IARC group 1 Carcinogens

Short description: Classification

Substances, mixtures, and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified as group 1 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC):[1] The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient. Still, there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

This list is focusing on the hazard linked to the agents. This means that the carcinogenic agents are capable of causing cancer, but this does not take their risk into account, which is the probability of causing a cancer, given the level of exposure to this carcinogenic agent.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Agents
* 1.1 Infectious conditions
* 1.1.1 Viruses
* 1.1.2 Bacterium
* 1.1.3 Worms
* 1.2 Chemical substances
* 1.3 Radiations and physical agents thereof
* 1.4 Complex mixtures/agents
* 1.5 Exposure circumstances
* 2 See also
* 3 Notes
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Agents

### Infectious conditions

#### Viruses

* Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
* Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I
* Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59
* Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
* Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
* Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus
* Epstein–Barr virus

#### Bacterium

* Helicobacter pylori (infection with)

#### Worms

* Clonorchis sinensis (infection with)
* Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
* Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)

### Chemical substances

* Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages[3]
* Aflatoxins
* 4-Aminobiphenyl
* Aristolochic acids, and plants containing them
* Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds[note 1]
* Asbestos (all forms, including actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite)
* Azathioprine
* Benzene
* Benzidine, and dyes metabolized to
* Benzo[a]pyrene
* Beryllium and beryllium compounds[note 2]
* 1,3-Butadiene
* 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan, Myleran)
* Cadmium and cadmium compounds[note 2]
* Chlornapazine (N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine)
* Chlorambucil
* Bis(chloromethyl)ether
* Chloromethyl methyl ether
* Chromium(VI) (Hexavalent chromium) compounds[note 2]
* Ciclosporin
* Cyclophosphamide
* 1,2-Dichloropropane
* Diethylstilboestrol
* Ethanol in alcoholic beverages[3]
* Erionite
* Ethylene oxide
* Etoposide alone, and in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
* Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
* Formaldehyde
* Gallium arsenide
* Lindane
* Melphalan
* Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
* 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)
* MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
* Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)
* 2-Naphthylamine
* Nickel compounds[note 2]
* 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
* N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
* 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
* 3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
* Pentachlorophenol
* Perfuorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
* Polychlorinated biphenyls
* Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU]
* Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite
* Tamoxifen[note 3]
* 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
* Thiotepa (1,1',1"-Phosphinothioylidynetrisaziridine)
* Treosulfan
* Trichloroethylene
* o-Toluidine
* Vinyl chloride

### Radiations and physical agents thereof

* Ionizing radiation (all types)
* Neutron radiation
* Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100-400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC)
* Solar radiation
* X-ray and gamma radiation
* Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
* Plutonium
* Radioiodines, including iodine-131
* Radionuclides, α-particle-emitting, internally deposited[note 4]
* Radionuclides, β-particle-emitting, internally deposited[note 4]
* Radium-224 and its decay products
* Radium-226 and its decay products
* Radium-228 and its decay products
* Radon-222 and its decay products
* Thorium-232 and its decay products

### Complex mixtures/agents

* Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of)
* Outdoor air pollution
* Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter in
* Alcoholic beverages
* Areca nut
* Betel quid with tobacco
* Betel quid without tobacco
* Coal-tar pitch
* Coal-tars (see Coal-tar distillation)
* Engine exhaust, diesel[4]
* Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)
* Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)[note 5]
* Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
* Fission products, including strontium-90
* Leather dust
* Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated
* Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
* Plants containing aristolochic acid
* Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189) [note 6]
* Processed meat (consumption of)[5]
* Salted fish, Chinese-style
* Shale-oils
* Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps)
* Wood dust

### Exposure circumstances

* Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with
* Acid mists, strong inorganic
* Aluminium production
* Auramine production
* Boot and shoe manufacture and repair (see Leather dust, Benzene)
* Chimney sweeping (see Soot)
* Coal gasification
* Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of
* Coal-tar distillation
* Coke production
* Firefighter (occupational exposure as a)
* Furniture and cabinet making (see Wood dust)
* Haematite mining (underground)
* Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure during)
* Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids
* Magenta production
* Opium consumption
* Painter (occupational exposure as a)
* Paving and roofing with coal-tar pitch (see Coal-tar pitch)
* Rubber manufacturing industry
* Tobacco, smokeless
* Tobacco smoke, second-hand
* Tobacco smoking
* Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
* Welding fumes

## See also

* IARC group 2A
* IARC group 2B
* IARC group 3

## Notes

1. ↑ This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Evaluated as a group.
3. ↑ There is also conclusive evidence that this agent (tamoxifen) reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents.
5. ↑ There is also convincing evidence in humans that these agents confer a protective effect against cancer in the endometrium and ovary.
6. ↑ Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with strong supporting evidence from other relevant data.

## References

1. ↑ "List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124". IARC. July 7, 2019. https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications.
2. ↑ "IARC monographs preamble (as amended in 2019)". International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Preamble-2019.pdf. Retrieved August 18, 2023. "A cancer hazard is an agent that is capable of causing cancer, whereas a cancer risk is an estimate of the probability that cancer will occur given some level of exposure to a cancer hazard."
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "IARC Strengthens Its Findings on Several Carcinogenic Personal Habits and Household Exposures" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2009/pdfs/pr196_E.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2014. "November 2, 2009 ‐‐ IARC has updated the cancer assessments of several personal habits and household exposures that cause cancer, including tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, and household coal smoke. The update was conducted with the advice of 30 scientists from 10 countries who met at IARC in October 2009. [...] The Working Group concluded that acetaldehyde associated with alcohol consumption is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and confirmed the classification in Group 1 of alcohol consumption and of ethanol in alcoholic beverages."
4. ↑ "IARC: Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2012/pdfs/pr213_E.pdf. Retrieved August 14, 2016. "June 12, 2012 ‐‐ After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that exposure is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer"
5. ↑ "IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat". http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf. Retrieved 26 October 2015.

## External links

* Description of the list of classifications, IARC
* List of Classifications (latest version)
* List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124 (Last update: 8 July 2019)
* Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–123 (Last update: 25 March 2019)

* v
* t
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Cancer-causing materials and agents (carcinogens)

* Cancer
* Cancer cells

Prominent human carcinogens|

* Acetaldehyde
* Arsenic
* Asbestos
* Bacteria
* Helicobacter Pylori
* Benzo[a]pyrene
* 1,3-Butadiene
* Diethylstilbestrol
* Formaldehyde
* Ionizing radiation (e.g., from isotopes of plutonium and radium)
* Tobacco smoke
* Ultraviolet light
* Viruses
* Epstein–Barr
* Hepatitis B
* Hepatitis C
* Human papillomavirus

IARC lists|

* Group 1
* Group 2A
* Group 2B
* Group 3

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

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