Coronaviridae

Short description: Family of viruses in the order Nidovirales

Coronaviridae

Diagram, electron micrograph, and genome of coronavirus types.
Virus classification
(unranked):  | Virus
Realm:  | Riboviria
Kingdom:  | Orthornavirae
Phylum:  | Pisuviricota
Class:  | Pisoniviricetes
Order:  | Nidovirales
Suborder:  | Cornidovirineae
Family:  | Coronaviridae
Subfamilies and genera

* Letovirinae
* Alphaletovirus
* Orthocoronavirinae
* Alphacoronavirus
* Betacoronavirus
* Gammacoronavirus
* Deltacoronavirus

Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect amphibians, birds, and mammals. The group includes the subfamilies Letovirinae and Orthocoronavirinae; the members of the latter are known as coronaviruses.

The viral genome is 26–32 kilobases in length. The particles are typically decorated with large (~20 nm), club- or petal-shaped surface projections (the "peplomers" or "spikes"), which in electron micrographs of spherical particles create an image reminiscent of the solar corona.[1][2][3]

## Contents

* 1 Virology
* 2 Taxonomy
* 2.1 Coronavirus
* 2.1.1 Orthocoronavirinae taxonomy
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Virology

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationReplication cycle of a coronavirus

The 5' and 3' ends of the genome have a cap and poly(A) tract, respectively. The viral envelope, obtained by budding through membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus, invariably contains two virus-specified glycoprotein species, known as the spike (S) and membrane (M) proteins. The spike protein makes up the large surface projections (sometimes known as peplomers), while the membrane protein is a triple-spanning transmembrane protein. Toroviruses and a select subset of coronaviruses (in particular the members of subgroup A in the genus Betacoronavirus) possess, in addition to the peplomers composed of S, a second type of surface projections composed of the hemagglutinin-esterase protein. Another important structural protein is the phosphoprotein nucleocapsid protein (N), which is responsible for the helical symmetry of the nucleocapsid that encloses the genomic RNA.[4] The fourth and smallest viral structural protein is known as the envelope protein (E), thought to be involved in viral budding.[5]

Genetic recombination can occur when at least two viral genomes are present in the same infected host cell. RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in coronavirus evolution. Recombination can determine genetic variability within a CoV species, the capability of a CoV species to jump from one host to another and, infrequently, the emergence of a novel CoV.[6] The exact mechanism of recombination in CoVs is not known, but likely involves template switching during genome replication.[6]

## Taxonomy

Taxonomy of family Coronaviridae with species pathogenic to humans

The family Coronaviridae is organized in 2 sub-families, 5 genera, 26 sub-genera, and 46 species.[7] Additional species are pending or tentative.[8]

* Coronaviridae
* Orthocoronavirinae[9]
* Letovirinae
* Alphaletovirus
* Milecovirus
* Microhyla letovirus 1

### Coronavirus

Main article: Biology:Coronavirus

Coronavirus is the common name for Coronaviridae and Orthocoronavirinae, also called Coronavirinae.[10][11] Coronaviruses cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, the viruses cause respiratory infections. Four human coronaviruses cause typically minor symptoms of a common cold, while three are known to cause more serious illness and can be lethal: SARS-CoV-1, which causes SARS; MERS-CoV, which causes MERS; and SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.[12] Symptoms vary in other species: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory disease, while in cows and pigs coronaviruses cause diarrhea. Other than for SARS-CoV-2, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, among the largest for an RNA virus (second only to a 41-kb nidovirus recently discovered in planaria).[13]

Phylogenetic tree of Coronaviridae with host species indicated by color

#### Orthocoronavirinae taxonomy

* Orthocoronavirinae
* Alphacoronavirus
* Colacovirus
* Bat coronavirus CDPHE15
* Decacovirus
* Bat coronavirus HKU10
* Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013
* Duvinacovirus
* Human coronavirus 229E
* Luchacovirus
* Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus
* Minacovirus
* Mink coronavirus 1
* Minunacovirus
* Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1
* Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8
* Myotacovirus
* Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011
* Nyctacovirus
* Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013
* Pipistrellus kuhlii coronavirus 3398
* Pedacovirus
* Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
* Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512
* Rhinacovirus
* Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2
* Setracovirus
* Human coronavirus NL63
* NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b
* Soracovirus
* Sorex araneus coronavirus T14
* Sunacovirus
* Suncus murinus coronavirus X74
* Tegacovirus
* Alphacoronavirus 1
* Betacoronavirus
* Embecovirus
* Betacoronavirus 1
* Human coronavirus OC43
* China Rattus coronavirus HKU24
* Human coronavirus HKU1
* Murine coronavirus
* Myodes coronavirus 2JL14
* Hibecovirus
* Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013
* Merbecovirus
* Hedgehog coronavirus 1
* Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
* Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5
* Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4
* Nobecovirus
* Eidolon bat coronavirus C704
* Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1
* Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9
* Sarbecovirus
* Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus
* Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
* Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, cause of COVID-19)
* Gammacoronavirus
* Brangacovirus
* Goose coronavirus CB17
* Cegacovirus
* Beluga whale coronavirus SW1
* Igacovirus
* Avian coronavirus
* Avian coronavirus 9203
* Duck coronavirus 2714
* Deltacoronavirus
* Andecovirus
* Wigeon coronavirus HKU20
* Buldecovirus
* Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
* Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21
* Coronavirus HKU15
* Munia coronavirus HKU13
* White-eye coronavirus HKU16
* Herdecovirus
* Night heron coronavirus HKU19

## References

1. ↑ Alfarouk, Khalid O.; AlHoufie, Sari T. S.; Ahmed, Samrein B. M.; Shabana, Mona; Ahmed, Ahmed; Alqahtani, Saad S.; Alqahtani, Ali S.; Alqahtani, Ali M. et al. (21 May 2021). "Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19". Journal of Xenobiotics 11 (2): 77–93. doi:10.3390/jox11020006. PMID 34063739.
2. ↑ King, Andrew M. Q.; Adams, Michael J.; Carstens, Eric B. et al., eds. (2012-01-01), "Order - Nidovirales" (in en), Virus Taxonomy (Elsevier): 784–794, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00066-5, ISBN 978-0-12-384684-6, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123846846000665, retrieved 2020-06-08
3. ↑ Bukhari, Khulud; Mulley, Geraldine; Gulyaeva, Anastasia A.; Zhao, Lanying; Shu, Guocheng; Jiang, Jianping; Neuman, Benjamin W. (2018-11-01). "Description and initial characterization of metatranscriptomic nidovirus-like genomes from the proposed new family Abyssoviridae, and from a sister group to the Coronavirinae, the proposed genus Alphaletovirus" (in en). Virology 524: 160–171. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.010. ISSN 0042-6822. PMID 30199753.
4. ↑ "The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein". Viruses 6 (8): 2991–3018. August 2014. doi:10.3390/v6082991. PMID 25105276.
5. ↑ Schoeman, Dewald; Fielding, Burtram C. (December 2019). "Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge". Virology Journal 16 (1): 69. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0. PMID 31133031.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol. 2016 Jun;24(6):490-502. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003. Epub 2016 Mar 21. Review. PMID 27012512
7. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. https://ictv.global/taxonomy.
8. ↑ "The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2". Nature Microbiology 5 (4): 536–44. 2020. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z. PMID 32123347.
9. ↑ "Bat Coronaviruses in China". Viruses 11 (3): 210. March 2019. doi:10.3390/v11030210. PMID 30832341.
10. ↑ "2017.012-015S" (in en) (xlsx). October 2018. https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip.
11. ↑ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Orthocoronavirinae" (in en). https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=201851847.
12. ↑ "The 2019–2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine‑World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID‑19 Working Group Consensus Paper". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340903626.
13. ↑ "A planarian nidovirus expands the limits of RNA genome size". PLOS Pathogens 14 (11): e1007314. November 2018. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007314. PMID 30383829.

## External links

* Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Coronaviridae
* Archived Web page from 2006 on coronaviruses
* Focus on Coronaviruses (Microbiology Blog post from 2007)
* Viralzone: Coronaviridae
* International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

* v
* t
* e

Baltimore (virus classification)

DNA|

I: dsDNA viruses

| Caudovirales|

* Myoviridae
* Podoviridae
* Siphoviridae

|

Herpesvirales|

* Alloherpesviridae
* Herpesviridae
* Malacoherpesviridae

Ligamenvirales|

* Lipothrixviridae
* Rudiviridae

Unassigned|

* NLCDV: Ascoviridae
* Asfarviridae
* Iridoviridae
* Marseilleviridae
* Mimiviridae
* Phycodnaviridae
* Poxviridae
* genera: Dinodnavirus
* Pithovirus
* Pandoravirus

* nonenveloped: Adenoviridae
* Papillomaviridae
* Papovaviridae (obsolete)
* Polyomaviridae
* genera: Rhizidiovirus

* Ampullaviridae
* Baculoviridae
* Bicaudaviridae
* Clavaviridae
* Corticoviridae
* Fuselloviridae
* Globuloviridae
* Guttaviridae
* Hytrosaviridae
* Nimaviridae
* Nudiviridae
* Plasmaviridae
* Polydnaviridae
* Sphaerolipoviridae
* Tectiviridae
* Turriviridae
* genera: Salterprovirus

II: ssDNA viruses

* Anelloviridae
* Bidnaviridae
* Circoviridae
* Geminiviridae
* Inoviridae
* Microviridae
* Nanoviridae
* Parvoviridae
* Spiraviridae
* genera: Bacilladnavirus

RNA|

III: dsRNA viruses

* Amalgaviridae
* Birnaviridae
* Chrysoviridae
* Cystoviridae
* Endornaviridae
* Hypoviridae
* Megabirnaviridae
* Partitiviridae
* Picobirnaviridae
* Quadriviridae
* Reoviridae
* Totiviridae

IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (primarily icosahedral)

| Nidovirales|

* Arteriviridae
* Coronaviridae
* Mesoniviridae
* Roniviridae

|

Picornavirales|

* Comoviridae (obsolete)
* Dicistroviridae
* Iflaviridae
* Marnaviridae
* Picornaviridae
* Secoviridae
* Sequiviridae (obsolete)
* genera: Bacillarnavirus
* Labyrnavirus

Tymovirales|

* Alphaflexiviridae
* Betaflexiviridae
* Gammaflexiviridae
* Tymoviridae

Unassigned|

* Alphatetraviridae
* Alvernaviridae
* Astroviridae
* Barnaviridae
* Benyviridae
* Bromoviridae
* Caliciviridae
* Carmotetraviridae
* Closteroviridae
* Flaviviridae
* Flexiviridae (obsolete)
* Hepeviridae
* Leviviridae
* Luteoviridae
* Narnaviridae
* Nodaviridae
* Permutotetraviridae
* Potyviridae
* Tetraviridae (obsolete)
* Togaviridae
* Tombusviridae
* Virgaviridae
* genera: Cilevirus
* Higrevirus
* Idaeovirus
* Ourmiavirus
* Polemovirus
* Sobemovirus

V: (–)ssRNA viruses (primarily helical)

| Mononegavirales|

* Bornaviridae
* Filoviridae
* Nyamiviridae
* Paramyxoviridae
* Rhabdoviridae

|

Bunyavirales|

* Hantaviridae
* Nairoviridae
* Peribunyaviridae
* Phenuiviridae
* Tospoviridae
* Feraviridae
* Fimoviridae
* Jonviridae

* Phasmaviridae

Unassigned|

* Arenaviridae
* Ophioviridae
* Orthomyxoviridae
* genera:Deltavirus

RT|

VI: ssRNA-RT viruses

* Metaviridae
* Pseudoviridae
* Retroviridae

VII: dsDNA-RT viruses

* Caulimoviridae
* Hepadnaviridae

Wikidata ☰ Q1134583 entry

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviridae. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Coronaviridae&oldid=800257"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template