Burmese numerals

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Burmese numerals (Burmese: မြန်မာ ကိန်းဂဏန်းများ, my) are a set of numerals traditionally used in the Burmese language, although Arabic numerals are also used. Burmese numerals follow the Hindu–Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world.

## Contents

* 1 Main numbers
* 1.1 Zero to ten
* 1.2 Ten to a million
* 1.2.1 Round number rule
* 1.3 Ordinal numbers
* 1.4 Decimal and fractional numbers
* 1.5 Alternate numbers
* 1.6 Abbreviations
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Main numbers

Burmese numerals in various script styles (from the equivalent of zero to nine)

### Zero to ten

The Burmese numerals from 1 to 10 are all etymologically traced back to the Proto-Sino-Tibetan language, with shared cognates in related languages like Tibetan and Chinese.

Number | Burmese

|

Numeral | Written
(MLCTS) | IPA
0 | ၀ | သုည1
(su.nya.) | my
1 | ၁ | တစ်
(tict) | my
2 | ၂ | နှစ်
(hnic) | my
3 | ၃ | သုံး
(thone:) | my
4 | ၄ | လေး
(lae:) | my
5 | ၅ | ငါး
(nga:) | my
6 | ၆ | ခြောက်
(chouk) | my
7 | ၇ | ခုနစ်
(hkun. nic) | my2
8 | ၈ | ရှစ်
(hshit) | my
9 | ၉ | ကိုး
(koe:) | my
10 | ၁၀ | ဆယ်
(ta sae) | my

1 Burmese for zero comes from Sanskrit śūnya.
2 Can be abbreviated to my in list contexts, such as telephone numbers.

Spoken Burmese has innate pronunciation rules that govern numbers when they are combined with another word, be it a numerical place (e.g. tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.) or a measure word.[1]

* For one, two, and seven (all of which end in the rhyme [-ɪʔ]), when combined, shift to an open vowel, namely the schwa ([ə])
* For three, four, five, and nine which all have the long tone (similar to the first tone in Mandarin Chinese), when combined, the word immediately following it, given that it begins with a consonant, shifts to a voiced consonant (e.g., ၄၀, "40" is pronounced [lé zɛ̀], not [lé sʰɛ̀]). Other suffixes such as ထောင် ([tʰàʊɰ̃]; thousand), သောင်း ([θáʊɰ̃]; ten thousand), သိန်း ([θéɪɰ̃]; hundred thousand), and သန်း ([θáɰ̃]; million) all shift to ([dàʊɰ̃]; thousand), ([ðáʊɰ̃]; ten thousand), ([ðéɪɰ̃]; hundred thousand), and [ðáɰ̃]; million), respectively.
* For six and eight, no pronunciation shift occurs.

These pronunciation shifts are exclusively confined to spoken Burmese and are not spelt any differently.

### Ten to a million

While the Burmese numbers from 'hundred' to 'ten thousand' are etymologically traced back to the Proto-Sino-Tibetan language, the numbers for 'hundred thousand' may be an areal word. The numbers beyond 'million' are derived from Pali.

Number | Burmese

|

Numeral | Written | IPA
10 | ၁၀ | တစ်ဆယ် | my1
11 | ၁၁ | တစ်ဆယ်တစ် | my or my
12 | ၁၂ | တစ်ဆယ်နှစ် | my or my
20 | ၂၀ | နှစ်ဆယ် | my
21 | ၂၁ | နှစ်ဆယ့်တစ် | my or my
22 | ၂၂ | နှစ်ဆယ့်နှစ် | my or my
100 | ၁၀၀ | ရာ | my
1 000 | ၁၀၀၀ | ထောင် | my1
10 000 | ၁၀၀၀၀ | သောင်း | my1
100 000 | ၁၀၀၀၀၀ | သိန်း | my1
1 000 000 | ၁၀၀၀၀၀၀ | သန်း | my1
10 000 000 | ၁၀၀၀၀၀၀၀ | ကုဋေ | my
1 × 1014 | . | ကောဋိ | my
1 × 1021 | . | ပကောဋိ | my
1 × 1028 | . | ကောဋိပကောဋိ | my
1 × 1035 | . | နဟုတံ | my
1 × 1042 | . | နိန္နဟုတံ | my
1 × 1049 | . | အက္ခဘေိဏီ | my
1 × 1056 | . | ဗိန္ဒု | my
1 × 1063 | . | အဗ္ဗုဒ | my
1 × 1070 | . | နိရဗ္ဗုဒ | my
1 × 1077 | . | အဗဗ | my
1 × 1084 | . | အဋဋ | my
1 × 1091 | . | သောကန္ဓိက | my
1 × 1098 | . | ဥပ္ပလ | my
1 × 10105 | . | ကုမုဒ | my
1 × 10112 | . | ပဒုမ | my
1 × 10119 | . | ပုဏ္ဍရိက | my
1 × 10126 | . | ကထာန | my
1 × 10133 | . | မဟာကထာန | my
1 × 10140 | . | အသင်္ချေ2 | my

1 Shifts to voiced consonant following three, four, five, and nine.

2 Athinche (အသင်္ချေ) sometimes could mean "too large to be counted".

Ten to nineteen are almost always expressed without including တစ် (one).

Another pronunciation rule shifts numerical place name (the tens, hundreds and thousands place) from the low tone to the creaky tone.[1]

* Number places from 10 (တစ်ဆယ်) up to 107 (ကုဋေ) has increment of 101. Beyond those Number places, larger number places have increment of 107. 1014 (ကောဋိ) up to 10140 (အသင်္ချေ) has increment of 107.
* There are totally 27 major number places in Burmese numerals from 1×100 to 10140
* Numbers in the tens place: shift from ဆယ် ([sʰɛ̀], low tone) to ဆယ့် ([sʰɛ̰], creaky tone), except in numbers divisible by ten (10, 20, 30, etc.) In typical speech, the shift goes farther to ([sʰɛʔ] or [zɛʔ]).
* Numbers in the hundreds place: shift from ရာ ([jà], low tone) to ရာ့ ([ja̰], creaky tone), except for numbers divisible by 100.
* Numbers in the thousands place: shift from ထောင် ([tʰàʊɰ̃], low tone) to ထောင့် ([tʰa̰ʊɰ̃], creaky tone), except for numbers divisible by 1000.

Hence, a number like 301 is pronounced [θóʊɰ̃ ja̰ tɪʔ] (သုံးရာ့တစ်), while 300 is pronounced [θóʊɰ̃ jà] (သုံးရာ).

The digits of a number are expressed in order of decreasing digits place. For example, 1,234,567 is expressed as follows (where the highlighted portions represent numbers whose tone has shifted from low → creaky:

Numeral | 1,000,000 | 200,000 | 30,000 | 4,000 | 500 | 60 | 7

|
|
|
|
|
|
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Burmese
IPA | [təθáɰ̃]1 | [n̥əθeɪɰ̃]1 | [θóʊɰ̃ ðáʊɰ̃] | [lé da̰ʊɰ̃] | [ŋá ja̰] | [tɕʰaʊʔ sʰɛ̰] | [kʰʊ̀ɰ̃ n̥ɪʔ]
Written | တစ်သန်း | နှစ်သိန်း | သုံးသောင်း | လေးထောင့် | ငါးရာ့ | ခြောက်ဆယ့် | ခုနစ်

1 When combined with the numeral place, the pronunciations for 1 and 2 shift from a checked tone (glottal stop) to an open vowel ([ə]).

#### Round number rule

When a number is used as an adjective, the standard word order is number + measure word:

Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

In spoken Burmese, for round numbers (numbers ending in zeroes), the word order is flipped to measure word + number:[2]

Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

The exception to this rule is the number 10, which follows the standard word order.[1] Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

### Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers, from first to tenth, are Burmese pronunciations of their Pali equivalents.[1] They are prefixed to the noun. Beyond that, cardinal numbers can be raised to the ordinal by suffixing the particle မြောက် ([mjaʊʔ], lit. to raise) to the number in the following order: number + measure word + မြောက်.

Ordinal | Burmese | Pali equivalent

|
|

Burmese | IPA
First | ပထမ | my | paṭhama[1]
Second | ဒုတိယ | my | dutiya[1]
Third | တတိယ | my | tatiya[1]
Fourth | စတုတ္ထ | my | catuttha[1]
Fifth | ပဉ္စမ | my | pañcama[1]
Sixth | ဆဋ္ဌမ | my | chaṭṭhama[1]
Seventh | သတ္တမ | my | sattama[1]
Eighth | အဋ္ဌမ | my | aṭṭhama[1]
Ninth | နဝမ | my | navama[1]
Tenth | ဒသမ | my | dasama[1]

### Decimal and fractional numbers

Colloquially, decimal numbers are formed by saying ဒသမ ([daʔθəma̰], Pali for 'tenth') where the decimal separator is located:

Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

Half (1/2) is expressed primarily by တစ်ဝက် ([təwɛʔ]), although ထက်ဝက်, အခွဲ and အခြမ်း are also used. Quarter (1/4) is expressed with အစိတ် ([ʔəseɪʔ]) or တစ်စိတ်. Other fractional numbers are verbally expressed as follows: denominator + ပုံ ([pòʊɰ̃]) + numerator + ပုံ (lit. portion):

Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

### Alternate numbers

Other numbers, not of Tibeto-Burman origin, are also found in the Burmese language, usually from Pali or Sanskrit.[3] They are exceedingly rare in modern usage.

Number | Pali derivatives | Sanskrit derivatives | Hindi derivatives

|
|
|

1 | ဧက[4] ([ʔèka̰], from Pali eka) |  |
2 | ဒွိ[4] ([dwḭ], from Pali dvi) |  |
3 | တိ (from Pali ti) | တြိ[4] ([tɹḭ], from Sanskrit tri) |
4 | စတု[4] ([zətṵ], from Pali catu) |  | ဇယ[4] (from Hindi चार)
5 | ပဉ္စ ([pjɪ̀ɴsa̰], from Pali pañca) |  |
9 | နဝ ([nəwa̰], from Pali nava) |  |

### Abbreviations

To indicate prices of merchandise, a circle is placed above the final zero of the price and a slash is added to indicate currency:[5]

'2,500': ၂၅၀၀ိ/ = $၂၅၀၀

## See also

* Burmese language
* Burmese numerical classifiers
* Indian numbering system
* Indian numerals

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Okell, John (2002). Burmese By Ear. The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. ISBN 186013758X. http://www.soas.ac.uk/bbe/file53735.pdf. Retrieved 2015-01-21.
2. ↑ San San Hnin Tun (2014). Colloquial Burmese: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge.
3. ↑ Hla Pe (1985). Burma: Literature, Historiography, Scholarship, Language, Life, and Buddhism. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 64. ISBN 9789971988005.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Myanmar-English Dictionary. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993. ISBN 1-881265-47-1. http://sealang.net/burmese/.
5. ↑ Jenny, Mathias (2016). Burmese: a comprehensive grammar. Routledge comprehensive grammars. San San Hnin Tun. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-73569-8.

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