Fringe science

Short description: Inquiries far outside of mainstream science

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Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted.[1] The chance of ideas rejected by editors and published outside the mainstream being correct is remote.[2]: 58 [3] When the general public does not distinguish between science and imitators, it risks exploitation,[2]: 173 and in some cases, a "yearning to believe or a generalized suspicion of experts is a very potent incentive to accepting some pseudoscientific claims".[2]: 176

The term "fringe science" covers everything from novel hypotheses, which can be tested utilizing the scientific method, to wild ad hoc hypotheses and mumbo jumbo. This has resulted in a tendency to dismiss all fringe science as the domain of pseudoscientists, hobbyists, and quacks.[4]

A concept that was once accepted by the mainstream scientific community may become fringe science because of a later evaluation of previous research.[5] For example, focal infection theory, which held that focal infections of the tonsils or teeth are a primary cause of systemic disease, was once considered to be medical fact. It has since been dismissed because of a lack of evidence.

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Examples
* 2.1 Historical
* 2.2 Modern
* 2.3 Accepted as mainstream
* 3 Responding to fringe science
* 3.1 Controversies
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Bibliography
* 7 External links

## Description

The boundary between fringe science and pseudoscience is disputed. Friedlander writes that there is no widespread understanding of what separates science from nonscience or pseudoscience.[2]: 183 Pseudoscience, however, is something that is not scientific but is incorrectly characterised as science.

The term may be considered pejorative. For example, Lyell D. Henry Jr. wrote, "Fringe science [is] a term also suggesting kookiness."[6]

Continental drift was rejected for decades lacking conclusive evidence before plate tectonics was accepted.[2]: 5

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## Examples

### Historical

Some historical ideas that are considered to have been refuted by mainstream science are:

* Wilhelm Reich's work with orgone, a physical energy he claimed to have discovered, contributed to his alienation from the psychiatric community. He was eventually sentenced to two years in a federal prison, where he died.[7] At that time and continuing today, scientists disputed his claim that he had scientific evidence for the existence of orgone.[8][9] Nevertheless, amateurs and a few fringe researchers continued to believe that orgone is real.[10][11][12]
* Focal infection theory (FIT), as the primary cause of systemic disease, rapidly became accepted by mainstream dentistry and medicine after World War I. This acceptance was largely based upon what later turned out to be fundamentally flawed studies. As a result, millions of people were subjected to needless dental extractions and surgeries.[13] The original studies supporting FIT began falling out of favor in the 1930s. By the late 1950s, it was regarded as a fringe theory.
* The Clovis First theory held that the Clovis culture was the first culture in North America. It was long regarded as a mainstream theory until mounting evidence of a pre-Clovis culture discredited it.[14][15][16]

### Modern

Relatively recent fringe sciences include:

* Aubrey de Grey, featured in a 2006 60 Minutes special report, is studying human longevity.[17] He calls his work "strategies for engineered negligible senescence" (SENS). Many mainstream scientists[18] believe his research is fringe science (especially his view of the importance of nuclear epimutations and his timeline for antiaging therapeutics). In a 2005 article in Technology Review (part of a larger series), it was stated that "SENS is highly speculative. Many of its proposals have not been reproduced, nor could they be reproduced with today's scientific knowledge and technology. Echoing Myhrvold, we might charitably say that de Grey's proposals exist in a kind of antechamber of science, where they wait (possibly in vain) for independent verification. SENS does not compel the assent of many knowledgeable scientists; but neither is it demonstrably wrong."[19]
* A nuclear fusion reaction called cold fusion, which occurs near room temperature and pressure, was reported by chemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons in March 1989. Numerous research efforts at the time were unable to replicate their results.[20] Subsequently, several scientists have worked on cold fusion or have participated in international conferences on it. In 2004, the United States Department of Energy commissioned a panel on cold fusion to reexamine the concept. They wanted to determine whether their policies should be altered because of new evidence.
* The theory of abiogenic petroleum origin holds that petroleum was formed from deep carbon deposits, perhaps dating to the formation of the Earth. The ubiquity of hydrocarbons in the Solar System may be evidence that there may be more petroleum on Earth than commonly thought and that petroleum may originate from carbon-bearing fluids that migrate upward from the Earth's mantle. Abiogenic hypotheses saw a revival in the last half of the twentieth century by Russian and Ukrainian scientists. More interest was generated in the West after the 1992 publication by Thomas Gold of the journal article, "The Deep, Hot Biosphere".[21] Gold's version of the theory is partly based on the existence of a biosphere composed of thermophile bacteria in the Earth's crust, which might explain the existence of specific biomarkers in extracted petroleum.

### Accepted as mainstream

Some theories that were once rejected as fringe science but were eventually accepted as mainstream science include:

* Plate tectonics[22][23]
* The existence of Troy[24][25]
* Heliocentrism[26]
* Norse colonization of the Americas
* The Big Bang theory[27]
* Helicobacter pylori bacteria as the causative agent of peptic ulcer disease[28]
* The germ theory of disease[29]
* Neanderthal-Homo sapiens hybridization

## Responding to fringe science

Michael W. Friedlander has suggested some guidelines for responding to fringe science, which, he argues, is a more difficult problem[2]: 174 than scientific misconduct. His suggested methods include impeccable accuracy, checking cited sources, not overstating orthodox science, thorough understanding of the Wegener continental drift example, examples of orthodox science investigating radical proposals, and prepared examples of errors from fringe scientists.[2]: 178-9

Friedlander suggests that fringe science is necessary so mainstream science will not atrophy. Scientists must evaluate the plausibility of each new fringe claim, and certain fringe discoveries "will later graduate into the ranks of accepted" — while others "will never receive confirmation".[2]: 173

Margaret Wertheim profiled many "outsider scientists" in her book Physics on the Fringe, who receive little or no attention from professional scientists. She describes all of them as trying to make sense of the world using the scientific method but in the face of being unable to understand modern science's complex theories. She also finds it fair that credentialed scientists do not bother spending a lot of time learning about and explaining problems with the fringe theories of uncredentialed scientists since the authors of those theories have not taken the time to understand the mainstream theories they aim to disprove.[30]

### Controversies

As Donald E. Simanek asserts, "Too often speculative and tentative hypotheses of cutting edge science are treated as if they were scientific truths, and so accepted by a public eager for answers." However, the public is ignorant that "As science progresses from ignorance to understanding it must pass through a transitional phase of confusion and uncertainty."[31]

The media also play a role in propagating the belief that certain fields of science are controversial. In their 2003 paper "Optimising Public Understanding of Science and Technology in Europe: A Comparative Perspective", Jan Nolin et al. write that "From a media perspective it is evident that controversial science sells, not only because of its dramatic value, but also since it is often connected to high-stake societal issues."[32]

## See also

* Cargo cult science
* Epistemology
* Fringe theory
* Homeopathy
* Journal of Scientific Exploration
* Junk science
* List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
* Paradigm shift
* Pathological science
* Science, technology and society (STS)
* Scientific misconduct
* Sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK)
* Superseded scientific theories
* Transhumanism
* Voodoo science

Books

* 13 Things That Don't Make Sense (a book by Michael Brooks)
* The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (a book by Thomas S. Kuhn)

## References

1. ↑ Dutch, Steven I (January 1982). "Notes on the nature of fringe science". Journal of Geological Education 30 (1): 6–13. doi:10.5408/0022-1368-30.1.6. ERIC EJ260409. ISSN 0022-1368. OCLC 427103550. Bibcode: 1982JGeoE..30....6D.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Friedlander, Michael W. (1995). At the Fringes of Science. OCLC 42309381.
3. ↑ Isaac Asimov (1980). Left Hand of the Electron. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-440-94717-2.
4. ↑ David Bell (December 1999). "Secret science". Science and Public Policy 26 (6): 450. doi:10.1093/spp/26.6.450.
5. ↑ Beyerstein, Barry L. (July 1995). "Distinguishing Science from Pseudoscience". http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/revsalud/beyerstein_cience_vs_pseudoscience.pdf.
6. ↑ Henry Lyell D. (1981). "Unorthodox science as a popular activity". The Journal of American Culture 4 (2): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1981.0402_1.x.
7. ↑ "Two Scientists Jailed; Pair Sentenced in Maine in Sale of 'Accumulators'". The New York Times. 12 March 1957. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F06E4DD1639E33BBC4A52DFB566838C649EDE.
8. ↑ Williams, William F. (2000). Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy. Facts on File. pp. 36, 55, 68, 248–249, 298–299. ISBN 081603351X. https://books.google.com/books?id=_XpEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1040.
9. ↑ Gordin, Michael D. (2012). The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and the Birth of the Modern Fringe. University of Chicago Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0226101729. https://books.google.com/books?id=SqOPw9Yq-MEC&q=orgone+pseudoscience&pg=PA158.
10. ↑ Klee, Gerald D. (2005). "THE RESURRECTION OF WILHELM REICH AND ORGONE THERAPY". The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice 4 (1). http://www.srmhp.org/0401/orgone-therapy.html.
11. ↑ Simon, Matt (26 November 2014). "Fantastically Wrong: Why Is the Sky Blue? It's Packed With Sexy Energy, of Course". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2014/11/fantastically-wrong-wilhelm-reich/. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
12. ↑ "Orgone Energy". Zephyr Technology. http://www.zephyrtechnology.com/html/orgone_energy.html.
13. ↑ Pallasch, TJ (March 2000). "The focal infection theory: appraisal and reappraisal.". Journal of the California Dental Association 28 (3): 194–200. doi:10.1080/19424396.2000.12223068. PMID 11326533.
14. ↑ Whitley, David S. (2009) Cave paintings and the human spirit p. 98
15. ↑ Waters, Michael (25 March 2011). "The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the Origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas". Science 331 (6024): 1599–1603. doi:10.1126/science.1201855. PMID 21436451. Bibcode: 2011Sci...331.1599W.
16. ↑ Wilford, John (2011-03-24). "Arrowheads Found in Texas Dial Back Arrival of Humans in America". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/science/25archeo.html?pagewanted=all.
17. ↑ "The quest for immortality: Want to live 500 years? One scientist says it may be possible one day". CBS News. 2005-12-28. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-quest-for-immortality/.
18. ↑ Warner, H.; Anderson, J.; Austad, S.; Bergamini, E.; Bredesen, D.; Butler, R.; Carnes, B. A.; Clark, B. F. C. et al. (Nov 2005). "Science fact and the SENS agenda. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research?". EMBO Reports 6 (11): 1006–1008. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400555. ISSN 1469-221X. PMID 16264422.
19. ↑ Pontin, Jason (2006-07-11). "Is defeating aging only a dream?". Technology Review. http://www.technologyreview.com/sens/. (includes June 9, 2006 critiques and rebuttals)
20. ↑ "A report from the American Physical Society spring meeting – 1–2 May 1989 Baltimore, MD Special session on cold fusion". http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/physics/Cold-fusion/vince-cate/aps.ascii.
21. ↑ Gold, Thomas (1992). "The Deep, Hot Biosphere". PNAS 89 (13): 6045–6049. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.6045. PMID 1631089. Bibcode: 1992PNAS...89.6045G. alternative link. https://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/tg21/DHB.html.
22. ↑ Bell, David, 2005, Science, Technology and Culture, Open University Press, p. 134, ISBN 978-0-335-21326-9
23. ↑ Oreskes, Naomi (2003), Plate tectonics: an insider's history of the modern theory of the Earth p. 72
24. ↑ Conklin, Wendy (2005) Mysteries in History: Ancient History p. 39
25. ↑ Hunt, Patrick (2007) Ten Discoveries That Rewrote History
26. ↑ JDobrzycki J Editor (1973) The reception of Copernicus' heliocentric theory p. 311
27. ↑ Lemonick, Michael D. (2003) Echo of the Big Bang Princeton University Press p. 7
28. ↑ Beyerstein, Barry L. (July 1995). "Distinguishing science from pseudoscience". p. 17. http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/revsalud/beyerstein_cience_vs_pseudoscience.pdf.
29. ↑ Velasquez-Manoff, Moises (2013). An Epidemic of Absence: A New Way of Understanding Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases. Simon and Schuster. p. 40. ISBN 9781439199398. https://books.google.com/books?id=_Uq9AAAAQBAJ&q="germ+theory"+fringe+mainstream&pg=PA40. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
30. ↑ NPR Podcast
31. ↑ Simanek, Donald. "Cutting edge science". http://alcor.concordia.ca/~vpetkov/links4.htm#cutting.
32. ↑ Nolin, Jan. "Optimising public understanding of science: A comparative perspective". p. 632. http://www.univie.ac.at/virusss/opus/OPUS Report Final.pdf.

## Bibliography

* {{cite book

|author=Ben-Yehuda, Nachman
|title=The politics and morality of deviance: moral panics, drug abuse, deviant science, and reversed stigmatization
|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsmorality0000beny
|url-access=registration
|series=SUNY series in deviance and social control
|place=Albany
|publisher=State University of New York Press
|year=1990
|oclc=19128625

* Brante, Thomas; Fuller, Steve; Lynch, William (1993). Controversial science: from content to contention. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. OCLC 26096166.
* Brooks, M. (2008). 13 Things That Don't Make Sense. New York: Doubleday. OCLC 213480209.
* Michael Brooks (31 March 2009). "Why science doesn't make sense". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5081751/Why-science-doesnt-make-sense.html.
* Brown, George E. Jr. (23 October 1996). Environmental science under siege: fringe science and the 104th Congress. Washington, D.C.: Democratic Caucus of the Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives. OCLC 57343997.
* Cooke, R. M. (1991). Experts in uncertainty: opinion and subjective probability in science. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506465-8. OCLC 22710786. https://books.google.com/books?id=4taZBr_nvBgC.
* CSICOP On-line: Scientifically Investigating Paranormal and Fringe Science Claims —Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
* de Jager, Cornelis (March 1990). "Science, fringe science and pseudo-science". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 31 (1): 31–45. ISSN 0035-8738. Bibcode: 1990QJRAS..31...31D.
* Dutch, Steven I. (January 1982). "Notes on the nature of fringe science". Journal of Geological Education 30 (1): 6–13. doi:10.5408/0022-1368-30.1.6. ISSN 0022-1368. OCLC 92686827. Bibcode: 1982JGeoE..30....6D.
* Frazier, Kendrick (1981). Paranormal borderlands of science. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-148-7. OCLC 251487947.
* Friedlander, Michael W. (February 1995). At the Fringes of Science. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-2200-6. OCLC 31046052.
* Friedman, Sharon M, ed (1998). Communicating uncertainty: Media coverage of new and controversial science. Mahwah, New Jersey; London: Lawrence Erlbaum. ISBN 0-8058-2727-7. OCLC 263560777. https://archive.org/details/communicatingunc0000unse.
* Mauskopf, SH (1979). The reception of unconventional science. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 0-89158-297-5. OCLC 4495634.
* Mousseau, Marie-Catherine (2003). "Parapsychology: Science or Pseudo-Science?". Journal of Scientific Exploration 17 (2): 271–282. ISSN 0892-3310. http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_17_2_mousseau.pdf.
* Truzzi, Marcello (1998). "The Perspective of Anomalistics". Anomalistics. Center for Scientific Anomalies Research. http://skepticalinvestigations.org/anomalistics/perspective.htm.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Pseudoscience

Terminology|

* Cargo cult science
* Charlatan
* Crank
* Fringe theory
* Fringe science
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Junk science
* Paranormal
* Pathological science
* Quackery
* Snake oil
* Superseded scientific theory
* True-believer syndrome
* Voodoo Science

Topics
characterized as
pseudoscience|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Acupuncture
* Adrenal fatigue
* Alchemy
* Alternative medicine
* Ancient astronauts
* Anthroposophic medicine
* Applied kinesiology
* Aquatic ape hypothesis
* Astrology
* Bates method
* Biodynamic agriculture
* Bloodletting
* Body memory
* Catastrophism
* Chiropractic
* Chromotherapy
* Conspiracy theory
* 9/11 conspiracy theories
* Chemtrail conspiracy theory
* Climate change denial
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Conversion therapy
* Creation science
* Cryonics
* Cryptozoology
* Crystal healing
* Detoxification
* Colon cleansing
* Dianetics
* Doctrine of signatures
* Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
* Dowsing
* Ear candling
* Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
* Electronic voice phenomenon
* Eugenics
* Facilitated communication
* Feng shui
* Flat Earth theory
* Germ theory denialism
* Graphology
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Hollow Earth theory
* Homeopathy
* Humorism
* Indigo children
* Intelligent design
* Japhetic theory
* Levitation
* Lunar effect
* Lysenkoism
* Magnet therapy
* Mediumship
* Naturopathy
* Nazi archaeology
* Nibiru cataclysm
* Numerology
* Orgone
* Palmistry
* Perpetual motion
* Phrenology
* Polygraph
* Primal therapy
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Genocide denial
* Historical negationism
* Holocaust denial
* Pseudoscientific metrology
* Psychohistory
* Quantum mysticism
* Rapid prompting method
* Recovered-memory therapy
* Reiki
* Scientific racism
* Aryan race
* Melanin theory
* Trepanning
* Ufology
* Vertebral subluxation
* Voice stress analysis
* Water memory
* Cowpathy

Promoters of pseudoscience|

* Andrew Wakefield
* Deepak Chopra
* Gaia, Inc.
* Goop (company)
* Jenny McCarthy
* Mehmet Oz
* William Donald Kelley

Related topics|

* Bourgeois pseudoscience
* Demarcation problem
* Scientific method
* Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
* Traditional medicine

Resources|

* Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
* Cults of Unreason
* Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
* Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
* Quackwatch
* JREF
* The Psychology of the Occult
* The Ragged Edge of Science
* The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
* Skeptical Inquirer
* The Skeptic's Dictionary

List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

* v
* t
* e

Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Core topics|

* Cabals
* Civil
* Criminal
* Deception
* Espionage
* Fiction
* Political
* Secrecy
* Secret societies
* Urban legend

Psychology|

* Attitude polarization
* Cognitive dissonance
* Communal reinforcement
* Confirmation bias
* Locus of control
* Mass hysteria
* Paranoia
* Psychological projection

Deaths and
disappearances

| Assassinations and
avoidable accidents|

* Geoffrey Chaucer (1400)
* Princes in the Tower (1483)
* Kaspar Hauser (1833)
* Abraham Lincoln (1865)
* Ludwig II of Bavaria (1886)
* Franz Ferdinand (1914)
* Lord Kitchener (1916)
* Michael Collins (1922)
* Sergey Kirov (1934)
* Władysław Sikorski (1943)
* Subhas Chandra Bose (1945)
* Dag Hammarskjöld (1961)
* Patrice Lumumba (1961)
* Marilyn Monroe (1962)
* John F. Kennedy (1963)
* Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)
* Dorothy Kilgallen (1965)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
* Robert F. Kennedy (1968)
* Juscelino Kubitschek (1976)
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Airey Neave (1979)
* Francisco de Sá Carneiro and Adelino Amaro da Costa (1980)
* Olof Palme (1986)
* Zia-ul-Haq (1988)
* Vince Foster (1993)
* Yitzhak Rabin (1995)
* Diana, Princess of Wales (1997)
* Nepalese royal family (2001)
* Jeffrey Epstein (2019)
* Chan Yin-lam (2019)

|

False flag
attacks|

* USS Maine (1898)
* RMS Lusitania (1915)
* Reichstag fire (1933)
* Pearl Harbor (1941)
* USS Liberty (1967)
* Widerøe Flight 933 (1982)
* KAL Flight 007 (1983)
* Mozambican presidential jet (1986)
* Pan Am Flight 103 (1988)
* Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
* 9/11 attacks (2001)
* Advance knowledge
* WTC collapse
* Madrid train bombing (2004)
* London bombings (2005)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)

Other|

* RMS Titanic (1912)
* Phar Lap (1932)
* Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s)
* Mass murder of German POWs after World War II (1940s)
* Adolf Hitler's death (1945)
* Yemenite Children (1948–54)
* Cairo Fire (1952)
* Dyatlov Pass incident (1959)
* Lost Cosmonauts (1950s / 1960s)
* Elvis Presley's death (1977)
* Jonestown (1978)
* Satanic ritual abuse (blood libel)
* MS Estonia (1994)
* Kurt Cobain (1994)
* Hello Garci scandal
* Osama bin Laden (2011)
* Lahad Datu, Malaysia standoff (2013)
* Zamboanga City crisis (2013)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)

New World Order|

| Topics|

* Bilderberg Group
* Black helicopters
* Bohemian Grove
* Chatham House
* Council on Foreign Relations
* Denver International Airport
* Eurabia
* Georgia Guidestones
* Illuminati
* Judeo-Masonic plot
* Jews
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* Kalergi Plan
* Freemasons
* North American Union
* Catholics
* Jesuits
* Vatican
* ODESSA
* Rothschild family
* Skull and Bones
* The Fellowship
* Trilateral Commission
* Zionist Occupation Government

|

By region|

* Conspiracy theories in the Arab world
* Israeli animal theories
* Temple denial
* Conspiracy theories in Turkey

UFOs|

| General|

* Alien abduction
* Area 51
* Bermuda Triangle
* Black Knight satellite
* Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis
* Extraterrestrial hypothesis
* Interdimensional hypothesis
* Dulce Base
* Estimate of the Situation (1948)
* Majestic 12
* Men in black
* Nazi UFOs
* Project Serpo
* Reptilian humanoids

|

Incidents|

* Tunguska (1908)
* Foo Fighters (1940s)
* Los Angeles (1942)
* Ghost Rockets (1946)
* Maury Island (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Gorman Dogfight (1948)
* Mantell (1948)
* McMinnville (1950)
* Lubbock (1951)
* Washington, D.C. (1952)
* Barney and Betty Hill Abduction (1961)
* Kecksburg (1965)
* Westall (1966)
* Jimmy Carter (1969)
* Frederick Valentich (1978)
* Rendlesham Forest (1980)
* Cash-Landrum (1980)
* Japan Air Lines (1986)
* Varginha (1996)
* Phoenix Lights (1997)
* USS Nimitz (2004)
* Chicago (2006)

United States
government

* Apollo Moon landings
* Barack Obama's citizenship / religion / parentage
* Belgrade Chinese embassy bombing (1999)
* Black genocide
* CIA-Kennedy assassination link
* Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden
* Dulles' Plan
* FEMA concentration camps
* HAARP
* Jade Helm 15 (2015)
* Montauk Project
* October Surprise (1980)
* Pizzagate (2016)
* Philadelphia Experiment (1943)
* Project Azorian (1974)
* QAnon
* Sandy Hook shooting (2012)
* Seth Rich (2016)
* Sovereign citizen / Redemption movement
* Vast right-wing conspiracy
* Vietnam War POW / MIA issue
* TWA Flight 800 (1996)

Health, energy,
environment

* Chemtrails
* Electronic harassment
* Free energy suppression
* Global warming
* HIV/AIDS origins
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* SARS (2003)
* Vaccine controversies
* Water fluoridation

Other|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Agenda 21 (1992)
* Andinia Plan
* Cancellation of the Avro Arrow (1959)
* Bible
* Clockwork Orange (1970s)
* Conspiracy Encyclopedia
* Cultural Marxism
* "Death" of Paul McCartney (1969)
* Judeo-Bolshevism
* Judeopolonia
* Homintern
* Homosexual recruitment
* Knights Templar
* Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet (1987)
* Love Jihad
* Mexican Reconquista
* New Coke (1985)
* Phantom time / New Chronology
* Red mercury
* Soft coup
* George Soros
* War against Islam
* White genocide

See also|

* Denial of mass killings (list)
* Genocide denial

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