Xenophora

Short description: Genus of gastropods

Xenophora

Temporal range: Late Cretaceous–Recent

PreЄ

A ventral view of a shell of Xenophora pallidula, with attached gastropod shells
A lateral view of the same shell
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Mollusca
Class:  | Gastropoda
Subclass:  | Caenogastropoda
Order:  | Littorinimorpha
Family:  | Xenophoridae
Genus:  | Xenophora
Fischer von Waldheim, 1807[1]
Species

See text

Synonyms

* Phorus Montfort, 1810
* Xenophora (Austrophora) Kreipl, Alf & Kronenberg, 1999· accepted, alternate representation
* † Xenophora (Endoptygma) Gabb, 1877 · accepted, alternate representation
* Xenophora (Xenophora) Fischer von Waldheim, 1807· accepted, alternate representation
* Xenophorus (incorrect subsequent spelling of Xenophora Fischer von Waldheim, 1807)

Xenophora, commonly called carrier shells, is a genus of medium-sized to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Xenophoridae, the carrier snails or carrier shells.[2] The genus Xenophora is the type genus of the family Xenophoridae.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Description
* 3 Species
* 4 Extinct species
* 5 Fossil record
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Etymology

The name Xenophora comes from two ancient Greek words, and means "bearing foreigners", so-called because in most species the snail cements pieces of rock or shells to its own shell at regular intervals as the shell grows.[3]

## Description

The shells of species within this genus vary from small to large (diameter of base without attachments 19–90 mm; height of shell 21–60 mm), depressed-conical, with narrow to very narrow, simple peripheral edge, non-porcellanous ventrally. Foreign objects are attached to all whorls, with generally more than 30% of dorsal surface obscured by these objects. The foreign objects are usually medium-sized to large.[4] Although the foreign objects are usually mollusk shells, pebbles, or small pieces of coral rock, in some instances a bottle cap has been attached by the snail to its shell.

## Species

The genus Xenophora includes the following species and subspecies:[4][5][6]

* Xenophora minuta Qi & Ma, 1986
* Xenophora robusta Verrill, 1870

Subgenus Xenophora (Austrophora) Kreipl, Alf & Kronenberg, 1999

* Xenophora flindersi (Cotton & Godfrey, 1938)

Subgenus Xenophora (Xenophora) Fischer von Waldheim, 1807

* Xenophora cerea (Reeve, 1845)
* Xenophora chinensis Philippi, 1841) [citation needed]
* Xenophora conchyliophora (Born, 1780) \- American carriersnail (type species of Xenophora)
* Xenophora corrugata (Reeve, 1842)
* Xenophora crispa (König, 1825)
* Xenophora granulosa Ponder, 1983
* Xenophora japonica Kuroda & Habe in Kuroda et al., 1971
* Xenophora konoi Habe, 1953
* Xenophora mekranensis (Newton, 1905)
* Xenophora neozelanica Suter, 1908  \- New Zealand carriershell
* Xenophora neozelandica neozelandica Suter, 1908
* Xenophora neozelandica kermadecensis Ponder, 1983
* Xenophora pallidula (Reeve, 1842)  \- pallid carrier shell
* Xenophora peroniana (Iredale, 1929)
* Xenophora peroniana peroniana (Iredale, 1929)
* Xenophora peroniana kondoi Ponder 1983
* Xenophora senegalensis Fischer, 1873
* Xenophora sinensis Qi & Li, 1986
* Xenophora solarioides (Reeve, 1845)
* Xenophora tenuis Fulton, 1938

Species brought into synonymy

* Subgenus Xenophora (Stellaria) Möller, 1832: synonym of Stellaria Möller, 1832
* Xenophora (Stellaria) testigera (Bronn, 1831): synonym of Stellaria testigera (Bronn, 1831)
* Xenophora australis Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1870: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) solarioides (Reeve, 1845)
* Xenophora calculifera (Reeve, 1843): synonym of Stellaria chinensis (Philippi, 1841)
* Xenophora caperata sensu Petit de la Saussaye, 1857: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) senegalensis Fischer, 1873
* Xenophora caribaea Petit de la Saussaye, 1857 \- Caribbean carriersnail: synonym of Onustus caribaeus (Petit de la Saussaye, 1857)
* Xenophora cavelieri Rochebrune, 1883: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) senegalensis Fischer, 1873
* Xenophora digitata Martens, 1878: synonym of Stellaria testigera digitata Martens, 1878
* Xenophora gigantea (Schepman, 1909): synonym of Stellaria gigantea (Schepman, 1909)
* Xenophora helvacea Philippi, 1851: synonym of Onustus indicus (Gmelin, 1791)
* Xenophora indica (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Onustus indicus (Gmelin, 1791)
* Xenophora japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1971: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1971
* Xenophora konoi Habe, 1953: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) mekranensis konoi Habe, 1953
* Xenophora laevigata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
* Xenophora lamberti Souverbie, 1871: synonym of Stellaria lamberti (Souverbie, 1871)
* Xenophora longleyi Bartsch, 1931 \- shingled carriersnail: synonym of Onustus longleyi Bartsch, 1931
* Xenophora meandrina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
* Xenophora mediterranea Tiberi, 1863: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) crispa (König, 1825)
* Xenophora neozelanica Suter, 1908: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) neozelanica neozelanica Suter, 1908
* Xenophora regularis Habe & Okutani, 1983 : synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) granulosa Ponder, 1983
* Xenophora tenuis Hirase, 1934: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) tenuis Fulton, 1983
* Xenophora torrida Kuroda & Ito, 1961 : synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) cerea (Reeve, 1845)
* Xenophora tricostata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
* Xenophora tulearensis Stewart & Kosuge, 1993: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) corrugata (Reeve, 1842)
* Xenophora vulcanica Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
* Xenophora wagneri Philippi, 1855: synonym of Onustus indicus (Gmelin, 1791)

## Extinct species

A view of the fossil shell of Xenophora infundibulum

Extinct species within this genus include:[7]

* †Xenophora carditigera Nielsen and DeVries 2002
* †Xenophora cummulans Brongniart 1823
* †Xenophora delecta Guppy 1876
* †Xenophora deshayesi Michelotti 1847
* †Xenophora eocenica Abbass 1967
* †Xenophora floridana Mansfield 1930
* †Xenophora infundibulum (Brocchi, 1814)[8]
* †Xenophora palaeoafra Gliozzi and Malatesta 1983
* †Xenophora paulinae Nielsen and DeVries 2002
* †Xenophora rugata Abbass 1967
* †Xenophora tatei Harris 1897
* †Xenophora terpstrai Dey 1961
* †Xenophora textilina Dall 1892

## Fossil record

Fossils of Xenophora are found in marine strata from the Cretaceous to Quaternary (age range: from 89.3 to 0.012 million years ago.). Fossils are known all over the world.[7][9]

## See also

* Images of a live Xenophora conchyliophora, photographed in situ underwater by Anne DuPont

## References

1. ↑ Fischer von Waldheim, Gotthelf (1807). Muséum Demidoff, ou catalogue systématique et raisonné des curiosités de la nature et de l'art. Vol. 3: Végétaux et animaux. p. 213. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58562685.
2. ↑ WoRMS (2012). Xenophora. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138664 on 2012-06-28
3. ↑ Xenophora.org website [1] accessed 24 April 2014
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kreipl, K. & Alf, A. (1999): Recent Xenophoridae. 148 pp. incl. 28 color plts. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-26-0.
5. ↑ Powell A. W. B. (1979). New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. ISBN 0-00-216906-1
6. ↑ OBIS Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Paleobiology Database
8. ↑ Stromboidea
9. ↑ G. Manganelli, V. Spadini, S. Cianfanelli The xenophorid gastropods of the Mediterranean Pliocene: the record of the Siena Basin

* Kreipl K. & Alf A. (1999). Recent Xenophoridae. Conchbooks, Hackenheim > Germany. 148pp.

## External links

* Ladd, H.S. (1977). Cenozoic fossil mollusks from western Pacific islands; Gastropods (Eratoidae through Harpidae). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 533: i–iv, 1–84, pls 1–23 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* Ponder W.F. (1983). A revision of the Recent Xenophoridae of the World and of the Australian Fossil Species (Mollusca : Gastropoda). Memoir 17. The Australian Museum Sydney, Australia

Wikidata ☰ Q3176940 entry

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