Hyla

Short description: Genus of amphibians

Hyla

Temporal range: 37.2–0 Ma

PreЄ

Eocene to recent

European tree frog, Hyla arborea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Amphibia
Order:  | Anura
Family:  | Hylidae
Subfamily:  | Hylinae
Genus:  | Hyla
Laurenti, 1768
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]

* Calamita Schneider, 1799
* Calamites Schneider, 1799
* Dendrohyas Wagler, 1830
* Discodactylus Michahelles, 1833
* Hyas Wagler, 1830
* Hylanus Rafinesque, 1815
* Hylaria Rafinesque, 1814
* Ranetta Garsault, 1764

Hyla is a genus of frogs in the tree frog family Hylidae. As traditionally defined, it was a wastebasket genus with more than 300 species found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and across the Americas. After a major revision of the family, most of these have been moved to other genera so that Hyla now only contains 17 extant (living) species from Europe, northern Africa and Asia.[2] The earliest known fossil member of this genus is †Hyla swanstoni from the Eocene of Saskatchewan, Canada,[3] but its designation to Hyla happened before the major revision, meaning that its position needs confirmation.

The genus was established by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. It was named after Hylas in Greek mythology, the companion of Hercules. The name is unusual in that – though Laurenti knew that Hylas was male – the name is unambiguously treated in the feminine grammatical gender for reasons unknown. The etymology of the name is also often incorrectly given as being derived from the Greek word ὕλη (hūlē, "forest" or "wood").[4][5]

## Contents

* 1 Living species
* 2 Mating systems
* 2.1 Female choice based on male calling
* 2.2 Male-male contests
* 2.3 Indirect selection
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Living species

Hyla molleri Image | Binomial name | Common name | Distribution

|
|
|

| H. annectans (Jerdon, 1870) | Jerdon's tree frog | northeast India (Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, and Meghalaya), northern Myanmar, and northern montane Vietnam and southwestern and central China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan)
| H. arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) | European tree frog | Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; the Czech Republic; Denmark; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Israel (found in the Ayalon Valley); Italy; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the Republic of; Moldova; Montenegro; the Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; the Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine.
| H. carthaginiensis Dufresnes, Beddek, Skorinov, Fumagalli, Perrin, Crochet, and Litvinchuk, 2019 | Carthaginian tree frog | northeastern Algeria and northwestern Tunisia.
| H. chinensis Günther, 1858 | Common Chinese tree frog | southeastern and eastern China and in Taiwan
| H. felixarabica Gvoždík, Moravec, Klütsch & Kotlík, 2010 | Arabian tree frog | Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Syria and Lebanon.
| H. hallowellii Thompson, 1912 | Hallowell's tree frog | Japan
| H. intermedia Boulenger, 1882 | Italian tree frog | Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland, and possibly San Marino.
| H. meridionalis Boettger, 1874 | Mediterranean tree frog | south-west Europe and north-west Africa
| H. molleri Bedriaga, 1889 | Moller's tree frog | Iberian Peninsula and southwesternmost France.
| H. orientalis Bedriaga, 1890 | Oriental tree frog | Asia Minor and southeastern Europe
| H. perrini Dufresnes, Mazepa, Rodrigues, Brelsford, Litvinchuk, Sermier, Lavanchy, Betto-Colliard, Blaser, Borzée, Cavoto, Fabre, Ghali, Grossen, Horn, Leuenberger, Phillips, Saunders, Savary, Maddalena, Stöck, Dubey, Canestrelli, and Jeffries, 2018 | Perrin's tree frog | northern Italy, Switzerland (Ticino) and Slovenia
| H. sanchiangensis Pope, 1929 | San Chiang tree frog | China(Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi)
| H. sarda (De Betta, 1853) | Sardinian tree frog | Corsica, Sardinia, and the Tuscan Archipelago.
| H. savignyi Audouin, 1827 | Middle East tree frog | Bulgaria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and Yemen.
| H. simplex Boettger, 1901 | Annam tree frog | southern China, Vietnam, and Laos
| H. tsinlingensis Liu and Hu in Hu, Zhao, and Liu, 1966 | Shensi tree frog | China.
| H. zhaopingensis Tang and Zhang, 1984 | Zhaoping tree frog | China.

## Mating systems

### Female choice based on male calling

The mating systems across most species of Hyla largely feature female choice based on male calling effort.[6][7][8] The specific parameter of calling effort that is selected for can vary from species to species, however. In H. versicolor, for example, females show preference for calls of longer duration.[9] The selection of males which have calls of longer duration has shown to only be advantageous at low densities. This suggests that preference plasticity, based on environmental context, is beneficial.[9] Comparatively, males of H. arborea achieve a higher rate of mating success with increased chorus attendance, that is the number of nights spent calling at a given breeding site.[10] Moreover, increased chorus attendance carries with it a higher energy expenditure and risk of predation. Therefore, it may seem intuitive that males with higher chorus attendance are less likely to survive to the next breeding season. Conversely, these males are more likely to survive. This suggests that the fitness of these males is high enough to overcome the costs associated with chorus attendance.[10] This provides evidence for chorus attendance as an indicator of mate quality in H. arborea.

### Male-male contests

Although it is studied less frequently than female choice, sexual selection influenced by male-male intrasexual competition does exist in certain species of Hyla. Males of H. versicolor produce conspicuous advertisement calls in large groups at territories known to females.[11] This behavior, known as lekking, is common in many species of Hyla. In order to broadcast a clear acoustic communication to a female, males require distinct calling spaces within their respective leks.[11] When males infringe upon the calling space of one another, aggressive interactions may occur. Males of H. versicolor may choose to lower costs of aggressive encounters by first assessing one another's resource holding potential.[12] In simple terms, the resource holding potential (RHP) of an individual is its ability to win a fight. RHP can be based on a number of factors, including mass, size, weaponry, etc. In H. versicolor, the question of what determines an individual's RHP still stands. Aggressive interactions of this species are hard to observe within natural environments, because they occur briefly and infrequently.[11] Research has suggested that RHP in this species is not based on body size, however these findings were not based on in situ observations, but instead on the findings of a manipulated experiment.[12]

### Indirect selection

A calling H. arborea male with a distended vocal sac.

In terms of sexual selection, indirect selection refers to the selection of a specific trait based on its genetic correlation to overall fitness. H. arborea is a nocturnal species which depends on calling by males for female mate choice.[7][9] In addition to its ability to detect acoustic communications, H. arborea, as well as most other Anuran species, possess specialized visual systems that function particularly well in low light.[13] This visual system allows for detection of observable male traits that could factor into female mate choice. Research has shown that H. arborea females have a preference for males with more conspicuous vocal sac coloration.[13] It is postulated that this preference may assist in localization and detection of males by searching females. However, vocal sac pigmentation is dictated by carotenoid levels, which must be ingested through food intake.[13] Thus, the presence of conspicuous vocal sac coloration could in turn signal higher male foraging ability and fitness.[13]

## References

1. ↑ "Hyla". Species. GBIF. http://www.gbif.org/species/2423589.
2. ↑ Faivovich, J.; Haddad, C.F.B.; Garcia, P.C.A.; Frost, D.R.; Campbell, J.A.; Wheeler, W.C., 2005: Systematic Review of the Frog Family Hylidae, with Special Reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomic Revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Num. 294, pp.1-240. (http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/462/1/B294.pdf)
3. ↑ "Fossilworks: Hyla". http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=37471&is_real_user=1.
4. ↑ Charles W. Myers & Richard B. Stothers (2006). "The myth of Hylas revisited: the frog name Hyla and other commentary on Specimen medicum (1768) of J. N. Laurenti, the "father of herpetology"". Archives of Natural History 33 (2): 241-266. doi:10.3366/anh.2006.33.2.241.
5. ↑ hyla (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=hyla (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) It gives the 'wood' etymology.
6. ↑ Gerhardt, H. Carl; Daniel, Richard E.; Perrill, Stephen A.; Schramm, Susan (1987). "Mating behaviour and male mating success in the green treefrog". Animal Behaviour 35 (5): 1490–1503. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(87)80021-0.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Friedl, Thomas W. P.; Klump, Georg M. (2002-01-01). "The vocal behaviour of male European treefrogs (Hyla arborea): implications for inter-and intrasexual selection" (in en). Behaviour 139 (1): 113–136. doi:10.1163/15685390252902319. ISSN 1568-539X.
8. ↑ Gerhardt, H. Carl (1991). "Female mate choice in treefrogs: static and dynamic acoustic criteria". Animal Behaviour 42 (4): 615–635. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80245-3.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Sullivan, Brian K.; Hinshaw, Steven H. (1992). "Female choice and selection on male calling behaviour in the grey treefrog Hyla versicolor". Animal Behaviour 44 (4): 733–744. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80299-4.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Friedl, Thomas W.P.; Klump, Georg M. (2005). "Sexual selection in the lek-breeding European treefrog: body size, chorus attendance, random mating and good genes". Animal Behaviour 70 (5): 1141–1154. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.017.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Fellers, Gary M. (1979). "Aggression, territoriality, and mating behaviour in North American treefrogs". Animal Behaviour 27: 107–119. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90131-3.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Reichert, M.S.; Gerhardt, H.C. (2011). "The role of body size on the outcome, escalation and duration of contests in the grey treefrog, Hyla versicolor". Animal Behaviour 82 (6): 1357–1366. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.019.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Gomez, Doris; Richardson, Christina; Lengagne, Thierry; Plenet, Sandrine; Joly, Pierre; Léna, Jean-Paul; Théry, Marc (2009-07-07). "The role of nocturnal vision in mate choice: females prefer conspicuous males in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea)" (in en). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 276 (1666): 2351–2358. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0168. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 19324736.

## External links

* Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Hyla. Electronic Database accessible at https://web.archive.org/web/20071024033938/http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
* AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Hyla. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
* eol - Encyclopedia of Life taxon Hyla at http://www.eol.org.

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