VIPR1

Short description: Protein-coding gene in humans

Generic protein structure example

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 also known as VPAC1, is a protein, that in humans is encoded by the VIPR1 gene.[1] VPAC1 is expressed in the brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala), lung, prostate, peripheral blood leukocytes, liver, small intestine, heart, spleen, placenta, kidney, thymus and testis.[2][3][4]

## Contents

* 1 Function
* 2 Clinical significance
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading

## Function

VPAC1 is a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a small neuropeptide. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is involved in smooth muscle relaxation, exocrine and endocrine secretion, and water and ion flux in lung and intestinal epithelia. Its actions are effected through integral membrane receptors associated with a guanine nucleotide binding protein which activates adenylate cyclase.[1]

VIP acts in an autocrine fashion via VPAC11 to inhibit megakaryocyte proliferation and induce proplatelet formation.[5][6]

## Clinical significance

Patients with idiopathic achalasia show a significant difference in the distribution of SNPs affecting VIPR1.[7]

VIP and PACAP levels were decreased in anterior vaginal wall of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse patients, they may participate in the pathophysiology of these diseases.[8]

## See also

* Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: VIPR1 vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7433.
2. ↑ "Functional expression and tissue distribution of a novel receptor for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide". Neuron 8 (4): 811–9. Apr 1992. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90101-I. PMID 1314625.
3. ↑ "Two receptors for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide with similar specificity and complementary distributions". Endocrinology 135 (6): 2662–80. Dec 1994. doi:10.1210/endo.135.6.7988457. PMID 7988457.
4. ↑ "Structure, expression, and chromosomal localization of the type I human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (7): 2939–43. Mar 1995. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.7.2939. PMID 7708752. Bibcode: 1995PNAS...92.2939S.
5. ↑ "The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in megakaryocyte proliferation". Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 37 (2): 160–7. Feb 2009. doi:10.1007/s12031-008-9119-x. PMID 18663606.
6. ↑ "PACAP and its receptor VPAC1 regulate megakaryocyte maturation: therapeutic implications". Blood 111 (4): 1885–93. Feb 2008. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-06-098558. PMID 18000164.
7. ↑ "Age-dependent association of idiopathic achalasia with vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 gene". Neurogastroenterology and Motility 21 (6): 597–602. Jun 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01284.x. PMID 19309439.
8. ↑ "Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the vaginal wall of women with stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse". International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 19 (8): 1151–7. Aug 2008. doi:10.1007/s00192-008-0585-z. PMID 18351280.

## Further reading

* "[Quaternary structure of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthetase]". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 222 (4): 997–1000. Jun 1975. PMID 807467.
* "Structure, expression, and chromosomal localization of the type I human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (7): 2939–43. Mar 1995. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.7.2939. PMID 7708752. Bibcode: 1995PNAS...92.2939S.
* "Highly conserved aspartate 68, tryptophane 73 and glycine 109 in the N-terminal extracellular domain of the human VIP receptor are essential for its ability to bind VIP". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 206 (1): 246–52. Jan 1995. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1034. PMID 7818527.
* "Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human liver vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor". Cellular Signalling 6 (3): 321–33. Mar 1994. doi:10.1016/0898-6568(94)90037-X. PMID 7917790.
* "Human vasoactive intestinal peptide1 receptors expressed by stable transfectants couple to two distinct signaling pathways". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 203 (1): 141–8. Aug 1994. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2160. PMID 8074647.
* "Human intestinal VIP receptor: cloning and functional expression of two cDNA encoding proteins with different N-terminal domains". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 200 (2): 769–76. Apr 1994. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1517. PMID 8179610.
* "A vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist inhibits non-small cell lung cancer growth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90 (10): 4345–9. May 1993. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.10.4345. PMID 8389448. Bibcode: 1993PNAS...90.4345M.
* "Cloning and functional expression of a human neuroendocrine vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 193 (2): 546–53. Jun 1993. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1658. PMID 8390245.
* "Mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites in the human vasoactive intestinal peptide 1 receptor. Evidence that asparagine 58 or 69 is crucial for correct delivery of the receptor to plasma membrane". Biochemistry 35 (6): 1745–52. Feb 1996. doi:10.1021/bi952022h. PMID 8639654.
* "Thymosin alpha 1 interacts with the VIP receptor-effector system in rat and mouse immunocompetent cells". Immunopharmacology 34 (2–3): 113–23. Sep 1996. doi:10.1016/0162-3109(96)00131-2. PMID 8886855.
* "Cloning and functional characterization of the human VIP1/PACAP receptor promoter". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 865 (1): 59–63. Dec 1998. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11163.x. PMID 9927997. Bibcode: 1998NYASA.865...59C.
* "Importance of conserved cysteines in the extracellular loops of human PACAP/VIP1 receptor for ligand binding and stimulation of cAMP production". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 865 (1): 259–65. Dec 1998. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11186.x. PMID 9928020. Bibcode: 1998NYASA.865..259K.
* "Functional expression of receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the human thymus and thymomas from myasthenia gravis patients". Journal of Immunology 162 (4): 2103–12. Feb 1999. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.2103. PMID 9973484.
* "Profilin is required for sustaining efficient intra- and intercellular spreading of Shigella flexneri". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 (37): 28893–901. Sep 2000. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003882200. PMID 10867004.
* "Tryptophan 67 in the human VPAC(1) receptor: crucial role for VIP binding". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 276 (2): 654–9. Sep 2000. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3375. PMID 11027527.
* "Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in human uterus". Peptides 21 (9): 1383–8. Sep 2000. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00282-5. PMID 11072126.
* "Selective gene expression and activation-dependent regulation of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 1 and type 2 in human T cells". Journal of Immunology 166 (4): 2522–30. Feb 2001. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2522. PMID 11160313.
* "Identification of G-proteins coupling to the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor VPAC(1) using immunoaffinity chromatography: evidence for precoupling". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 290 (4): 1300–7. Feb 2002. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6342. PMID 11812005.
* "Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-1 (VPAC-1) is a novel gene target of the hemolymphopoietic transcription factor Ikaros". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (16): 13488–93. Apr 2002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107922200. PMID 11812772.
* "VPAC1 is a cellular neuroendocrine receptor expressed on T cells that actively facilitates productive HIV-1 infection". AIDS 16 (3): 309–19. Feb 2002. doi:10.1097/00002030-200202150-00001. PMID 11834941.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

* v
* t
* e

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin-like

| Neurotransmitter|

| Adrenergic|

* α1 (A
* B
* D)
* α2 (A
* B
* C)
* β1
* β2
* β3

|

Purinergic|

* Adenosine (A1
* A2A
* A2B
* A3)
* P2Y (1
* 2
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14)

Serotonin|

* (all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A
* B
* D
* E
* F)
* 5-HT2 (A
* B
* C)
* 5-HT (4
* 5A
* 6
* 7)

Other|

* Acetylcholine (M1
* M2
* M3
* M4
* M5)
* Dopamine
* D1
* D2
* D3
* D4
* D5
* GHB receptor
* Histamine
* H1
* H2
* H3
* H4
* Melatonin (1A
* 1B
* 1C)
* TAAR (1
* 2
* 5
* 6
* 8
* 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules|

| Eicosanoid|

* CysLT (1
* 2)
* LTB4
* 1
* 2
* FPRL1
* OXE
* Prostaglandin
* DP (1
* 2), EP (1
* 2
* 3
* 4), FP
* Prostacyclin
* Thromboxane

|

Other|

* Bile acid
* Cannabinoid (CB1
* CB2, GPR (18
* 55
* 119))
* EBI2
* Estrogen
* Free fatty acid (1
* 2
* 3
* 4)
* Hydroxycarboxylic acids
* 1
* 2
* 3
* Lysophosphatidic acid (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6)
* Lysophospholipid (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8)
* Oxoglutarate
* PAF
* Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5)
* Succinate

Peptide|

| Neuropeptide|

* B/W (1
* 2)
* FF (1
* 2)
* S
* Y (1
* 2
* 4
* 5)
* Neuromedin (B
* U (1
* 2))
* Neurotensin (1
* 2)

|

Other|

* Anaphylatoxin (C3a
* C5a)
* Angiotensin (1
* 2)
* Apelin
* Bombesin
* BRS3
* GRPR
* NMBR)
* Bradykinin (B1
* B2)
* Chemokine
* Cholecystokinin (A
* B)
* Endothelin
* A
* B
* Formyl peptide (1
* 2
* 3)
* FSH
* Galanin (1
* 2
* 3)
* Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1
* 2)
* Ghrelin
* Kisspeptin
* Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
* MAS (1
* 1L
* D
* E
* F
* G
* X1
* X2
* X3
* X4)
* Melanocortin (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5)
* MCHR (1
* 2)
* Motilin
* Opioid (Delta
* Kappa
* Mu
* Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma)
* Orexin (1
* 2)
* Oxytocin
* Prokineticin (1
* 2)
* Prolactin-releasing peptide
* Relaxin (1
* 2
* 3
* 4)
* Somatostatin (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5)
* Tachykinin (1
* 2
* 3)
* Thyrotropin
* Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
* Urotensin-II
* Vasopressin (1A
* 1B
* 2)

Miscellaneous|

| Taste, bitter|

* TAS2R
* 1
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 13
* 14
* 16
* 19
* 20
* 30
* 31
* 38
* 39
* 40
* 41
* 42
* 43
* 45
* 46
* 50
* 60
* Vomeronasal receptor type 1

|

Orphan|

* GPR (1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* 12
* 15
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 31
* 32
* 33
* 34
* 35
* 37
* 39
* 42
* 44
* 45
* 50
* 52
* 55
* 61
* 62
* 63
* 65
* 68
* 75
* 77
* 78
* 81
* 82
* 83
* 84
* 85
* 87
* 88
* 92
* 101
* 103
* 109A
* 109B
* 119
* 120
* 132
* 135
* 137B
* 139
* 141
* 142
* 146
* 148
* 149
* 150
* 151
* 152
* 153
* 160
* 161
* 162
* 171
* 173
* 174
* 176
* 177
* 182
* 183)

Other|

* Adrenomedullin
* Olfactory
* Opsin (3
* 4
* 5
* 1LW
* 1MW
* 1SW
* RGR
* RRH)
* Protease-activated (1
* 2
* 3
* 4)
* SREB (1
* 2
* 3)

Class B: Secretin-like

| Adhesion|

* ADGRG (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7)

|

Orphan|

* GPR (56
* 64
* 97
* 98
* 110
* 111
* 112
* 113
* 114
* 115
* 116
* 123
* 124
* 125
* 126
* 128
* 133
* 143
* 144
* 155
* 157)

Other|

* Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1
* 2
* 3)
* Cadherin (1
* 2
* 3)
* Calcitonin
* CALCRL
* CD97
* Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1
* 2)
* EMR (1
* 2
* 3)
* Glucagon (GR
* GIPR
* GLP1R
* GLP2R)
* Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
* PACAPR1
* GPR
* Latrophilin (1
* 2
* 3
* ELTD1)
* Methuselah-like proteins
* Parathyroid hormone (1
* 2)
* Secretin
* Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1
* 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

| Taste, sweet|

* TAS1R
* 1
* 2
* 3
* Vomeronasal receptor, type 2

|

Other|

* Calcium-sensing receptor
* GABAB (1
* 2)
* Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8))
* GPRC6A
* GPR (156
* 158
* 179)
* RAIG (1
* 2
* 3
* 4)

Class F: Frizzled & Smoothened

| Frizzled|

* Frizzled (1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10)

|

Smoothened|

* Smoothened

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