Isotopes of krypton

Short description: Isotopes of the element Krypton

There are 34 known isotopes of krypton (36Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 69 through 102.[1][2] Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one (78Kr) which is slightly radioactive with an extremely long half-life, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere.

## Contents

* 1 List of isotopes
* 2 Notable isotopes
* 2.1 Krypton-81
* 2.2 Krypton-85
* 2.2.1 Atmospheric concentration
* 2.3 Krypton-86
* 2.4 Others
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life
[n 4][n 5] | Decay
mode
[n 6] | Daughter
isotope
[n 7][n 8] | Spin and
parity
[n 9][n 5] | Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)

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Excitation energy  | Normal proportion  | Range of variation
69Kr  | 36  | 33  | 68.96518(43)#  | 32(10) ms  | β+ | 69Br  | 5/2−#  |  |
70Kr  | 36  | 34  | 69.95526(41)#  | 52(17) ms  | β+ | 70Br  | 0+  |  |
71Kr  | 36  | 35  | 70.94963(70)  | 100(3) ms  | β+ (94.8%)  | 71Br  | (5/2)−  |  |
β+, p (5.2%)  | 70Se
72Kr  | 36  | 36  | 71.942092(9)  | 17.16(18) s  | β+ | 72Br  | 0+  |  |
73Kr  | 36  | 37  | 72.939289(7)  | 28.6(6) s  | β+ (99.32%)  | 73Br  | 3/2−  |  |
β+, p (.68%)  | 72Se
73mKr  | 433.66(12) keV  | 107(10) ns  |  |  | (9/2+)  |  |
74Kr  | 36  | 38  | 73.9330844(22)  | 11.50(11) min  | β+ | 74Br  | 0+  |  |
75Kr  | 36  | 39  | 74.930946(9)  | 4.29(17) min  | β+ | 75Br  | 5/2+  |  |
76Kr  | 36  | 40  | 75.925910(4)  | 14.8(1) h  | β+ | 76Br  | 0+  |  |
77Kr  | 36  | 41  | 76.9246700(21)  | 74.4(6) min  | β+ | 77Br  | 5/2+  |  |
78Kr[n 10] | 36  | 42  | 77.9203648(12)  | 9.2 +5.5−2.6 ±1.3×1021 y[3] | Double EC | 78Se | 0+  | 0.00355(3)  |
79Kr  | 36  | 43  | 78.920082(4)  | 35.04(10) h  | β+ | 79Br | 1/2−  |  |
79mKr  | 129.77(5) keV  | 50(3) s  |  |  | 7/2+  |  |
80Kr  | 36  | 44  | 79.9163790(16)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.02286(10)  |
81Kr[n 11] | 36  | 45  | 80.9165920(21)  | 2.29(11)×105 y  | EC | 81Br | 7/2+  | trace  |
81mKr  | 190.62(4) keV  | 13.10(3) s  | IT (99.975%)  | 81Kr  | 1/2−  |  |
EC (.025%)  | 81Br
82Kr  | 36  | 46  | 81.9134836(19)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.11593(31)  |
83Kr[n 12] | 36  | 47  | 82.914136(3)  | Stable | 9/2+  | 0.11500(19)  |
83m1Kr  | 9.4053(8) keV  | 154.4(11) ns  |  |  | 7/2+  |  |
83m2Kr  | 41.5569(10) keV  | 1.83(2) h  | IT  | 83Kr | 1/2−  |  |
84Kr[n 12] | 36  | 48  | 83.911507(3)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.56987(15)  |
84mKr  | 3236.02(18) keV  | 1.89(4) µs  |  |  | 8+  |  |
85Kr[n 12] | 36  | 49  | 84.9125273(21)  | 10.776(3) y  | β− | 85Rb | 9/2+  | trace  |
85m1Kr  | 304.871(20) keV  | 4.480(8) h  | β− (78.6%)  | 85Rb | 1/2−  |  |
IT (21.4%)  | 85Kr
85m2Kr  | 1991.8(13) keV  | 1.6(7) µs
[1.2(+10-4) µs]  |  |  | (17/2+)  |  |
86Kr[n 13][n 12] | 36  | 50  | 85.91061073(11)  | Observationally Stable[n 14] | 0+  | 0.17279(41)  |
87Kr  | 36  | 51  | 86.91335486(29)  | 76.3(5) min  | β− | 87Rb | 5/2+  |  |
88Kr  | 36  | 52  | 87.914447(14)  | 2.84(3) h  | β− | 88Rb  | 0+  |  |
89Kr[n 12] | 36  | 53  | 88.91763(6)  | 3.15(4) min  | β− | 89Rb  | 3/2(+#)  |  |
90Kr  | 36  | 54  | 89.919517(20)  | 32.32(9) s  | β− | 90mRb  | 0+  |  |
91Kr  | 36  | 55  | 90.92345(6)  | 8.57(4) s  | β− | 91Rb  | 5/2(+)  |  |
92Kr[n 12] | 36  | 56  | 91.926156(13)  | 1.840(8) s  | β− (99.96%)  | 92Rb  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (.033%)  | 91Rb
93Kr  | 36  | 57  | 92.93127(11)  | 1.286(10) s  | β− (98.05%)  | 93Rb  | 1/2+  |  |
β−, n (1.95%)  | 92Rb
94Kr  | 36  | 58  | 93.93436(32)#  | 210(4) ms  | β− (94.3%)  | 94Rb  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (5.7%)  | 93Rb
95Kr  | 36  | 59  | 94.93984(43)#  | 114(3) ms  | β− | 95Rb  | 1/2(+)  |  |
96Kr  | 36  | 60  | 95.942998(62)[4] | 80(7) ms  | β− | 96Rb  | 0+  |  |
97Kr  | 36  | 61  | 96.94856(54)#  | 63(4) ms  | β− | 97Rb  | 3/2+#  |  |
β−, n  | 96Rb
98Kr  | 36  | 62  | 97.95191(64)#  | 46(8) ms  |  |  | 0+  |  |
99Kr  | 36  | 63  | 98.95760(64)#  | 40(11) ms  |  |  | (3/2+)#  |  |
100Kr  | 36  | 64  | 99.96114(54)#  | 10# ms
[>300 ns]  |  |  | 0+  |  |
101Kr  | 36  | 65  | unknown  | >635 ns  | β−, 2n  | 99Rb  | unknown  |  |
β−, n  | 100Rb
β− | 101Rb
102Kr[5] | 36  | 66  |  |  |  |  | 0+  |  |

1. ↑ mKr - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ↑ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ↑ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ↑ Bold half-life - nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
6. ↑ Modes of decay:  n: | Neutron emission

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7. ↑ Bold italics symbol as daughter - Daughter product is nearly stable.
8. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
9. ↑ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
10. ↑ Primordial radionuclide
11. ↑ Used to date groundwater
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Fission product
13. ↑ Formerly used to define the meter
14. ↑ Believed to decay by β−β− to 86Sr

* The isotopic composition refers to that in air.

## Notable isotopes

### Krypton-81

Radioactive krypton-81 is the product of spallation reactions with cosmic rays striking gases present in the Earth atmosphere, along with the six stable or nearly stable krypton isotopes.[6] Krypton-81 has a half-life of about 229,000 years.

Krypton-81 is used for dating ancient (50,000- to 800,000-year-old) groundwater and to determine their residence time in deep aquifers. One of the main technical limitations of the method is that it requires the sampling of very large volumes of water: several hundred liters or a few cubic meters of water. This is particularly challenging for dating pore water in deep clay aquitards with very low hydraulic conductivity.[7]

### Krypton-85

Main page: Physics:Krypton-85

Krypton-85 has a half-life of about 10.75 years. This isotope is produced by the nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear weapons testing and in nuclear reactors, as well as by cosmic rays. An important goal of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was to eliminate the release of such radioisotopes into the atmosphere, and since 1963 much of that krypton-85 has had time to decay. However, it is inevitable that krypton-85 is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors.[citation needed]

#### Atmospheric concentration

The atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 around the North Pole is about 30 percent higher than that at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station because nearly all of the world's nuclear reactors and all of its major nuclear reprocessing plants are located in the northern hemisphere, and also well-north of the equator.[8] To be more specific, those nuclear reprocessing plants with significant capacities are located in the United States , the United Kingdom , the French Republic , the Russia , Mainland China (PRC), Japan , India , and Pakistan .

### Krypton-86

Krypton-86 was formerly used to define the meter from 1960 until 1983, when the definition of the meter was based on the wavelength of the 606 nm (orange) spectral line of a krypton-86 atom.[9]

### Others

All other radioisotopes of krypton have half-lives of less than one day, except for krypton-79, a positron emitter with a half-life of about 35.0 hours.

## References

1. ↑ "Chart of Nuclides". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=36&n=65.
2. ↑ Sumikama, T. et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110". Physical Review C 103 (1): 014614. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614. Bibcode: 2021PhRvC.103a4614S. https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614.
3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Patrignani2016`
4. ↑ Smith, Matthew B.; Murböck, Tobias; Dunling, Eleanor; Jacobs, Andrew; Kootte, Brian; Lan, Yang; Leistenschneider, Erich; Lunney, David et al. (2020). "High-precision mass measurement of neutron-rich 96Kr". Hyperfine Interactions 241 (1): 59. doi:10.1007/s10751-020-01722-2. Bibcode: 2020HyInt.241...59S. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10751-020-01722-2.
5. ↑ Sumikama, T. et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110". Physical Review C 103 (1): 014614. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614. Bibcode: 2021PhRvC.103a4614S. https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614.
6. ↑ Leya, I.; Gilabert, E.; Lavielle, B.; Wiechert, U.; Wieler, W. (2004). "Production rates for cosmogenic krypton and argon isotopes in H-chondrites with known 36Cl-36Ar ages". Antarctic Meteorite Research 17: 185–199. Bibcode: 2004AMR....17..185L. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/51485498.pdf.
7. ↑ N. Thonnard; L. D. MeKay; T. C. Labotka (2001). ﻿Development of Laser-Based Resonance Ionization Techniques for 81-Kr and 85-Kr Measurements in the Geosciences﻿ (Report). University of Tennessee, Institute for Rare Isotope Measurements. pp. 4–7. doi:10.2172/809813. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc737461/m2/1/high_res_d/809813.pdf.
8. ↑ "Resources on Isotopes". U.S. Geological Survey. http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/kr_iig.html.
9. ↑ Baird, K. M.; Howlett, L. E. (1963). "The International Length Standard". Applied Optics 2 (5): 455–463. doi:10.1364/AO.2.000455. Bibcode: 1963ApOpt...2..455B.

* Isotope masses from:
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
* Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/.
* Lide, David R., ed (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

## External links

* Brookhaven National Laboratory: Krypton-101 information

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Isotopes of the chemical elements

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* Categories: Isotopes
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