trade)

Tonkin snub-nosed monkey
Rhinopithecus avunculus | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012  | Vietnam  | 200–250  | 1
Critically Endangered

[27]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (logging, firewood, roads)
* hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine)

Eastern black crested gibbon
Nomascus nasutus | 2008
2010
2012  | China
Vietnam  | around 110  | 1
Critically Endangered

[28]

* habitat loss, fragmentation, and disturbance (agricultural encroachment, pastoral farming, firewood, charcoal production)
* hunting (bushmeat)

Pygmy tarsier
Tarsius pumilus | 2012  | Indonesia (Sulawesi)  | unknown  | 1
Data deficient

[29]

* habitat loss (human encroachment)

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2012–2014: Neotropics[2] Species  | Years listed  | Location(s)  | Estimated population  | IUCN status  | Threats

|
|
|
|
|

Brown spider monkey
Ateles hybridus | 2004[N 1]
2006
2008
2010
2012  | Colombia
Venezuela  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[30]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, cattle-ranching, logging)
* hunting (bushmeat)
* live capture (pet trade)

Brown-headed spider monkey
Ateles fusciceps fusciceps | 2006
2012  | Ecuador  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[31]

* habitat loss and fragmentation
* hunting (bushmeat)

Kaapori capuchin
Cebus kaapori | 2012  | Brazil  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[32]

* habitat loss and degradation (selective logging)
* hunting (bushmeat)
* live capture (pet trade)

Rio Mayo titi
Callicebus oenanthe | 2012  | Peru  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[33]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (rice and coffee plantations, roads, cattle-ranching)
* hunting (bushmeat)
* live capture (pet trade)

Northern brown howler
Alouatta guariba guariba | 2012  | Brazil  | fewer than 250  | 1
Critically Endangered

[34]

* habitat loss (selective logging)
* hunting (bushmeat)
* disease epidemics

## Former list members

With each new publication, species are both added and removed from the list. In some cases, removal from the list signifies improvement for the species. With the publication of the 2006–2008 list, four species were removed because of increased conservation efforts: the black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus), golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia), mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei), and Perrier's sifaka (Propithecus perrieri).[35] In 2008, the black lion tamarin went from critically endangered to endangered and the golden lion tamarin was similarly promoted in 2003 after three decades of collaborative conservation efforts by zoos and other institutions. Well-protected species such as these still have very small populations, and due to deforestation, new habitat is still needed for their long-term survival.[10] The Hainan black crested gibbon (Nomascus hainanus), which was removed from the 2008–2010 list, still has fewer than 20 individuals left, but significant efforts to protect it are now being made.[4] Mittermeier claimed in 2007 that all 25 species could be elevated off the list within five to ten years if conservation organizations had the necessary resources.[35]

Unlike the changes in the 2006–2008 report, not all species were removed from the 2008–2010 list due to improvement in their situation. Instead, new species were added to bring attention to other closely related species with very small populations that are also at risk of extinction. For example, the highly endangered eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) replaced the Hainan black crested gibbon. The Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) replaced the Horton Plains slender loris (Loris tardigradus nycticeboides) because the former has been hit the hardest of Asian lorises, all of which are declining rapidly due primarily to capture for the exotic pet trade, as well as use in traditional medicines and forest loss. In another case, the brown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps) was omitted from the list since no spokesperson could be found for the species.[4] The same approach was taken with the 2012–2014 list.[2]

Primates formerly listed in the Top 25 Most Endangered Primates: Madagascar[4][7][2][8][9] Species  | Years listed  | Location(s)  | Estimated population  | IUCN status  | Threats

|
|
|
|
|

Greater bamboo lemur
Prolemur simus | 2002
2004
2006
2008
2010  | Madagascar  | 500 or fewer  | 1
Critically Endangered

[36]

* small, isolated populations
* loss of habitat and fragmentation (slash-and-burn agriculture, mining, illegal logging, cutting of bamboo)
* hunting (bushmeat)
* reduced availability of drinking water due to climatic change
* extreme dietary specialization and dependency on giant bamboo

Black-and-white ruffed lemur
Varecia variegata | 2010  | Madagascar  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[37]

* loss of habitat and fragmentation (slash-and-burn agriculture, mining, logging)
* hunting (bushmeat)

Gray-headed lemur
Eulemur cinereiceps | 2004
2006
2008  | Madagascar  | 7,265 ± 2,268  | 1
Endangered

[38]

* very small range (~700 km2)
* hybridization with red-fronted lemur (E. rufifrons)
* low population densities
* habitat loss and fragmentation (fragmented, small populations)
* cyclones
* hunting (bushmeat)

Golden-crowned sifaka
Propithecus tattersalli | 2000  | Madagascar  | 6,000–10,000[39] | 1
Endangered

[39]

* hunting (by gold miners)
* loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, uncontrolled grass fires, wood extraction [housing & firewood], selective logging, gold mining)[39]

Golden bamboo lemur
Hapalemur aureus | 2000  | Madagascar  | fewer than 5,916[40] | 1
Endangered

[40]

* loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, cutting of bamboo [for building houses, carrying water, making baskets and other local uses])
* hunting (bushmeat)[40]

Sahamalaza sportive lemur
Lepilemur sahamalazensis | 2006  | Madagascar  | unknown  | 1
Data deficient

[41]

* loss of habitat (agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, selective logging for local use [houses])
* hunting (bushmeat)[41]

Perrier's sifaka
Propithecus perrieri | 2000
2002
2004
2014
2016  | Madagascar  | around 915[42] | 1
Critically Endangered

[42]

* loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, charcoal production, fires to clear forest for pasture, mining)
* hunting (bushmeat)[42]

Blue-eyed black lemur
Eulemur flavifrons | 2008
2010
2012  | Madagascar  | 450–2,300  | 1
Critically Endangered

[43]

* very small range (~2,700 km2)
* loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, selective logging)
* hunting (bushmeat)
* live capture (pet trade)

Northern sportive lemur
Lepilemur septentrionalis | 2008
2010
2012  | Madagascar  | around 19  | 1
Critically Endangered

[44]

* very small range
* habitat loss (firewood, charcoal production, Eucalyptus plantations)
* hunting (bushmeat)

Silky sifaka
Propithecus candidus | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012  | Madagascar  | fewer than 250  | 1
Critically Endangered

[45]

* very small range
* hunting (bushmeat)
* habitat loss (slash-and-burn agriculture, illegal logging, firewood)

Madame Berthe's mouse lemur
Microcebus berthae | 2012  | Madagascar  | fewer than 8,000  | 1
Critically Endangered

[46]

* loss of habitat and fragmentation (slash-and-burn agriculture, illegal logging)

Red ruffed lemur
Varecia rubra | 2012  | Madagascar  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[47]

* loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, illegal logging, human encroachment)
* hunting (bushmeat)

Lavasoa Mountains dwarf lemur
Cheirogaleus lavasoensis | 2014  | Madagascar  | ?[48] | 1
Endangered

[48]

Gerp's mouse lemur
Microcebus gerpi | 2016  | Madagascar  | ?[49] | 1
Critically Endangered

[49]

Ring-tailed lemur
Lemur catta | 2016  | Madagascar  | ?[50] | 1
Endangered

[50]

Primates formerly listed in the Top 25 Most Endangered Primates: Africa[4][2] Species  | Years listed  | Location(s)  | Estimated population  | IUCN status  | Threats

|
|
|
|
|

Mount Rungwe galago
Galagoides sp.  | 2004  | Tanzania  | unknown  | Not evaluated |

* loss of habitat (logging, agricultural encroachment, charcoal production)
* hunting (bushmeat)[3]

Sclater's guenon
Cercopithecus sclateri | 2000  | Nigeria  | unknown  | 1
Vulnerable

[51]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (logging, agricultural encroachment, oil exploration)
* high human density
* hunting (bushmeat)[51]

Drill
Mandrillus leucophaeus | 2000  | Cameroon
Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
Nigeria  | unknown  | 1
Endangered

[52]

* small range
* loss of habitat (clearcutting [for chipboard factories and settlement])
* hunting (bushmeat, persecution as pests)[52]

Tana River mangabey
Cercocebus galeritus galeritus | 2002  | Kenya  | 1,000–1,200[53] | 1
Endangered

[53]

* loss of habitat (palm oil production, logging, agricultural encroachment, grass fires intended to prevent forest regeneration, overgrazing, damming and irrigation projects)
* hunting (persecution as pests)[53]

Sanje mangabey
Cercocebus sanjei | 2000
2002
2004  | Tanzania  | fewer than 1,300[54] | 1
Endangered

[54]

* loss of habitat (logging, charcoal production)
* hunting (persecution as pests)[54]

Sooty mangabey
Cercocebus atys lunulatus | 2000
2002
2004  | Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana  | unknown  | 1
Endangered

[55]

* habitat loss and degradation
* hunting (bushmeat)[55]

Miss Waldron's red colobus
Piliocolobus badius waldronae | 2000
2002
2006  | Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[56]

* very small populations (recent, very rapid declines in numbers)
* habitat loss
* hunting (bushmeat)[56]

Mountain gorilla
Gorilla beringei beringei | 2000
2002
2004  | Rwanda
Uganda  | around 880  | 1
Critically Endangered

[57]

* two isolated populations
* political instability
* human diseases
* hunting (bushmeat)[57]

Niger Delta red colobus
Procolobus epieni | 2008
2010  | Nigeria  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[58]

* very small range (~1,500 km2)
* hunting (bushmeat)
* habitat loss and degradation (logging of important food trees, loss of marsh forests due to canal construction)

Kipunji
Rungwecebus kipunji | 2006
2008  | Tanzania  | around 1,117  | 1
Critically Endangered

[59]

* very small range
* habitat loss and fragmentation
* hunting (bushmeat)

Cross River gorilla
Gorilla gorilla diehli | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008  | Cameroon
Nigeria  | 200–300  | 1
Critically Endangered

[60]

* small, restricted range
* habitat loss (agricultural encroachment, fires to clear forest or improve pasture, development activities [roads])
* hunting (bushmeat, wire snares set for other wildlife)

Primates formerly listed in the Top 25 Most Endangered Primates: Asia[4] Species  | Years listed  | Location(s)  | Estimated population  | IUCN status  | Threats

|
|
|
|
|

Horton Plains slender loris
Loris tardigradus nycticeboides | 2004
2006  | Sri Lanka  | unknown  | 1
Endangered

[61]

* five isolated populations
* habitat loss
* hunting (bushmeat)[61]

Natuna Island surili
Presbytis natunae | 2002  | Indonesia  | fewer than 10,000[62] | 1
Vulnerable

[62]

* two isolated populations
* habitat loss and degradation
* live capture (pet trade)[62]

White-headed langur
Trachypithecus poliocephalus leucocephalus | 2002  | China, Vietnam  | fewer than 250  | 1
Critically Endangered

[63]

* very small populations (recent, very rapid declines in numbers)
* habitat loss
* hunting[63]

Miller's grizzled langur
Presbytis hosei canicrus | 2004  | Indonesia (Kalimantan)  | unknown  | 1
Endangered

[64]

* habitat loss and fragmentation
* hunting[64]

Black snub-nosed monkey
Rhinopithecus bieti | 2002  | China  | fewer than 2,000[65] | 1
Endangered

[65]

* habitat loss (logging, fires for agricultural use, pasture)
* pesticide use
* hunting (non-targeted [snares])[65]

Gray snub-nosed monkey
Rhinopithecus brelichi | 2002  | China  | around 750[66] | 1
Endangered

[66]

* one isolated population (vulnerable to epidemic disease or catastrophes)
* habitat loss (forest clearing, development for tourism, agricultural expansion, firewood)
* hunting (non-targeted)[66]

Silvery gibbon
Hylobates moloch | 2000  | Indonesia (Java)  | 4,000–4,500[67] | 1
Endangered

[67]

* habitat loss and fragmentation
* live capture (pet trade)[67]

Hainan black crested gibbon
Nomascus hainanus | 2000
2004
2006  | China (Hainan)  | around 20[68] | 1
Critically Endangered

[68]

* extremely small population size
* suboptimal, protected habitat
* possible gender bias in recent births
* hunting (bushmeat)[68]

Siau Island tarsier
Tarsius tumpara | 2006
2008
2010  | Indonesia (Siau Island)  | Low thousands at best  | Not evaluated |

* island population (near an active volcano)
* very small range
* high human density
* hunting [bushmeat (used as snack food)]
* habitat degradation

Western hoolock gibbon
Hoolock hoolock | 2006
2008  | Bangladesh
India
Myanmar  | fewer than 5,000  | 1
Endangered

[69]

* very small populations (recent, very rapid declines in numbers)
* habitat loss and fragmentation (human encroachment, tea plantations, slash-and-burn cultivation)
* hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine)
* live capture (pet trade)

Sumatran orangutan
Pongo abelii | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008  | Indonesia (Sumatra)  | around 6,600  | 1
Critically Endangered

[70]

* recent, very rapid declines in numbers
* only 10 fragmented habitat units
* habitat loss and fragmentation (fires, agriculture and oil palm plantations, roads, logging, encroachment)
* hunting (pests, bushmeat) [occasional]
* live capture (pet trade) [occasional]

Northwest Bornean orangutan
Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus | 2010  | Indonesia (West Kalimantan, Borneo)
Malaysia (Sarawak)  | unknown  | 1
Endangered

[71]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (fires, agriculture and oil palm plantations, roads, logging, encroachment)
* hunting (pests, bushmeat, traditional medicine)
* live capture (pet trade)

Lion-tailed macaque
Macaca silenus | 2010  | India  | fewer than 4,000  | 1
Endangered

[72]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (agriculture and tea/coffee plantations, logging)
* hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine)

Primates formerly listed in the Top 25 Most Endangered Primates: Neotropics[4] Species  | Years listed  | Location(s)  | Estimated population  | IUCN status  | Threats

|
|
|
|
|

Golden lion tamarin
Leontopithecus rosalia | 2000  | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)  | 3,200[73] | 1
Endangered

[73]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (fires to clear forest for pasture)
* live capture (pet trade)[73]

Black lion tamarin
Leontopithecus chrysopygus | 2000  | Brazil (São Paulo)  | around 1,000[74] | 1
Endangered

[74]

* small population size (11 isolated populations, but only one is viable)
* habitat loss and fragmentation[74]

Superagui lion tamarin
Leontopithecus caissara | 2000
2002
2004  | Brazil (Paraná and São Paulo)  | fewer than 400[75] | 1
Critically Endangered

[75]

* small, isolated populations
* habitat loss and degradation (agricultural encroachment, palm heart harvesting, tourism)
* high human density (increased squatting by impoverished people, land speculation)
* hunting (bushmeat)[75]

Golden-bellied capuchin
Cebus xanthosternos | 2000
2002
2004  | Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais?)  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[76]

* habitat loss
* hunting (bushmeat)[76]

Northern muriqui
Brachyteles hypoxanthus | 2000
2002
2004  | Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais)  | fewer than 1,000[77] | 1
Critically Endangered

[77]

* small, isolated populations
* habitat loss and fragmentation
* hunting (bushmeat [past], sport [past])[77]

Yellow-tailed woolly monkey
Oreonax flavicauda | 2000
2006
2008
2010  | Peru  | unknown  | 1
Critically Endangered

[78]

* restricted range
* low population densities
* habitat loss (agriculture, logging, roads, colonization)
* hunting (bushmeat, fur)
* live capture (pet trade)

Cotton-top tamarin
Saguinus oedipus | 2008  | Colombia  | fewer than 6,000  | 1
Critically Endangered

[79]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (large-scale agricultural production [cattle] and farming, logging, oil palm plantations, hydroelectric projects)
* live capture (pet trade [current], biomedical research [past])

Blond capuchin
Cebus flavius | 2010  | Brazil  | 180  | 1
Critically Endangered

[80]

* habitat loss and fragmentation (coastal development and sugar cane plantations)
* live capture (pet trade)
* hunting (bushmeat)

## List history

With the exception of the 2000–2002 publication, which was written collaboratively by the IUCN/SSC PSG and CI, the list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS. The 2002–2004 list resulted from the 19th Congress of the IPS in Beijing, China; the 2004–2006 list followed the 20th Congress of the IPS, held in Torino, Italy; the 2006–2008 list after the 21st Congress in Entebbe, Uganda; the 2008–2010 list followed the 22nd Congress held in Edinburgh, UK; the 2010-2012 list followed the 23rd Congress in Kyoto, Japan; the 2012–2014 list after the 24th Congress in Cancún, Mexico; the 2014–2016 list after the 25th Congress in Hanoi, Vietnam; the 2016–2018 list after the 26th Congress in Chicago, US; the 2018–2020 list after the 27th Congress in Nairobi, Kenya; and the 2022–2023 list after the 28th Congress in Quito, Ecuador.[4]

The 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species offered assessments of 634 primate taxa, of which 303 (47.8%) were listed as threatened (vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered). A total of 206 primate species were ranked as either critically endangered or endangered, 54 (26%) of which have been included at least once in The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates since 2000.[4]

Historical membership[4] | Madagascar  | Africa  | Asia  | Neotropics

|
|
|
|

2000–2002  |

* Propithecus candidus[N 2]
* Propithecus perrieri[N 3]
* Propithecus tattersalli
* Hapalemur aureus
* Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis[N 4]

* Gorilla gorilla diehli
* Gorilla b. beringei[N 5]
* Cercocebus sanjei[N 6]
* Cercocebus atys lunulatus
* Procolobus badius waldronae[N 7]
* Cercopithecus sclateri
* Mandrillus leucophaeus

* Trachypithecus delacouri
* Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus[N 8]
* Pygathrix cinerea[N 9]
* Rhinopithecus avunculus
* Pongo abelii
* Hylobates moloch
* Nomascus hainanus[N 10]

* Brachyteles hypoxanthus
* Cebus xanthosternos
* Leontopithecus caissara
* Leontopithecus rosalia
* Leontopithecus chrysopygus
* Oreonax flavicauda[N 11]

2002–2004  |

* Propithecus candidus
* Propithecus perrieri
* Prolemur simus

* Gorilla gorilla diehli
* Gorilla b. beringei
* Cercocebus galeritus sanjei
* Cercocebus atys lunulatus
* Procolobus badius waldronae[N 7]
* Procolobus rufomitratus
* Cercopithecus diana roloway
* Cercocebus g. galeritus

* Trachypithecus delacouri
* Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus[N 8]
* Pygathrix cinerea[N 9]
* Rhinopithecus avunculus
* Pongo abelii
* Simias concolor
* Presbytis natunae
* Trachypithecus poliocephalus leucocephalus[N 12]
* Rhinopithecus bieti
* Rhinopithecus brelichi
* Nomascus nasutus

* Brachyteles hypoxanthus
* Cebus xanthosternos
* Leontopithecus caissara

2004–2006  |

* Propithecus candidus
* Propithecus perrieri
* Prolemur simus
* Eulemur cinereiceps[N 13]

* Gorilla gorilla diehli
* Gorilla b. beringei[N 5]
* Cercocebus galeritus sanjei
* Cercocebus atys lunulatus
* Procolobus rufomitratus
* Procolobus p. pennantii
* Galagoides sp.

* Trachypithecus delacouri
* Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus
* Pygathrix cinerea
* Rhinopithecus avunculus
* Pongo abelii
* Simias concolor
* Loris tardigradus nycticeboides
* Presbytis hosei canicrus
* Trachypithecus vetulus nestor
* Nomascus hainanus[N 10]

* Brachyteles hypoxanthus
* Cebus xanthosternos
* Leontopithecus caissara
* Ateles hybridus brunneus

2006–2008  |

* Propithecus candidus
* Lepilemur sahamalazensis
* Prolemur simus
* Eulemur cinereiceps[N 13]

* Gorilla gorilla diehli
* Procolobus rufomitratus
* Procolobus p. pennantii
* Cercopithecus diana roloway
* Rungwecebus kipunji
* Galagoides rondoensis
* Procolobus badius waldroni[N 7]

* Trachypithecus delacouri
* Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus
* Pygathrix cinerea
* Rhinopithecus avunculus
* Pongo abelii
* Simias concolor
* Trachypithecus vetulus nestor
* Hoolock hoolock
* Nomascus hainanus
* Loris tardigradus nycticeboides
* Tarsius tumpara[N 14]

* Ateles hybridus[N 1]
* Oreonax flavicauda
* Ateles f. fusciceps[N 15]

2008–2010  |

* Propithecus candidus
* Lepilemur septentrionalis
* Prolemur simus
* Eulemur cinereiceps
* Eulemur flavifrons

* Gorilla gorilla diehli
* Procolobus rufomitratus
* Cercopithecus diana roloway
* Rungwecebus kipunji
* Galagoides rondoensis
* Procolobus epieni

* Trachypithecus delacouri
* Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus
* Pygathrix cinerea
* Rhinopithecus avunculus
* Pongo abelii
* Simias concolor
* Semnopithecus vetulus nestor
* Hoolock hoolock
* Tarsius tumpara
* Nycticebus javanicus
* Nomascus nasutus

* Ateles hybridus[N 1]
* Oreonax flavicauda
* Saguinus oedipus

2010–2012  |

* Eulemur flavifrons
* Lepilemur septentrionalis
* Prolemur simus
* Propithecus candidus
* Varecia variegata

* Cercopithecus diana roloway
* Galagoides rondoensis
* Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii
* Piliocolobus epieni
* Gorilla beringei graueri

* Tarsius tumpara
* Nycticebus javanicus
* Macaca silenus
* Simias concolor
* Trachypithecus delacouri
* Trachypithecus poliocephalus
* Semnopithecus vetulus nestor
* Pygathrix cinerea
* Rhinopithecus avunculus
* Nomascus nasutus
* Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus

* Ateles hybridus[N 1]
* Cebus flavius
* Callicebus barbarabrownae
* Oreonax flavicauda

2012–2014  |

* Propithecus candidus
* Lepilemur septentrionalis
* Eulemur flavifrons
* Microcebus berthae
* Varecia rubra
* Indri indri

* Cercopithecus roloway
* Galagoides rondoensis
* Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii
* Piliocolobus rufomitratus
* Gorilla beringei graueri

* Trachypithecus delacouri
* Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus
* Pygathrix cinerea
* Rhinopithecus avunculus
* Simias concolor
* Semnopithecus vetulus nestor
* Tarsius pumilus
* Nycticebus javanicus
* Nomascus nasutus

* Ateles hybridus[N 1]
* Ateles fusciceps fusciceps
* Cebus kaapori
* Callicebus oenanthe
* Alouatta guariba guariba

2014–2016  |

* Cheirogaleus lavasoensis
* Hapalemur alaotrensis
* Varecia rubra
* Lepilemur septentrionalis
* Propithecus perrieri

* Galagoides rondoensis
* Cercopithecus roloway
* Piliocolobus preussi
* Piliocolobus rufomitratus
* Gorilla beringei graueri

* Carlito syrichta
* Nycticebus javanicus
* Simias concolor
* Trachypithecus delacouri
* Trachypithecus poliocephalus
* Rhinopithecus avunculus
* Semnopithecus ajax
* Semnopithecus vetulus nestor
* Nomascus hainanus
* Pongo abelii

* Ateles hybridus[N 1]
* Ateles fusciceps fusciceps
* Cebus kaapori
* Callicebus oenanthe
* Alouatta guariba guariba

2016–2018  |

* Microcebus gerpi
* Hapalemur alaotrensis
* Lemur catta
* Lepilemur jamesorum
* Propithecus perrieri
* Daubentonia madagascariensis

* Paragalago orinus
* Cercopithecus roloway
* Colobus vellerosus
* Piliocolobus epieni
* Gorilla beringei graueri

* Nycticebus javanicus
* Simias concolor
* Trachypithecus poliocephalus
* Rhinopithecus avunculus
* Trachypithecus geei
* Semnopithecus vetulus
* Macaca nigra
* Nomascus hainanus
* Pongo pygmaeus

* Plecturocebus caquetensis
* Cebus kaapori
* Alouatta guariba guariba
* Ateles geoffroyi
* Ateles fusciceps

2018–2020  |

* Microcebus manitatra
* Hapalemur alaotrensis
* Lepilemur jamesorum
* Indri indri
* Daubentonia madagascariensis

* Paragalago rondoensis
* Cercopithecus roloway
* Rungwecebus kipunji
* Colobus vellerosus
* Piliocolobus epieni
* Piliocolobus rufomitratus
* Pan troglodytes verus

* Nycticebus javanicus
* Simias concolor
* Trachypithecus poliocephalus
* Trachypithecus geei
* Semnopithecus vetulus
* Hoolock tianxing
* Pongo tapanuliensis

* Callithrix aurita
* Saguinus bicolor
* Cebus aequatorialis
* Plecturocebus olallae
* Alouatta guariba
* Ateles geoffroyi

2022–2023  |

* Microcebus berthae
* Lepilemur septentrionalis
* Eulemur flavifrons
* Propithecus coquereli

* Paragalogo rondoensis
* Cercocebus chrysogaster
* Erythrocebus baumstarki
* Cercopithecus roloway
* Piliocolobus epieni
* Pan troglodytes ellioti

* Nycticebus javanicus
* Tarsius sangirensis
* Semnopithecus vetulus
* Trachypithecus poliocephalus
* Presbytis femoralis
* Rhinopithecus brelichi
* Hoolock tianxing
* Pongo tapanuliensis

* Callithrix flaviceps
* Cebus kaapori
* Cebus aequatorialis
* Plecturocebus grovesi
* Alouatta guariba
* Ateles fusciceps fusciceps
* Ateles geoffroyi

## See also

* The world's 100 most threatened species
* List of primates by population

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The subspecies Ateles hybridus brunneus was listed in the 2004–2006 report, but the listing was expanded to cover both subspecies of Ateles hybridus starting with the 2006–2008 report.[4][3][6]
2. ↑ In the 2000–2002 report, this lemur was listed as Propithecus diadema candidus, but it has since been reclassified as a separate species, Propithecus candidus.[4][81][82]
3. ↑ In the 2000–2002 report, this lemur was listed as Propithecus diadema perrieri, but it has since been reclassified as a separate species, Propithecus perrieri.[4][81][82]
4. ↑ In the 2000–2002 report, this lemur was listed as Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis, but it has since been reclassified as a separate species, Hapalemur alaotrensis.[4][81]
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 In the 2000–2002 and 2004–2006 reports, this gorilla was listed as Gorilla beringei, but other reports instead used Gorilla b. beringei.[4][3][81][82]
6. ↑ In the 2000–2002 and 2002–2004 reports, the mangabey was listed as Cercocebus galeritus sanjei, but it has since been classified as a separate species, Cercocebus sanjei.[4]
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 In the 2000–2002, 2002–2004, and 2006–2008 reports, this colobus monkey was listed as Procolobus badius waldroni, but the spelling of the name has since been corrected to waldronae.[81][82][83]
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 In the 2000–2002 and 2002–2004 reports, this monkey was listed as Trachypithecus poliocephalus, but with other subspecies now recognized by the IUCN, it is now known as Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus.[4][3][81][82]
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 In the 2000–2002 and 2002–2004 reports, this douc was listed as Pygathrix nemaeus cinerea, but has since been recognized as a separate species, Pygathrix cinerea.[4][3]
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 In the 2000–2002 and 2004–2006 reports, this gibbon was listed as Hylobates concolor hainanus, but it has since been recognized as a separate species and placed in the genus Nomascus, so that it is known as Nomascus hainanus.[4][81]
11. ↑ In the 2000–2002 report, this species was listed as Lagothrix flavicauda, but it has since been renamed to Oreonax flavicauda.[4]
12. ↑ In the 2002–2004 report, this monkey was listed as Trachypithecus leucocephalus, but it is now considered only a subspecies, Trachypithecus poliocephalus leucocephalus.[4][82]
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 In the 2004–2006 and 2006–2008 reports, this species was listed as Eulemur albocollaris, but it has since been renamed to Eulemur cinereiceps.[4]
14. ↑ In the 2006–2008 report, this tarsier was listed as "Tarsius sp.", but it has since been formally named as Tarsius tumpara.[4][6]
15. ↑ The species Ateles fusciceps was listed in the 2006–2008 report, but the common name and description match the later identified subspecies, Ateles fusciceps fusciceps.[6]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Schwitzer, C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B. et al., eds (2019). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2018–2020. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Washington, DC: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Global Wildlife Conservation (GWC), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS). pp. 1–130. http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/28239089/1578298071023/Primates_in_Peril_2018-2020.pdf.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Schwitzer, C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B. et al., eds (2014). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2012–2014. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS). pp. 1–91. http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/25117808/1403888374823/Primates_in_Peril_2012-2014_Full_Report.pdf.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Mittermeier, R.A.; Valladares-Pádua, C.; Rylands, A.B. et al., eds (2006). Illustrated by S.D. Nash. "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004–2006". Primate Conservation 2006 (20): 1–28. doi:10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.1.
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B. et al., eds (2009). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010. 24. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). 1–92. doi:10.1896/052.024.0101. ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1. http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf.
5. ↑ L., Smith (26 October 2007). "Primates in peril: 25 species facing threat of extinction". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article2741670.ece.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Mittermeier, R.A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Rylands, A.B. et al., eds (2007). Illustrated by S.D. Nash. "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2006–2008". Primate Conservation 22: 1–40. doi:10.1896/052.022.0101.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mittermeier, R.A.; Schwitzer, C.; Rylands, A.B.; Schwitzer, C.; Taylor, L.A.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E.A. (2012). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2010–2012. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1–40. http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Primates_in_Peril_2010-2012.pdf.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Schwitzer, C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B. et al., eds (2015). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2014–2016. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS). pp. 1–93. http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/26892107/1456949943947/PrimatesInPeril2014-2016.pdf.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Schwitzer, C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B. et al., eds (2017). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS). pp. 1–107. http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/27784415/1513890513360/Primates_in_Peril_2016-2018.pdf.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "World's most endangered primates revealed". IUCN News. 18 February 2010. http://www.iucn.org/?4753/Worlds-most-endangered-primates-revealed.
11. ↑ Blanco, M.; Dolch, R.; Donati, G.; Ganzhorn, J.; Greene, L.K.; Le Pors, B.; Lewis, R.; Rafalinirina, H.A. et al. (2020). "Microcebus manitatra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T163313848A163313878. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163313848/163313878. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
12. ↑ Andrainarivo, C. et al. (2008). "Hapalemur alaotrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9676/0. Retrieved 1 January 2009. old-form url
13. ↑ Andriamisedra, T.R.; Ranaivoarisoa, F.N.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Louis, E.E. (2020). "Lepilemur jamesorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T136491A115583306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136491A115583306.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136491/115583306. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
14. ↑ Andrainarivo, C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Indri indri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/10826/0. Retrieved 21 March 2013. old-form url
15. ↑ Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Randimbiharinirina, D.R.; Raharivololona, B.; Rakotondrazandry, J.N.; Manjary, D.; Aylward, M.; Ravelomandrato, F. (2020). "Daubentonia madagascariensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T6302A115560793. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6302A115560793.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6302/115560793. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
16. ↑ Perkin, A.; Bearder, S.; Honess, P.; Butynski, T.M. (2008). "Galagoides rondoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T40652A10350268. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40652A10350268.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40652/10350268.
17. ↑ Oates, J.F.; Gippoliti, S.; Groves, C.P. (2016). "Cercopithecus roloway". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T4232A92375108. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4232A92375108.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4232/92375108.
18. ↑ Butynski, T.M.; Struhsaker, T.; De Jong, Y. (2016). "Piliocolobus rufomitratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T136939A92658041. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136939A92658041.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136939/92658041.
19. ↑ Oates, J.F.; Struhsaker, T. (2008). "Piliocolobus pennantii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T41025A92653137. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41025A92653137.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41025/92653137.
20. ↑ Robbins, M.; Hart, J.; Maisels, F.; Mehlman, P.; Nixon, S.; Williamson, L. (2008). "Gorilla beringei ssp. graueri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39995/0. Retrieved 21 March 2013. old-form url
21. ↑ Nekaris, A.; Shekelle, M. (2008). "Nycticebus javanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39761/0. Retrieved 10 August 2010. old-form url
22. ↑ Whittaker, D.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2008). "Simias concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T20229A9181121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20229A9181121.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20229/9181121.
23. ↑ Nadler, T.; Xuan Canh, L.; Ngoc Thanh, V.; Khac Quyet, L. (2008). "Trachypithecus delacouri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T22043A9350654. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22043A9350654.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22043/9350654.
24. ↑ Bleisch, B.; Xuan Canh, L.; Covert, B.; Yongcheng, L. (2008). "Trachypithecus poliocephalus ssp. poliocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39871/0. Retrieved 10 August 2010. old-form url
25. ↑ Dittus, W.; Molur, S.; Nekaris, A. (2008). "Trachypithecus vetulus ssp. nestor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39844/0. Retrieved 5 August 2010. old-form url
26. ↑ Ngoc Thanh, V.; Lippold, L.; Nadler, T.; Timmons, R. J. (2008). "Pygathrix cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39827A10273229. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39827A10273229.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39827/10273229.
27. ↑ Xuan Canh, L.; Khac Quyet, L.; Thanh Hai, D.; Boonratana, R. (2008). "Rhinopithecus avunculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T19594A8984679. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19594A8984679.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19594/8984679.
28. ↑ Bleisch, B.; Geissmann, T. (2008). "Nomascus nasutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T41642A10526189. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41642A10526189.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41642/10526189.
29. ↑ Shekelle, M.; Salim, A. (2008). "Tarsius pumilus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T21490A9288636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21490A9288636.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21490/9288636.
30. ↑ Urbani, B.; Morales, A.L.; Link, A.; Stevenson, P. (2008). "Ateles hybridus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39961A10280054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39961A10280054.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39961/10280054.
31. ↑ Cuarón, A.D.; Morales, A.; Shedden, A.; Rodríguez-Luna, E.; de Grammont, P.C. (2008). "Ateles fusciceps ssp. fusciceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39922/0. Retrieved 8 September 2010. old-form url
32. ↑ Kierulff, M.C.M.; de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). "Cebus kaapori". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T40019A10303725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40019A10303725.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/40019/10303725.
33. ↑ Veiga, L.; Bóveda-Penalba, A.; Vermeer, J.; Tello-Alvarado, J.C.; Cornejo, F. (2008). "Callicebus oenanthe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/3553/0. Retrieved 21 March 2013. old-form url
34. ↑ Mendes, S.L.; Rylands. A.B.; Kierulff; M.C.M.; de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). "Alouatta guariba ssp. guariba". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39917/0. Retrieved 21 March 2013. old-form url
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 M., Casey (26 October 2007). "Primates in Trouble, Says Report on 25 Rarest". National Geographic News. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/10/071026-endangered-primates.html.
36. ↑ Andrainarivo, C. et al. (2008). "Prolemur simus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9674/0. Retrieved 1 January 2009. old-form url
37. ↑ Andrainarivo, C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Varecia variegata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22918/0. Retrieved 21 March 2013. old-form url
38. ↑ Andrainarivo, C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Eulemur cinereiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/8205/0. Retrieved 6 October 2008. old-form url
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Andrainarivo, C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Propithecus tattersalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18352/0. Retrieved 1 January 2009. old-form url
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Andrainarivo, C. et al. (2008). "Hapalemur aureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9672/0. Retrieved 1 January 2009. old-form url
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Olivieri, G.; Schwitzer, C.; Schwitzer, N.; Craul, M. (2008). "Lepilemur sahamalazensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136645/0. Retrieved 1 January 2009. old-form url
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Andrainarivo, C. et al. (2008). "Propithecus perrieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18361/0. Retrieved 1 January 2009. old-form url
43. ↑ Andriaholinirina, N.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2014). "Eulemur flavifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T8211A16117351. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T8211A16117351.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8211/16117351.
44. ↑ Andrainarivo, C. et al. (2008). "Lepilemur septentrionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/11622/0. Retrieved 1 January 2009. old-form url
45. ↑ Andrainarivo, C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Propithecus candidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18360/0. Retrieved 1 January 2009. old-form url
46. ↑ Andrainarivo, C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Microcebus berthae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41573/0. Retrieved 21 March 2013. old-form url
47. ↑ Andrainarivo, C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2008). "Varecia rubra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22920/0. Retrieved 21 March 2013. old-form url
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Blanco, M.; Dolch, R.; Donati, G.; Ganzhorn, J.; Greene, L.K.; Le Pors, B.; Lewis, R.; Louis, E.E. et al. (2020). "Cheirogaleus lavasoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T163022131A163022293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T163022131A163022293.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/163022131/163022293. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Andriaholinirina, N.; Baden, A.; Blanco, M.; Chikhi, L.; Cooke, A.; Davies, N.; Dolch, R.; Donati, G. et al. (2014). "Microcebus gerpi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T16971461A16971464. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T16971461A16971464.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16971461/16971464. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 LaFleur, M.; Gould, L. (2020). "Lemur catta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T11496A115565760. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11496A115565760.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11496/115565760. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Oates, J.F.; Baker, L.R.; Tooze, Z.J. (2008). "Cercopithecus sclateri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T4229A10678392. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T4229A10678392.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4229/10678392.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Oates, J.F.; Butynski, T.M. (2008). "Mandrillus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T12753A3377185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12753A3377185.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12753/3377185.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Butynski, T.M.; Struhsaker, T.; Kingdon, J.; De Jong, Y. (2008). "Cercocebus galeritus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T4200A10615270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T4200A10615270.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4200/10615270.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Ehardt, C.; Butynski, T.M.; Struhsaker, T. (2008). "Cercocebus sanjei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T4203A10632228. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T4203A10632228.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4203/10632228.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Oates, J.F.; Gippoliti, S.; Groves, C.P. (2016). "Cercocebus lunulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T4206A92247225. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4206A92247225.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4206/92247225.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Oates, J.F.; Struhsaker, T.; McGraw, S. (2016). "Piliocolobus waldronae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18248A92649220. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18248A92649220.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18248/92649220.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Robbins, M.; Gray, M.; Kümpel, N.; Lanjouw, A.; Maisels, F.; Mugisha, A.; Spelman, L.; Williamson, L. (2008). "Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39999/0. Retrieved 4 January 2009. old-form url
58. ↑ Oates, J.F.; Struhsaker, T. (2016). "Piliocolobus epieni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41024A92655748. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41024A92655748.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41024/92655748.
59. ↑ Davenport, T.R.B.; Jones, T. (2008). "Rungwecebus kipunji". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T136791A4340286. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136791A4340286.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136791/4340286.
60. ↑ Oates, J.F.; Bergl, R.A.; Sunderland-Groves, J.; Dunn, A. (2008). "Gorilla gorilla ssp. diehli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39998/0. Retrieved 4 January 2009. old-form url
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Nekaris, A. (2008). "Loris tardigradus ssp. nycticeboides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39756/0. Retrieved 10 August 2010. old-form url
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Nijman, V.; Lammertink, M. (2008). "Presbytis natunae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T136500A4301419. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136500A4301419.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136500/4301419.
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Bleisch, B.; Xuan Canh, L.; Covert, B.; Yongcheng, L. (2008). "Trachypithecus poliocephalus ssp. leucocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39872/0. Retrieved 10 August 2010. old-form url
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Nijman, V.; Meijaard, E.; Hon, J. (2008). "Presbytis hosei ssp. canicrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39808/0. Retrieved 10 August 2010. old-form url
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Bleisch, W.; Richardson, M. (2008). "Rhinopithecus bieti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T19597A8986243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19597A8986243.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19597/8986243.
66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Bleisch, W.; Yongcheng, L.; Richardson, M. (2008). "Rhinopithecus brelichi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T19595A8985249. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19595A8985249.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19595/8985249.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Andayani, N.; Brockelman, W.; Geissmann, T.; Nijman, V.; Supriatna, J. (2008). "Hylobates moloch". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T10550A3199941. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10550A3199941.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10550/3199941.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Geissmann, T.; Bleisch, W. (2008). "Nomascus hainanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T41643A10526461. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41643A10526461.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41643/10526461.
69. ↑ Brockelman, W.; Molur, S.; Geissmann, T. (2008). "Hoolock hoolock". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39876A10278553. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39876A10278553.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39876/10278553.
70. ↑ Singleton, I.; Wich, S. A.; Griffiths, M. (2008). "Pongo abelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39780/0. Retrieved 4 January 2009. old-form url
71. ↑ Ancrenaz, M.; Marshall, A.; Goossens, B.; van Schaik, C.; Sugardjito, J.; Gumal, M.; Wich, S. (2008). "Pongo pygmaeus ssp. pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39781/0. Retrieved 21 March 2013. old-form url
72. ↑ Kumar, A.; Singh, M.; Molur, S. (2008). "Macaca silenus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T12559A3358033. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12559A3358033.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12559/3358033.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Kierulff, M.C.M.; Rylands, A.B.; de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). "Leontopithecus rosalia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T11506A3287321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11506A3287321.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11506/3287321.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Kierulff, M.C.M.; Rylands, A.B.; Mendes, S.L.; de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). "Leontopithecus chrysopygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T11505A3290864. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11505A3290864.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11505/3290864.
75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Kierulff, M.C.M.; Rylands, A.B.; Mendes, S.L.; de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). "Leontopithecus caissara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T11503A3289886. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11503A3289886.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11503/3289886.
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Kierulff, M.C.M.; Mendes, S.L.; Rylands, A.B. (2015). "Sapajus xanthosternos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T4074A70615251. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T4074A70615251.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4074/70615251.
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Mendes, S.L.; de Oliveira, M.M.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B. (2008). "Brachyteles hypoxanthus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T2994A9529636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2994A9529636.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2994/9529636.
78. ↑ Cornejo, F.; Rylands, A.B.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Heymann, E. (2008). "Oreonax flavicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T39924A10287914. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39924A10287914.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39924/10287914.
79. ↑ Savage, A.; Causado, J. (2014). "Saguinus oedipus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T19823A17930260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T19823A17930260.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19823/17930260.
80. ↑ de Oliveira, M.M.; Boubli, J.-P.; Kierulff, M.C.M. (2015). "Sapajus flavius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T136253A70612549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T136253A70612549.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136253/70612549.
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 Mittermeier, R.A.; Konstant, W.R.; Rylands, A.B. (2000). "The World's Top 25 Most Endangered Primates". Neotropical Primates 8 (1): 49. http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Report 25 Most Endangered Primates 2000-2002.pdf.
82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 Konstant, W.R.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A.B.; Butynski, T.M.; Eudey, A.A.; Ganzhorn, J.; Kormos, R. (2002). "The World's Top 25 Most Endangered Primates – 2002". Neotropical Primates 10 (3): 128–131. http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Report 25 Most Endangered Primates 2002-2004.pdf.
83. ↑ Groves, C.P. (2007). "The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa". Journal of Anthropological Sciences 85: 7–34.

## External links

* IUCN Primate Specialist Group's Special Reports containing the latest and historic reports.

* v
* t
* e

Threatened species

Template: Threatened species by region

IUCN Red List|

| Categories1|

| Extinct|

* Extinct (EX)
* Extinct in the Wild (EW)

|

Threatened|

* Critically Endangered (CR)
* Endangered (EN)
* Vulnerable (VU)

Lower risk|

* Near Threatened (NT)
* Least Concern (LC)
* Lower Risk (LR)
* Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)

Not fully assessed|

* Data Deficient (DD)
* Not Evaluated (NE)

Species|

| Lists|

* Extinct
* Extinct in the Wild
* Critically Endangered
* Endangered
* Vulnerable
* Near Threatened
* Least Concern
* Data Deficient

|

WP categories|

* Extinct
* Extinct in the Wild
* Critically Endangered
* Endangered
* Vulnerable
* Near Threatened
* Least Concern
* Data Deficient

CITES|

* Appendix I
* Appendix II
* Appendix III

By taxa|

* Endangered arthropods / spiders / Decline in insect populations
* Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista
* The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
* The world's 100 most threatened species

Conservation|

* Biodiversity action plan
* Biodiversity threats
* Conservation biology
* CITES
* ARKive
* Bird conservation
* Conservation status
* Conservation-reliant species
* Ecoregion conservation status
* Habitat destruction
* Latent extinction risk
* Rare species
* Vulnerability and susceptibility

1 Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics.

Template:Featured list is only for Wikipedia:Featured lists.

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:The_World's_25_Most_Endangered_Primates&oldid=3554392"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template