Microgastrinae

Microgastrinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps,[1] encompassing almost 3,000 described species, with an estimated 30,000–50,000 total species.[2] This makes it one of the richest subfamilies with the most species of parasitoid wasps.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Genera
* 2 Description and distribution
* 3 Biology
* 3.1 Coevolution with polydnaviruses
* 4 External links
* 5 References

## Genera

These 84 genera belong to the subfamily Microgastrinae:[2][4]

* Agupta Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Alloplitis Nixon, 1965
* Alphomelon Mason, 1981
* Apanteles Förster, 1862
* Austinicotesia Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Austrocotesia Austin & Dangerfield, 1992
* Beyarslania Koçak & Kemal, 2009
* Billmasonius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Buluka de Saeger, 1948
* Carlmuesebeckius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Chaoa Luo & You, 2004
* Choeras Mason, 1981
* Clarkinella Mason, 1981
* Cotesia Cameron, 1891
* Cuneogaster Choi & Whitfield, 2006
* Dasylagon Muesebeck, 1958
* Deuterixys Mason, 1981
* Diolcogaster Ashmead, 1900
* Distatrix Mason, 1981
* Dodogaster Rousse, 2013
* Dolichogenidea Viereck, 1911
* Eripnopelta Chen, 2017
* Exix Mason, 1981
* Exoryza Mason, 1981
* Exulonyx Mason, 1981
* Fornicia Brullé, 1846
* Gilbertnixonius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Glyptapanteles Asmead, 1904
* Hygroplitis Thomson, 1895
* Hypomicrogaster Ashmead, 1898
* Iconella Mason, 1981
* Illidops Mason, 1981
* Janhalacaste Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Jenopappius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Jimwhitfieldius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Keylimepie Fernández-Triana, 2016
* Kiwigaster Fernández-Triana, Whitfield & Ward, 2011
* Kotenkosius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Larissimus Nixon, 1965
* Lathrapanteles Williams, 1985
* Mariapanteles Whitfield & Fernández-Triana, 2012
* Markshawius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Microgaster Latreille, 1804
* Microplitis Förster, 1862
* Miropotes Nixon, 1965
* Napamus Papp, 1993
* Neoclarkinella Rema & Narendran, 1996
* Nyereria Mason, 1981
* Ohenri Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Papanteles Mason, 1981
* Parapanteles Ashmead, 1900
* Parenion Nixon, 1965
* Paroplitis Mason, 1981
* Pelicope Mason, 1981
* Philoplitis Nixon, 1965
* Pholetesor Mason, 1981
* Prasmodon Nixon, 1965
* Promicrogaster Brues & Richardson, 1913
* Protapanteles Ashmead, 1898
* Protomicroplitis Ashmead, 1898
* Pseudapanteles Ashmead, 1898
* Pseudofornicia van Achterberg, 2015
* Pseudovenanides Xiao & You, 2002
* Qrocodiledundee Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Rasivalva Mason, 1981
* Rhygoplitis Mason, 1981
* Sathon Mason, 1981
* Semionis Nixon, 1965
* Sendaphne Nixon, 1965
* Shireplitis Fernández-Triana & Wardan Achterberg, 2013
* Silvaspinosus Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Snellenius Westwood 1882
* Tobleronius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Ungunicus Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Venanides Mason, 1981
* Venanus Mason, 1981
* Wilkinsonellus Mason, 1981
* Xanthapanteles Whitfield, 1995
* Xanthomicrogaster Cameron, 1911
* Ypsilonigaster Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* Zachterbergius Fernandez-Triana, 2018
* † Dacnusites Cockerell, 1921
* † Eocardiochiles Brues, 1933
* † Palaeomicrogaster Belokobylskij, 2014

## Description and distribution

These wasps are small, with 18 segmented antennae. Most species are black or brown, a few are more colorful. Many species are morphologically similar enough to be considered cryptic species.[5] Species within this subfamily have a worldwide distribution. 135 species of Microgastrinae have been confirmed from Canada,[6][7] though the number may be as high as 275.[8] At least 28 species have been identified from Turkey in Gökçeada and Bozcaada.[9]

## Biology

Microgastrinae are koinobiont, primary endoparasitoids of larval Lepidoptera. While most species are solitary, many are gregarious, meaning multiple wasp eggs develop within the same caterpillar. When the eggs hatch the wasp larvae feed on the hemolymph and organs of their host. Once fully developed, the larvae exit the dying caterpillar and immediately spin silken cocoons where they pupate.

Microgastrinae is one of six subfamilies of Braconidae which carry polydnaviruses.[10]

More than 100 species of Microgastrinae have been used in biological control programs.[11]

### Coevolution with polydnaviruses

Microgastrinae need the virus to be able to reproduce. How it is exactly done is by injecting eggs with the proviral genome plus virions into the host's cavity. The virions then infect and discharge their DNA into the host's cells, stopping it from killing the wasp's offspring and instead promoting its growth inside the host's body.[12]

* Cocoons of Apanteles wasp and Papilio demoleus caterpillar

* Microgastrinae wasp empty cocoons

* Cotesia cocoons

* Cotesia adult

## External links

* Data related to Microgastrinae at Wikispecies
* Photographs at BugGuide.net
* UniProt Taxonomy Consortium
* DNA barcodes at BOLDSystems

## References

1. ↑ "UniProt Consortium Taxonomy Browser". https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/65207.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fernandez-Triana, Jose; Shaw, Mark R.; Boudreault, Caroline; Beaudin, Melanie et al. (2020). "Annotated and illustrated world checklist of Microgastrinae parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)". ZooKeys (920): 1–1089. doi:10.3897/zookeys.920.39128. PMID 32390740. PMC 7197271. Bibcode: 2020ZooK..920....1F. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/39128/.
3. ↑ Fernandez, Jose L. (Fall 2007). "An overview and update of the Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) holdings in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa". Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) (Jose L. Fernandez Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada) 26 (2). http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/news26_2/microgastrinae.htm.
4. ↑ Rousse, Pascal; Gupta, Ankita (2013). "Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Reunion Island: A catalogue of the local species, including 18 new taxa and a key to species". Zootaxa 3616 (6): 501–47. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3616.6.1. PMID 24758826.
5. ↑ Smith, Alex (2013). "DNA barcoding and the taxonomy of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae): impacts after 8 years and nearly 20 000 sequences". Molecular Ecology Resources 13 (2).
6. ↑ Marsh, P.. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. pp. 144–313.
7. ↑ Yu, D.; van Achterberg, K.; Horstmann, K (2005). World Ichneumonoidea 2004. Taxonomy, Biology, Morphology and Distribution. Taxapad, Vancouver.
8. ↑ "Canada's Insect Fauna. Hymenoptera, Braconidae". Biological Survey of Canada. 2007. http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/english/faunalanalysis.htm.
9. ↑ İnanç, Filiz; Beyarslan, Ahmet (2000). "A Study on Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Species in Gökçeada and Bozcaada". Turkish Journal of Zoology 25 (3): 287–96. http://mistug.tubitak.gov.tr/bdyim/abs.php?dergi=zoo&rak=0001-14.
10. ↑ Murphy, Nicholas; Banks, Jonathan C.; Whitfield, James B.; Austin, Andrew D. (2008-04-01). "Phylogeny of the parasitic microgastroid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on sequence data from seven genes, with an improved time estimate of the origin of the lineage". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47 (1): 378–395. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.022. PMID 18325792. Bibcode: 2008MolPE..47..378M.
11. ↑ Wharton, Robert A.; Marsh, Paul M.; Sharkey, Michael J. (1997). The Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Washington DC: The International Society of Hymenopterists. pp. 333–335. http://www.sharkeylab.org/sharkeylab/docs/posts/web/Manual of the New World Genera of Braconidae.pdf. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
12. ↑ Whitfield, James B. (October 20, 2017). "Systematics, Biology, and Evolution of Microgastrine Parasitoid Wasps". Annual Review of Entomology 63: 397. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043405. PMID 29058979.

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