Walnut

A walnut is the edible seed of any tree of the genus Juglans (family Juglandaceae), particularly the Persian or English walnut, Juglans regia. They are accessory fruit because the outer covering of the fruit is technically an involucre and thus not morphologically part of the carpel; this means it cannot be a drupe but is instead a drupe-like nut.

After full ripening, the shell is discarded, and the kernel is eaten. Nuts of the eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra) and butternuts (Juglans cinerea) are less commonly consumed.

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 1.1 Chemistry
* 2 Species
* 3 Cultivation
* 3.1 History
* 3.2 Storage
* 3.3 Cultivars
* 4 Production
* 5 Nutrition
* 5.1 Health claims
* 5.2 Research
* 6 Allergic potential
* 7 Uses
* 7.1 Culinary
* 7.2 Inks and dyes
* 7.3 Cleaning
* 7.4 Cat litter
* 7.5 Folk medicine
* 8 In culture
* 9 Gallery
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 Further reading
* 13 External links

## Description

Walnuts are the round, single-seed stone fruits of the walnut tree. They ripen between September and November in the northern hemisphere. The brown, wrinkly walnut shell is enclosed in a husk.[1] Shells of walnuts commercially available usually have two segments (but three or four-segment shells can also form). During the ripening process, the husk becomes brittle and the shell hard. The shell encloses the kernel or meat, which is usually in two halves separated by a membranous partition.[1] The seed kernels – commonly available as shelled walnuts – are enclosed in a brown seed coat which contains antioxidants. The antioxidants protect the oil-rich seed from atmospheric oxygen, preventing rancidity.[2]

Walnut trees are late to grow leaves, typically not doing so until more than halfway through the spring.

### Chemistry

Walnut hulls contain diverse phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, that stain hands and can cause skin irritation. Seven phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, myricetin, and juglone, were identified in walnut husks; juglone had concentrations of 2–4% fresh weight.[3]

Walnuts also contain the ellagitannin, pedunculagin.[4] Regiolone has been isolated with juglone, betulinic acid and sitosterol from the stem bark of J. regia.[5]

## Species

The three species of walnuts most commonly grown for their seeds are the Persian (or English) walnut (J. regia), originating from Iran, the black walnut (J. nigra) – native to eastern North America – and the Japanese walnut, also known as the heartnut (J. ailantifolia).[6] Other species include J. californica, the California black walnut (often used as a rootstock for commercial propagation of J. regia), J. cinerea (butternuts), and J. major, the Arizona walnut. Other sources list J. californica californica as native to southern California, and Juglans californica hindsii, or just J. hindsii, as native to northern California; in at least one case, these are given as "geographic variants" instead of subspecies (Botanica). Numerous walnut cultivars have been developed commercially, which are nearly all hybrids of the Persian walnut.[7]

## Cultivation

### History

During the Byzantine era, the walnut was also known by the name "royal nut".[8] An article on walnut tree cultivation in the Iberian Peninsula is included in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century Book on Agriculture.[9]

The wal element in the name is Germanic and means foreign, especially in the sense of Latin or non-Germanic. Compare, for example, Wales, Walloons, Wallachia. The wal element is present in other Germanic-language words for the same nut, such as: German Walnuss, Dutch walnoot, Danish valnød, and Swedish valnöt.

### Storage

Walnuts, like other tree nuts, must be processed and stored properly. Poor storage makes walnuts susceptible to insect and fungal mould infestations; the latter produces aflatoxin – a potent carcinogen. A batch that contains mold-infested walnuts should be entirely discarded.[2]

The ideal temperature for the extended storage of walnuts is −3 to 0 °C (27 to 32 °F) with low humidity for industrial and home storage. However, such refrigeration technologies are unavailable in developing countries where walnuts are produced in large quantities; walnuts are best stored below 25 °C (77 °F) with low humidity. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) and humidity levels above 70 percent can lead to rapid and high spoilage losses. Above 75 percent humidity threshold, fungal moulds that release aflatoxin can form.[2][10]

### Cultivars

* Ashley
* Chandler[11]
* Cisco[11]
* Dawson[11]
* Eureka[11]
* Feradam
* Ferbel
* Ferjean
* Fernette[11]
* Fernor
* Ferouette
* Forde[11]
* Franquette[11]
* Grandjean[12]
* Germisara
* Gillet[11]
* Hansen
* Hartley[11]
* Howard[11]
* Hu
* Ivanhoe[13]
* Jupanesti
* Lara
* Livermore
* Marbot
* Mayette[14]
* Meylanaise[14]
* Paradox
* Parisienne
* Payne[11]
* Poe[11]
* Robert Livermore[11]
* Rita
* Ronde de Montignac
* Royal
* Serr[11]
* Sexton[11]
* Solano[11]
* Sunland[11]
* Tehama[11]
* Tulare[11]
* Valcor
* Vina[11]
* Wilson's Wonder
* Yolo

## Production

Walnut production
2023, million of tonnes
China | 1.40

|

United States | 0.75
Iran | 0.38
Turkey | 0.36
Mexico | 0.17
World | 4.0
Source: FAOSTAT
of the United Nations[15]

In 2023, world production of walnuts (in shell) was four million tonnes, with China contributing 35% of the total (table). Other significant producers (in the order of decreasing harvest) were the United States, Iran, and Turkey.[15]

## Nutrition

Walnut, English

Walnut kernel, halves

Nutritional value per 100 grams
Energy| 2,738 kJ (654 kcal)

Carbohydrates

13.71 g

Starch| 0.06 g
Sugars| 2.61 g
Dietary fiber| 6.7 g

Fat

65.21 g

Saturated| 6.126 g
Monounsaturated| 8.933 g
Polyunsaturated

omega‑3

omega‑6

| 47.174 g

9 g

38 g

Protein

15.23 g

Vitamins| Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.

beta-Carotene

lutein zeaxanthin

1 μg

12 μg

9 μg

Vitamin A| 20 IU
Thiamine (B1)|

30%

0.341 mg
Riboflavin (B2)|

13%

0.15 mg
Niacin (B3)|

1.125 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)|

11%

0.570 mg
Vitamin B6|

41%

0.537 mg
Folate (B9)|

25%

98 μg
Vitamin B12|

0 μg
Vitamin C|

1.3 mg
Vitamin E|

0.7 mg
Vitamin K|

2.7 μg
Minerals| Quantity %DV†
Calcium|

10%

98 mg
Iron|

22%

2.91 mg
Magnesium|

45%

158 mg
Manganese|

163%

3.414 mg
Phosphorus|

49%

346 mg
Potassium|

441 mg
Sodium|

2 mg
Zinc|

33%

3.09 mg
Other constituents| Quantity
Water| 4.07 g

* * *

Link to Full USDA Database Entry

* Units
* μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
* IU = International units

†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

English (or Persian) walnuts without shells are 4% water, 15% protein, 65% fat, and 14% carbohydrates, including 7% dietary fiber (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), walnuts provide 654 kilocalories (2,740 kJ) and rich contents (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of several dietary minerals, particularly manganese at 148% DV, along with significant amounts of B vitamins (table).

Unlike most nuts, which are high in monounsaturated fatty acids, walnut oil is composed largely of polyunsaturated fatty acids (72% of total fats), particularly alpha-linolenic acid (14%) and linoleic acid (58%), although it does contain oleic acid as 13% of total fats (table source).

### Health claims

In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provided a qualified health claim allowing products containing walnuts to state: "Supportive but not conclusive research shows that eating 1.5 ounces (43 g) per day of walnuts, as part of a low saturated fat and low cholesterol diet and not resulting in increased caloric intake, may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease."[16] At the same time, the agency refused to authorize the claim that "Diets including walnuts can reduce the risk of heart disease"[17] and in 2010, it sent a warning letter to Diamond Foods stating there is "not sufficient evidence to identify a biologically active substance in walnuts that reduces the risk of coronary heart disease."[18]

In 2011, a scientific panel for the European Food Safety Authority recommended a health claim that "Walnuts contribute to the improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation" at a daily intake of 30 grams (1.1 oz); it also found that a cause and effect relationship did not exist between consuming walnuts and reduction of blood LDL-cholesterol levels.[19] The recommended health claim was later authorized by the European Commission.[20]

### Research

A 2020 systematic review assessing the effect of walnut supplementation on blood pressure found insufficient evidence to support walnut consumption as a blood pressure-lowering strategy.[21]

As of 2021[update], the relationship between walnut consumption and cognitive health is inconclusive.[22]

## Allergic potential

Walnuts are among several tree nuts having potential to cause allergic reactions when eaten or if their oils contact the skin.[23][24] Lifetime walnut allergies occur in about 0.4% of the population in Europe and the United States,[24] although regional prevalence may vary according to availability of walnut products and consumption amounts.[24] The prevalence of walnut and other nut allergies may be as high as 5% in American children.[23]

Proteins implicated as allergens in walnut and tree nut allergic reactions include lipid transfer protein, 2S albumin, vicilin, legumin, and oleosin.[25][26]

Symptoms of a walnut allergic reaction are abdominal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, itching, shortness of breath, and potentially anaphylaxis, which may be fatal.[23][27] Walnuts are considered to be a priority food allergen in Canada.[27] Emergency treatment for anaphylaxis includes an injection of epinephrine, while milder symptoms are treated with an antihistamine.[27] An allergic reaction to walnuts is best avoided by not eating or touching walnut products.[23][27] Walnut allergy is usually lifelong and there is no cure.[23][27]

Walnut allergy appears to have cross-reactivity with the allergies to pecans, cashews, and other tree nuts.[25][26][27]

## Uses

### Culinary

Walnuts in their shells available for sale in a supermarket in the United States

Walnut meats are available in two forms: in their shells or de-shelled. Due to processing, the meats may be whole, halved, or in smaller portions. All walnuts can be eaten on their own (raw, toasted, or pickled), or as part of a mix such as muesli, or as an ingredient of a dish: e.g. walnut soup, walnut pie, walnut coffee cake, banana cake, brownie, fudge. Walnuts are often candied or pickled. Pickled walnuts that are the whole fruit can be savory or sweet depending on the preserving solution.

Walnuts may be used as an ingredient in other foodstuffs. Walnut is an important ingredient in baklava, Circassian chicken, potica (a traditional festive pastry from Slovenia), satsivi (chicken in walnut sauce), tarator (a summer soup in Bulgarian cuisine), and poultry or meat ball stew from Iranian cuisine.

Walnuts are also popular as an ice cream topping, and walnut pieces are used as a garnish on some foods.[28]

Nocino is a liqueur made from unripe green walnuts steeped in alcohol with syrup added.

Walnut oil is available commercially and is chiefly used as a food ingredient, particularly in salad dressings. It has a low smoke point, which limits its use for frying.[29][30]

### Inks and dyes

Walnut husks can be used to make durable ink for writing and drawing. It is thought to have been used by artists including Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt.[31]

Walnut husk pigments are used as a brown dye for fabric[32] and were used in classical Rome and medieval Europe for dyeing hair.[33]

### Cleaning

The US Army once used ground walnut shells for abrasive blasting to clean aviation parts because of low cost and low abrasive qualities. However, an investigation of a fatal Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopter crash (11 September 1982, in Mannheim, Germany) revealed that walnut shell grit had clogged an oil port, leading to the accident and the discontinuation of walnut shells as a cleaning agent.[34]

Commercially, crushed walnut shells are still used outside of aviation for low-abrasive, less-toxic cleaning and blasting applications.[35] In the oil and gas industry, deep bed filters of ground walnut shell are used for "polishing" (filtering) oily contaminates from water.[36]

### Cat litter

At least two companies, LitterMaid and Naturally Fresh, make cat litter from ground walnut shells.[37][38] Advantages cited over conventional clay litter include environmental sustainability of using what would otherwise be a waste product, superior natural biodegradability, and odor control as good or better than clay litter.[39] Disadvantages include the possibility of allergic reactions among humans and cats.[40]

### Folk medicine

Walnuts have been listed as one of the 38 substances used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[41] a herbal remedy promoted in folk medicine practices for its supposed effect on health. According to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[42]

## In culture

Large, symmetrically shaped, and sometimes intricately carved walnut shells (mainly from J. hopeiensis) are valued collectibles in China where they are rotated in hand as a plaything or as decoration. They are also an investment and status symbol, with some carvings having high monetary value if unique.[43] Pairs of walnuts are sometimes sold in their green husks for a form of gambling known as du qing pi.[44]

## Gallery

* Common walnut in growth

* California black walnut in growth

* Walnut in shell and a nutcracker utensil used to break the shell

* Video of cracking a walnut

* Walnut kernels

Walnut kernels

* Georgian snack Gozinaki made from roasted walnuts and honey

* Applesauce coffee cake garnished with walnuts

* Walnuts as collectibles

* Murabba made from young walnuts

## See also

* Pickled walnuts

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Grant, Amy (19 April 2021). "Walnut Tree Harvesting: When Are Walnuts Ready To Pick". https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/nut-trees/walnut/walnut-tree-harvesting.htm.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Walnut; Agriculture – Transport Information Service". Association for German Insurance. 2010. http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/nuesse/walnuss/walnuss.htm#toxizitaet.
3. ↑ Cosmulescu, Sina Niculina; Trandafir, Ion; Achim, Gheorghe; Botu, Mihai; Baciu, Adrian; Gruia, Marius (15 June 2010). "Phenolics of Green Husk in Mature Walnut Fruits". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 38 (1): 53–56. ISSN 1842-4309. http://www.notulaebotanicae.ro/index.php/nbha/article/view/4624.
4. ↑ Cerdá, Begoña; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco A.; Espín, Juan Carlos (2005-01-01). "Metabolism of Antioxidant and Chemopreventive Ellagitannins from Strawberries, Raspberries, Walnuts, and Oak-Aged Wine in Humans: Identification of Biomarkers and Individual Variability" (in en). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (2): 227–235. doi:10.1021/jf049144d. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 15656654. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf049144d.
5. ↑ Talapatra, Sunil K.; Karmacharya, Bimala; De, Shambhu C.; Talapatra, Bani (January 1988). "(−)-Regiolone, an α-tetralone from Juglans regia: structure, stereochemistry and conformation" (in en). Phytochemistry 27 (12): 3929–3932. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(88)83047-4. Bibcode: 1988PChem..27.3929T. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0031942288830474.
6. ↑ Ernest Small (2009). Top 100 Food Plants. NRC Research Press. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-660-19858-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=nyWY_YkV7qAC&pg=PA545.
7. ↑ "Commodity Profile: English Walnuts". AgMRC, University of California. 2006. http://aic.ucdavis.edu/profiles/Walnut-2006.pdf.
8. ↑ (in en) Geoponika - Agricultural Pursuits. 2. London: University of Oxford. 1806. https://archive.org/details/Geoponica02/page/n13/mode/1up.
9. ↑ Ibn al-ʻAwwām, Yaḥyá ibn Muḥammad (1864) (in fr). Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah). Paris: A. Franck. pp. 271–276 (ch. 7 - Article 24). OCLC 780050566. https://archive.org/details/lelivredelagric00algoog/page/n14/mode/2up.
10. ↑ "Food, Nutrition & Agriculture – Prevention of aflatoxin". FAO, United Nations. 1998. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/W9474T/W9474T06.HTM.
11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 "Walnut Cultivar Table". Fruit and Nut Information Center, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis. 2018. http://fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/fruitnutproduction/Walnut/Walnut_Cultivar_Table/.
12. ↑ fr:Le Verger Francais tomme II Chapitre I Fruits Locaux & Regionaux 1948
The French en:Orchard Book II Chapter I Local & Regional Fruits 1948
13. ↑ & Charles Leslie"Walnut tree named 'Ivanhoe' (patent)" US patent active USPP21718P2, published 2011-02-22, issued 2011-02-22, assigned to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Le Verger Francais, Tome 1 Catalogue Descriptif des Fruits Adoptes 1947
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Walnut (in shell) production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2025. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL.
16. ↑ "Labeling & Nutrition - Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion - Walnuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0292)" (in en). Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements. March 9, 2004. https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm072910.htm.
17. ↑ Tarantino, Laura M. (9 March 2004). "Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Walnuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0292)". US Food and Drug Administration, Labeling and Nutrition. https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm072910.htm.
18. ↑ Wagner, Roberta (22 February 2010). "FDA Warning Letter to Diamond Food, Inc". US Food and Drug Administration, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations. https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2010/ucm202825.htm. "the evidence supporting a relationship between walnuts and coronary heart disease is related to the omega-3 fatty acid content of walnuts. There is not sufficient evidence to identify a biologically active substance in walnuts that reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. Therefore, the above statement is an unauthorized health claim"
19. ↑ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2011-04-08). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to walnuts and maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID1156, 1158) and improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (ID1155, 1157) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006" (in en). European Food Safety Authority. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2074. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2074.
20. ↑ European Commission (2012). "Food and Feed Information Portal Database | FIP | Health Claim 1155". https://ec.europa.eu/food/food-feed-portal/screen/health-claims/eu-register/details/POL-HC-6525.
21. ↑ Li, Jiayang; Jiang, Bo; O. Santos, Heitor; Santos, Dinamene; Singh, Ambrish; Wang, Lei (November 2020). "Effects of walnut intake on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" (in en). Phytotherapy Research 34 (11): 2921–2931. doi:10.1002/ptr.6740. ISSN 0951-418X. PMID 32510725. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6740.
22. ↑ Cahoon, Danielle; Shertukde, Shruti P.; Avendano, Esther E.; Tanprasertsuk, Jirayu; Scott, Tammy M.; Johnson, Elizabeth J.; Chung, Mei; Nirmala, Nanguneri (1 January 2021). "Walnut intake, cognitive outcomes and risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Medicine (Informa UK Limited) 53 (1): 972–998. doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.1925955. ISSN 0785-3890. PMID 34132152.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 "Tree nut". American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 28 June 2023. https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/food/tree-nut/.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Prevalence of tree nut allergy in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Allergy 79 (2): 302–323. February 2024. doi:10.1111/all.15905. PMID 37792850. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.15905.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Recent advances in diagnosing and managing nut allergies with focus on hazelnuts, walnuts, and cashew nuts". The World Allergy Organization Journal 15 (4). April 2022. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100641. PMID 35493774.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Current perspectives on tree nut allergy: a review". Journal of Asthma and Allergy 11: 41–51. 2018. doi:10.2147/JAA.S141636. PMID 29618933.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 "Tree nuts - Priority food allergens". Government of Canada. 2017. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/reports-publications/food-safety/tree-nuts-priority-food-allergens.html.
28. ↑ Forsberg, B.; Clark-Warner, M.S.R.D.C.D.E.; Beale, L. (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Terrific Diabetic Meals. DK Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-61564-486-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=i-VkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
29. ↑ "Walnut oil recipes". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/walnut_oil.
30. ↑ Turner, Lisa. "Oil Change". http://www.betternutrition.com/five-essential-oils/food/offtheshelf/963.
31. ↑ "Black Walnut Ink Workshop". Guild of Natural Science Illustrators. October 2002. http://www.gnsi.science-art.com/GNSIDC/reports/2002Oct/Oct2002.html.
32. ↑ "The Colors of Invention – How to Dye Fibers Naturally". Smithsonian Museum. 13–16 November 1997. http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/whole_cloth/u3tc/u3materials/dyenatural.html.
33. ↑ Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 267, 355. ISBN 978-0-313-33145-9. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher. Retrieved 3 July 2014. "walnut."
34. ↑ "In Re Air Crash Disaster at Mannheim Germany on 9/11/82. Ursula J. Schoenborn, As Executrix of the Estate of Leonedward Schoenborn, Deceased, v. the Boeing Company. Appeal of the Boeing Company. United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit. 769 F.2d 115". Justia. 1985. http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/769/115/197097/.
35. ↑ "OSHA fact sheet addresses abrasive blasting hazards" (in en). https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/9596-osha-fact-sheet-addresses-abrasive-blasting-hazards.
36. ↑ Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P. (2017). Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs): contaminants of concern. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-119-36353-8.
37. ↑ Parks, Shoshi (24 October 2022). "The best natural cat litter we tested with our pets". Insider. https://www.insider.com/guides/pets/best-natural-cat-litter.
38. ↑ n.a. (26 May 2023). "What is the best walnut cat litter". Winston-Salem Journal. https://journalnow.com/lifestyles/pets/what-is-the-best-walnut-cat-litter/article_3d870070-7673-50b7-a7a0-5153178b5781.html.
39. ↑ n.a. (26 May 2023). "What are the pros of walnut cat litter?". Buffalo News. https://buffalonews.com/lifestyles/pets/what-are-the-pros-of-walnut-cat-litter/article_e72fa3f3-7fb5-52e0-be66-cb42d0a52fbe.html.
40. ↑ n.a. (26 May 2023). "What are the cons of walnut cat litter?". SCNow. https://scnow.com/lifestyles/pets/what-are-the-cons-of-walnut-cat-litter/article_5a494202-7aca-5dd2-bb9d-648603fbc08b.html.
41. ↑ Vohra, D. S. (1 June 2004). Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7021-271-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=icG8onA0ys8C&pg=PR3. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
42. ↑ "Flower remedies". Cancer Research UK. 26 January 2015. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/flower-remedies.
43. ↑ Subler, Jason; Lee, Jane Lanhee (28 August 2012). "Status-conscious investors shell out on great walnuts of China". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-walnuts-idUSBRE87R0NV20120828.
44. ↑ Hsieh, I-Yi (13 May 2016). "Asian Anthropology Nuts: Beijing folk art connoisseurship in the age of marketization". Asian Anthropology. doi:10.1080/1683478X.2016.1164354. https://www.academia.edu/25307556.

## Further reading

* Ramos, David D. (1997). Walnut Production Manual. UCANR. ISBN 978-1-879906-27-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=yKawaOt88A0C.
* Smith, Jane S. (2009). The Garden of Invention Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-311689-9.

## External links

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Nuts

True, or botanical nuts|

* Acorn
* Beech
* American beech
* European beech
* Breadnut
* Candlenut
* Chestnut
* Sweet chestnut
* Hazelnut
* American hazel
* Beaked hazel
* European hazel
* Filbert
* Asian hazel
* Johnstone River almond
* Kola nut
* Kurrajong
* Malabar chestnut
* Palm nut
* Red bopple nut
* Yellow walnut

Drupes|

* Almond
* Australian cashew nut
* Betel nut
* Borneo tallow nut
* Breadfruit
* Cashew
* Chilean hazel
* Coconut
* Durian
* Gabon nut
* Hickory
* Mockernut hickory
* Pecan
* Shagbark hickory
* Shellbark hickory
* Irvingia gabonensis
* Jack nut
* Karuka
* Planted karuka
* Wild karuka
* Mongongo
* Panda oleosa
* Pekea nut
* Pili nut
* Pistachio
* Walnut
* Black walnut
* Butternut
* English walnut
* Heartnut

Gymnosperms|

* Cycad
* Burrawang nut
* Ginkgo nut
* Araucaria spp.
* Bunya nut
* Monkey-puzzle nut
* Pine nut
* Chilgoza pine
* Colorado pinyon
* Korean pine
* Mexican pinyon
* Single-leaf pinyon
* Stone pine

Angiosperms|

* Brazil nut
* Macadamia
* Macadamia nut
* Queensland macadamia nut
* Paradise nut
* Peanut
* Peanut tree
* Soybean

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