Bond convexity

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In finance, bond convexity is a measure of the non-linear relationship of bond prices to changes in interest rates, and is defined as the second derivative of the price of the bond with respect to interest rates (duration is the first derivative). In general, the higher the duration, the more sensitive the bond price is to the change in interest rates. Bond convexity is one of the most basic and widely used forms of convexity in finance. Convexity was based on the work of Hon-Fei Lai and popularized by Stanley Diller.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Calculation of convexity
* 2 Why bond convexities may differ
* 3 Mathematical definition
* 3.1 How bond duration changes with a changing interest rate
* 4 Application of convexity
* 5 Effective convexity
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Calculation of convexity

Duration is a linear measure or 1st derivative of how the price of a bond changes in response to interest rate changes. As interest rates change, the price is not likely to change linearly, but instead it would change over some curved function of interest rates. The more curved the price function of the bond is, the more inaccurate duration is as a measure of the interest rate sensitivity.[2]

Convexity is a measure of the curvature or 2nd derivative of how the price of a bond varies with interest rate, i.e. how the duration of a bond changes as the interest rate changes.[3] Specifically, one assumes that the interest rate is constant across the life of the bond and that changes in interest rates occur evenly. Using these assumptions, duration can be formulated as the first derivative of the price function of the bond with respect to the interest rate in question. Then the convexity would be the second derivative of the price function with respect to the interest rate.[2]

Convexity does not assume the relationship between Bond value and interest rates to be linear.[4] In actual markets, the assumption of constant interest rates and even changes is not correct, and more complex models are needed to actually price bonds. However, these simplifying assumptions allow one to quickly and easily calculate factors which describe the sensitivity of the bond prices to interest rate changes.[5]

## Why bond convexities may differ

The price sensitivity to parallel changes in the term structure of interest rates is highest with a zero-coupon bond and lowest with an amortizing bond (where the payments are front-loaded).[6] Although the amortizing bond and the zero-coupon bond have different sensitivities at the same maturity, if their final maturities differ so that they have identical bond durations then they will have identical sensitivities.[7] That is, their prices will be affected equally by small, first-order, (and parallel) yield curve shifts. They will, however, start to change by different amounts with each further incremental parallel rate shift due to their differing payment dates and amounts.[8]

For two bonds with the same par value, coupon, and maturity, convexity may differ depending on what point on the price yield curve they are located.[9]

## Mathematical definition

If the flat floating interest rate is r and the bond price is B, then the convexity C is defined as[10]

[math]\displaystyle{ C = \frac{1}{B} \frac{d^2\left(B(r)\right)}{dr^2}. }[/math]

Another way of expressing C is in terms of the modified duration D:

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{d}{dr} B (r) = -DB. }[/math]

Therefore,

[math]\displaystyle{ CB = \frac{d(-DB)}{dr} = (-D)(-DB) + \left(-\frac{dD}{dr}\right)(B), }[/math]

leaving

[math]\displaystyle{ C = D^2 - \frac{dD}{dr}. }[/math]

Where D is a Modified Duration

### How bond duration changes with a changing interest rate

Return to the standard definition of modified duration:[11]

[math]\displaystyle{ D = \frac {1}{1+r}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac {P(i)t(i)}{B} }[/math]

where P(i) is the present value of coupon i, and t(i) is the future payment date.

As the interest rate increases, the present value of longer-dated payments declines in relation to earlier coupons (by the discount factor between the early and late payments).[12] However, bond price also declines when interest rate increases, but changes in the present value of sum of each coupons times timing (the numerator in the summation) are larger than changes in the bond price (the denominator in the summation). Therefore, increases in r must decrease the duration (or, in the case of zero-coupon bonds, leave the unmodified duration constant).[13][14] Note that the modified duration D differs from the regular duration by the factor one over 1 + r (shown above), which also decreases as r is increased.

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{dD}{dr} \leq 0 }[/math]

Given the relation between convexity and duration above, conventional bond convexities must always be positive.[15]

The positivity of convexity can also be proven analytically for basic interest rate securities. For example, under the assumption of a flat yield curve one can write the value of a coupon-bearing bond as [math]\displaystyle{ B (r) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} c_i e^{-r t_i} }[/math], where Ci stands for the coupon paid at time ti. Then it is easy to see that

[math]\displaystyle{ \frac{d^2B}{dr^2} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} c_i e^{-r t_i} t_i^2 \geq 0 }[/math]

Note that this conversely implies the negativity of the derivative of duration by differentiating [math]\displaystyle{ dB / dr = - D B }[/math].

## Application of convexity

1. Convexity is a risk management figure, used similarly to the way 'gamma' is used in derivatives risks management; it is a number used to manage the market risk a bond portfolio is exposed to. If the combined convexity and duration of a trading book is high, so is the risk.[16] However, if the combined convexity and duration are low, the book is hedged, and little money will be lost even if fairly substantial interest movements occur. (Parallel in the yield curve)[17]
2. The second-order approximation of bond price movements due to rate changes uses the convexity:

[math]\displaystyle{ \Delta B = B\left[\frac{C}{2}(\Delta r)^2 - D\Delta r\right]. }[/math]

## Effective convexity

For a bond with an embedded option, a yield to maturity based calculation of convexity (and of duration) does not consider how changes in the yield curve will alter the cash flows due to option exercise. To address this, an effective convexity must be calculated numerically.[18] Effective convexity is a discrete approximation of the second derivative of the bond's value as a function of the interest rate:[18]

[math]\displaystyle{ \text{Effective convexity} = \frac {V_{-\Delta y} -2V +V_{+\Delta y}}{(V_0)\Delta y^2} }[/math]

where [math]\displaystyle{ V }[/math] is the bond value as calculated using an option pricing model, [math]\displaystyle{ \Delta y }[/math] is the amount that yield changes, and [math]\displaystyle{ V_{-\Delta y}\text{ and } V_{+\Delta y} }[/math] are the values that the bond will take if the yield falls by [math]\displaystyle{ y }[/math] or rises by [math]\displaystyle{ y }[/math], respectively (a parallel shift).

These values are typically found using a tree-based model, built for the entire yield curve, and therefore capturing exercise behavior at each point in the option's life as a function of both time and interest rates;[19][20] see Lattice model (finance) § Interest rate derivatives.

## See also

* Black–Scholes equation
* Bond duration
* Bond valuation
* Fixed-income attribution § First principles versus perturbational attribution
* Immunization
* List of convexity topics
* List of finance topics

## References

1. ↑ Diller, Stanley (1991), Parametric Analysis of Fixed Income Securities, in Dattatreya, Ravi (ed.) Fixed Income Analytics: State-of-the-Art Debt Analysis and Valuation Modeling, Probus Publishing
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Brooks, Robert; Attinger, Bill (1992-07-01). "Using Duration and Convexity in the Analysis of Callable Convertible Bonds" (in en). Financial Analysts Journal 48 (4): 74–77. doi:10.2469/faj.v48.n4.74. ISSN 0015-198X. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2469/faj.v48.n4.74.
3. ↑ Pelsser, Antoon (2003-02-04). "Mathematical foundation of convexity correction". Quantitative Finance 3 (1). doi:10.1088/1469-7688/3/1/306/meta. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1469-7688/3/1/306/meta. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
4. ↑ Udegbunam, Raphael I.; Oaikhenan, Hassan E. (2012-03-13). "Interest Rate Risk of Stock Prices in Nigeria: Empirical Test of the Duration and Convexity Model" (in en). Journal of Emerging Market Finance 11 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1177/097265271101100104. ISSN 0972-6527. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097265271101100104.
5. ↑ Weil, Lawrence Fisher, Roman L. (1982), "Coping with the Risk of Interest-Rate Fluctuations: Returns to Bondholders From Naïve and Optimal Strategies*", Bond Duration and Immunization (Routledge), doi:10.4324/9781315145976-11/coping-risk-interest-rate-fluctuations-returns-bondholders-naïve-optimal-strategies-lawrence-fisher-roman-weil, ISBN 978-1-315-14597-6, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315145976-11/coping-risk-interest-rate-fluctuations-returns-bondholders-naïve-optimal-strategies-lawrence-fisher-roman-weil, retrieved 2023-10-02
6. ↑ Dai, Qiang; Singleton, Kenneth J.; Yang, Wei (2007-04-12). "Regime Shifts in a Dynamic Term Structure Model of U.S. Treasury Bond Yields" (in en). Review of Financial Studies 20 (5): 1669–1706. doi:10.1093/rfs/hhm021. ISSN 0893-9454. https://academic.oup.com/rfs/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/rfs/hhm021.
7. ↑ Whittingham, M. (1997). "The Canadian market for zero-coupon bonds". Bank of Canada Review: 47-62. https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/r971c.pdf.
8. ↑ Phoa, Wesley; Shearer, Michael (1997-12-31). "A Note on Arbitrary Yield Curve Reshaping Sensitivities Using Key Rate Durations" (in en). The Journal of Fixed Income 7 (3): 67–71. doi:10.3905/jfi.1997.408212. ISSN 1059-8596. https://www.pm-research.com/content/iijfixinc/7/3/67.
9. ↑ Livingston, Miles (1979-03-01). "Bond Taxation and the Shape of the Yield‐to‐Maturity Curve" (in en). The Journal of Finance 34 (1): 189–196. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb02079.x. ISSN 0022-1082. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb02079.x.
10. ↑ Fong, H. Gifford; Vasicek, Oldrich A. (1991-07-31). "Fixed–income volatility management" (in en). The Journal of Portfolio Management 17 (4): 41–46. doi:10.3905/jpm.1991.409345. ISSN 0095-4918. https://www.pm-research.com/content/iijpormgmt/17/4/41.
11. ↑ Fabozzi, Frank J., ed (2008-09-15) (in en). Handbook of Finance (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470404324.hof003014. ISBN 978-0-470-04256-4. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470404324.
12. ↑ Shea, Gary S. (1984). "Pitfalls in Smoothing Interest Rate Term Structure Data: Equilibrium Models and Spline Approximations". The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 19 (3): 253–269. doi:10.2307/2331089. ISSN 0022-1090. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2331089.
13. ↑ Geiger, Felix (2011), Geiger, Felix, ed., "The Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates" (in en), The Yield Curve and Financial Risk Premia: Implications for Monetary Policy, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer): pp. 43–82, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21575-9_3, ISBN 978-3-642-21575-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21575-9_3, retrieved 2023-11-06
14. ↑ Swishchuk, Anatoliy (2009-01-04). "Levy-Based Interest Rate Derivatives: Change of Time Method and PIDEs". Econometrics: Single Equation Models eJournal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1322532. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1322532_code1179276.pdf?abstractid=1322532&mirid=1.
15. ↑ Grantier, Bruce J. (1988-11-01). "Convexity and Bond Performance: The Benter the Better" (in en). Financial Analysts Journal 44 (6): 79–81. doi:10.2469/faj.v44.n6.79. ISSN 0015-198X. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2469/faj.v44.n6.79.
16. ↑ Fong, H. Gifford; Vasicek, Oldrich A. (1991-07-31). "Fixed–income volatility management" (in en). The Journal of Portfolio Management 17 (4): 41–46. doi:10.3905/jpm.1991.409345. ISSN 0095-4918. https://www.pm-research.com/content/iijpormgmt/17/4/41.
17. ↑ Smit, Linda; Swart, Barbara (2006-01-31). "Calculating the Price of Bond Convexity" (in en). The Journal of Portfolio Management 32 (2): 99–106. doi:10.3905/jpm.2006.611809. ISSN 0095-4918. https://www.pm-research.com/content/iijpormgmt/32/2/99.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Fabozzi, Frank J., ed (2008-09-15) (in en). Handbook of Finance (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470404324.hof003014. ISBN 978-0-470-04256-4. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470404324.
19. ↑ Choudhry, Moorad (2004-01-01), Choudhry, Moorad, ed., "3 - The dynamics of asset prices", Advanced Fixed Income Analysis (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann): pp. 35–54, doi:10.1016/b978-075066263-5.50005-7, ISBN 978-0-7506-6263-5, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750662635500057, retrieved 2023-11-06
20. ↑ Miltersen, Kristian R.; Schwartz, Eduardo S. (1998). "Pricing of Options on Commodity Futures with Stochastic Term Structures of Convenience Yields and Interest Rates". The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 33 (1): 33–59. doi:10.2307/2331377. ISSN 0022-1090. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2331377.

## Further reading

* Frank Fabozzi, The Handbook of Fixed Income Securities, 7th ed., New York: McGraw Hill, 2005.
* Fabozzi, Frank J. (1999). "The basics of duration and convexity". Duration, Convexity, and Other Bond Risk Measures. Frank J. Fabozzi Series. 58. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9781883249632.
* Mayle, Jan (1994), Standard Securities Calculation Methods: Fixed Income Securities Formulas for Analytic Measures, 2 (1st ed.), Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, ISBN 1-882936-01-9 . The standard reference for conventions applicable to US securities.

## External links

* The Investment Fund For Foundations explains the dangers of buying high-negative-convexity bonds
* Video tutorial, Bond duration and convexity explained
* Investopedia convexity explanation

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