Carbohydrate chemistry

Carbohydrate chemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry primarily concerned with the detection, synthesis, structure, and function of carbohydrates.[1] Due to the general structure of carbohydrates, their synthesis is often preoccupied with the selective formation of glycosidic linkages and the selective reaction of hydroxyl groups; as a result, it relies heavily on the use of protecting groups.

## Contents

* 1 Monosaccharides
* 2 Carbohydrate synthesis
* 3 Glycosidic bond formation
* 4 Protecting groups
* 5 Oligosaccharides
* 6 Reactions of carbohydrates
* 7 Functions of carbohydrates
* 7.1 Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose
* 7.2 Avoiding the breakdown of amino acids for energy
* 7.3 Avoiding ketosis from the breakdown of fatty acids
* 7.4 Cellular and protein recognition
* 8 See also
* 8.1 Carbohydrate structure
* 8.2 Carbohydrate function and biology
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Monosaccharides

Individual saccharide residues are termed monosaccharides.

## Carbohydrate synthesis

Main article: Chemistry:Carbohydrate synthesis

Carbohydrate synthesis is a sub-field of organic chemistry concerned specifically with the generation of natural and unnatural carbohydrate structures. This can include the synthesis of monosaccharide residues or structures containing more than one monosaccharide, known as oligosaccharides.

## Glycosidic bond formation

* Chemical glycosylation
* Fischer glycosidation
* Glycosyl halide
* Koenigs-Knorr reaction

## Protecting groups

* Carbohydrate acetalisation
* Trimethylsilyl
* Benzyl Ether
* para-methoxybenzyl ether

## Oligosaccharides

Main article: Chemistry:Oligosaccharide

## Reactions of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are reactants in many organic reactions. For example:

* Cyanohydrin reaction
* Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
* Amadori rearrangement
* Wohl degradation
* Tipson-Cohen reaction
* Ferrier rearrangement
* Ferrier II reaction

## Functions of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates have four major functions within the body:

1. Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose
2. Avoiding the breakdown of amino acids for energy
3. Avoiding ketosis from the breakdown of fatty acids
4. Cellular and protein recognition

### Energy supply, particularly for the brain in the form of glucose

Main articles: Biology:Carbohydrate catabolism and Chemistry:Glucose

### Avoiding the breakdown of amino acids for energy

### Avoiding ketosis from the breakdown of fatty acids

Main article: Medicine:Ketosis

### Cellular and protein recognition

Main articles: Chemistry:Glycoprotein, Biology:Major histocompatibility complex, Biology:ABO blood group system, and Biology:Antibody

Glycoprotein hormones may be removed by the liver from the bloodstream when the passage of time causes the breaking-off of carbohydrates from the glycoproteins.[citation needed]

## See also

### Carbohydrate structure

* Anomeric effect
* Carbohydrate
* Carbohydrate conformation
* Disaccharide
* Glycosidic bond
* Monosaccharide
* Polysaccharide

### Carbohydrate function and biology

* Glycobiology
* Glycomics
* Glycosylation
* Organic synthesis

## References

1. ↑ Ruppersberg, Klaus; Rautenstrauch, Hanne; Thomsen, Stefan (5 April 2022). "Know Thy Carbs! Safer Carbohydrate Detection Methods for School Labs – Part 1". ChemistryViews. doi:10.1002/chemv.202200022.

## External links

* Functions of Carbohydrates

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