Isotopes of hafnium

Short description: Nuclides with atomic number of 72 but with different mass numbers

Main isotopes of Chemistry:hafnium (72Hf) | Iso­tope | Decay

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| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
172Hf  | syn | 1.87 y  | ε | 172Lu
174Hf  | 0.16%  | 2×1015 y  | α | 170Yb
176Hf  | 5.26%  | stable
177Hf  | 18.60%  | stable
178Hf  | 27.28%  | stable
178m2Hf  | syn  | 31 y  | IT | 178Hf
179Hf  | 13.62%  | stable
180Hf  | 35.08%  | stable
182Hf  | syn  | 8.9×106 y  | β− | 182Ta
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Hf)|

* 178.49(2)[1]

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Natural hafnium (72Hf) consists of five stable isotopes (176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, and 180Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, 174Hf, with a half-life of 2×1015 years. In addition, there are 30 other known radionuclides, the most stable of which is 182Hf with a half-life of 8.9×106 years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.[2]

No other radioisotope has a half-life over 1.87 years. Most isotopes have half-lives under 1 minute. There are also 26 known nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is 178m2Hf with a half-life of 31 years. All isotopes of hafnium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

## List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life
[n 4][n 5] | Decay
mode
[n 6] | Daughter
isotope
[n 7] | Spin and
parity
[n 8][n 5] | Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)

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Excitation energy[n 5] | Normal proportion  | Range of variation
153Hf  | 72  | 81  | 152.97069(54)#  | 400# ms [>200 ns]  |  |  | 1/2+#  |  |
153mHf  | 750(100)# keV  | 500# ms  |  |  | 11/2−#  |  |
154Hf  | 72  | 82  | 153.96486(54)#  | 2(1) s  | β+ | 154Lu  | 0+  |  |
α (rare)  | 150Yb
155Hf  | 72  | 83  | 154.96339(43)#  | 890(120) ms  | β+ | 155Lu  | 7/2−#  |  |
α (rare)  | 151Yb
156Hf  | 72  | 84  | 155.95936(22)  | 23(1) ms  | α (97%)  | 152Yb  | 0+  |  |
β+ (3%)  | 156Lu
156mHf  | 1959.0(10) keV  | 480(40) μs  |  |  | 8+  |  |
157Hf  | 72  | 85  | 156.95840(21)#  | 115(1) ms  | α (86%)  | 153Yb  | 7/2−  |  |
β+ (14%)  | 157Lu
158Hf  | 72  | 86  | 157.954799(19)  | 2.84(7) s  | β+ (55%)  | 158Lu  | 0+  |  |
α (45%)  | 154Yb
159Hf  | 72  | 87  | 158.953995(18)  | 5.20(10) s  | β+ (59%)  | 159Lu  | 7/2−#  |  |
α (41%)  | 155Yb
160Hf  | 72  | 88  | 159.950684(12)  | 13.6(2) s  | β+ (99.3%)  | 160Lu  | 0+  |  |
α (.7%)  | 156Yb
161Hf  | 72  | 89  | 160.950275(24)  | 18.2(5) s  | β+ (99.7%)  | 161Lu  | 3/2−#  |  |
α (.3%)  | 157Yb
162Hf  | 72  | 90  | 161.94721(1)  | 39.4(9) s  | β+ (99.99%)  | 162Lu  | 0+  |  |
α (.008%)  | 158Yb
163Hf  | 72  | 91  | 162.94709(3)  | 40.0(6) s  | β+ | 163Lu  | 3/2−#  |  |
α (10−4%)  | 159Yb
164Hf  | 72  | 92  | 163.944367(22)  | 111(8) s  | β+ | 164Lu  | 0+  |  |
165Hf  | 72  | 93  | 164.94457(3)  | 76(4) s  | β+ | 165Lu  | (5/2−)  |  |
166Hf  | 72  | 94  | 165.94218(3)  | 6.77(30) min  | β+ | 166Lu  | 0+  |  |
167Hf  | 72  | 95  | 166.94260(3)  | 2.05(5) min  | β+ | 167Lu  | (5/2)−  |  |
168Hf  | 72  | 96  | 167.94057(3)  | 25.95(20) min  | β+ | 168Lu  | 0+  |  |
169Hf  | 72  | 97  | 168.94126(3)  | 3.24(4) min  | β+ | 169Lu  | (5/2)−  |  |
170Hf  | 72  | 98  | 169.93961(3)  | 16.01(13) h  | EC | 170Lu  | 0+  |  |
171Hf  | 72  | 99  | 170.94049(3)  | 12.1(4) h  | β+ | 171Lu  | 7/2(+)  |  |
171mHf  | 21.93(9) keV  | 29.5(9) s  | IT  | 171Hf  | 1/2(−)  |  |
172Hf  | 72  | 100  | 171.939448(26)  | 1.87(3) y  | EC  | 172Lu  | 0+  |  |
172mHf  | 2005.58(11) keV  | 163(3) ns  |  |  | (8−)  |  |
173Hf  | 72  | 101  | 172.94051(3)  | 23.6(1) h  | β+ | 173Lu  | 1/2−  |  |
174Hf[n 9] | 72  | 102  | 173.940046(3)  | 2.0(4)×1015 y | α  | 170Yb | 0+  | 0.0016(1)  | 0.001619–0.001621
174m1Hf  | 1549.3 keV  | 138(4) ns  |  |  | (6+)  |  |
174m2Hf  | 1797.5(20) keV  | 2.39(4) μs  |  |  | (8−)  |  |
174m3Hf  | 3311.7 keV  | 3.7(2) μs  |  |  | (14+)  |  |
175Hf  | 72  | 103  | 174.941509(3)  | 70(2) d  | β+ | 175Lu | 5/2−  |  |
176Hf[n 10] | 72  | 104  | 175.9414086(24)  | Observationally Stable[n 11] | 0+  | 0.0526(7)  | 0.05206–0.05271
177Hf  | 72  | 105  | 176.9432207(23)  | Observationally Stable[n 12] | 7/2−  | 0.1860(9)  | 0.18593–0.18606
177m1Hf  | 1315.4504(8) keV  | 1.09(5) s  |  |  | 23/2+  |  |
177m2Hf  | 1342.38(20) keV  | 55.9(12) μs  |  |  | (19/2−)  |  |
177m3Hf  | 2740.02(15) keV  | 51.4(5) min  |  |  | 37/2−  |  |
178Hf  | 72  | 106  | 177.9436988(23)  | Observationally Stable[n 13] | 0+  | 0.2728(7)  | 0.27278–0.27297
178m1Hf  | 1147.423(5) keV  | 4.0(2) s  |  |  | 8−  |  |
178m2Hf  | 2445.69(11) keV  | 31(1) y  |  |  | 16+  |  |
178m3Hf  | 2573.5(5) keV  | 68(2) μs  |  |  | (14−)  |  |
179Hf  | 72  | 107  | 178.9458161(23)  | Observationally Stable[n 14] | 9/2+  | 0.1362(2)  | 0.13619–0.1363
179m1Hf  | 375.0367(25) keV  | 18.67(4) s  |  |  | 1/2−  |  |
179m2Hf  | 1105.84(19) keV  | 25.05(25) d  |  |  | 25/2−  |  |
180Hf  | 72  | 108  | 179.9465500(23)  | Observationally Stable[n 15] | 0+  | 0.3508(16)  | 0.35076–0.351
180m1Hf  | 1141.48(4) keV  | 5.47(4) h  |  |  | 8−  |  |
180m2Hf  | 1374.15(4) keV  | 0.57(2) μs  |  |  | (4−)  |  |
180m3Hf  | 2425.8(10) keV  | 15(5) μs  |  |  | (10+)  |  |
180m4Hf  | 2486.3(9) keV  | 10(1) μs  |  |  | 12+  |  |
180m5Hf  | 2538.3(12) keV  | >10 μs  |  |  | (14+)  |  |
180m6Hf  | 3599.3(18) keV  | 90(10) μs  |  |  | (18−)  |  |
181Hf  | 72  | 109  | 180.9491012(23)  | 42.39(6) d  | β− | 181Ta | 1/2−  |  |
181m1Hf  | 595(3) keV  | 80(5) μs  |  |  | (9/2+)  |  |
181m2Hf  | 1040(10) keV  | ~100 μs  |  |  | (17/2+)  |  |
181m3Hf  | 1738(10) keV  | 1.5(5) ms  |  |  | (27/2−)  |  |
182Hf  | 72  | 110  | 181.950554(7)  | 8.90(9)×106 y  | β− | 182Ta  | 0+  |  |
182mHf  | 1172.88(18) keV  | 61.5(15) min  | β− (58%)  | 182Ta  | 8−  |  |
IT (42%)  | 182Hf
183Hf  | 72  | 111  | 182.95353(3)  | 1.067(17) h  | β− | 183Ta  | (3/2−)  |  |
184Hf  | 72  | 112  | 183.95545(4)  | 4.12(5) h  | β− | 184Ta  | 0+  |  |
184mHf  | 1272.4(4) keV  | 48(10) s  | β− | 184Ta  | 8−  |  |
185Hf  | 72  | 113  | 184.95882(21)#  | 3.5(6) min  | β− | 185Ta  | 3/2−#  |  |
186Hf  | 72  | 114  | 185.96089(32)#  | 2.6(12) min  | β− | 186Ta  | 0+  |  |
187Hf  | 72  | 115  | 186.96459(43)#  | 30# s [>300 ns]  |  |  |  |  |
188Hf  | 72  | 116  | 187.96685(54)#  | 20# s [>300 ns]  |  |  | 0+  |  |

1. ↑ mHf - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ↑ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ↑ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ↑ Bold half-life - nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
6. ↑ Modes of decay:  EC: | Electron capture

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IT: | Isomeric transition
7. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
8. ↑ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
9. ↑ primordial radionuclide
10. ↑ Used in lutetium-hafnium dating
11. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 172Yb
12. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 173Yb
13. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 174Yb
14. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 175Yb
15. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 176Yb

## References

1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
2. ↑ "Tungsten Isotopes in Planets". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 45 (1): 389–417. August 2017. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020037. PMID 30842690. Bibcode: 2017AREPS..45..389K.

* Isotope masses from:
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
* Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/.
* Lide, David R., ed (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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Isotopes of the chemical elements

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