Mycena

Mycena is a genus of about 500 species of fungi.

Rarely more than a few centimeters in width, the mushrooms are characterized by a small conical or bell-shaped cap and a thin fragile stem. Most are grey or brown, but a few species have brighter colours. Most have a translucent and striate cap, which rarely has an incurved margin. The gills are attached and usually have cystidia. Some species, like M. haematopus, exude a latex when the stem is broken, and many species have a chlorine or radish-like odour. They produce a white spore print.

The species are saprotrophic. Their edibility varies, with some members containing toxins.

## Contents

* 1 Taxonomy
* 1.1 Selected species
* 1.2 Etymology
* 2 Description
* 3 Ecology
* 4 Uses
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Taxonomy

Mycena is a rich genus, considered one of the most abundant genera of mushrooms within the Agaricales and with species distributed across the world.[1]

Alexander Smith's 1947 Mycena monograph identified 232 species; the genus is now known to include about 500 species worldwide.[2] Maas Geesteranus divided the genus into 38 sections in 1992, providing keys to each for all the species of the Northern Hemisphere.

Many new species have since been discovered, and four new sections have been proposed. The taxonomy is complex, as most sections are not truly homogeneous, and the keys fail for some species, especially those that satisfy some criteria for only part of their life cycle. Some sections contain only one species.

### Selected species

Main article: List of Mycena species

* M. abramsii[3]
* M. acicula
* M. adonis
* M. adscendens
* M. aetites
* M. albidocapillaris
* M. alcalina
* M. alnicola
* M. alphitophora
* M. amicta
* M. atkinsonii
* M. atkinsoniana
* M. aurantiomarginata
* M. austrofilopes
* M. austrororida
* M. arcangeliana
* M. aspratilis (bioluminescent)
* M. asterina (bioluminescent)
* M. atrata
* M. brunneospinosa
* M. cahaya (bioluminescent)[4]
* M. californiensis
* M. capillaripes
* M. chlorophos (bioluminescent)
* M. chlorophanos (bioluminescent)
* M. cinerella
* M. citricolor
* M. citrinomarginata
* M. clariviolacea
* M. clarkeana
* M. coralliformis (bioluminescent)
* M. cristinae (bioluminescent)
* M. crocata
* M. cyanorrhiza
* M. cystidiosa
* M. daisyogunensis (bioluminescent)
* M. deeptha (bioluminescent)
* M. deformis (bioluminescent)
* M. deusta (bioluminescent)
* M. discobasis (bioluminescent)
* M. domingensis
* M. epipterygia (bioluminescent)
* M. erubescens
* M. fera (bioluminescent)
* M. flavescens
* M. flavoalba
* M. fonticola
* M. fuhreri
* M. fulgoris (bioluminescent)
* M. fusca (bioluminescent)
* M. fuscoaurantiaca
* M. galericulata
* M. galopus (bioluminescent)
* M. griseoviridis
* M. globulispora (bioluminescent)
* M. gombakensis (bioluminescent)
* M. guldeniana
* M. guzmanii (bioluminescent)
* M. haematopus (bioluminescent)
* M. holoporphyra
* M. illuminans (bioluminescent)
* M. inclinata (bioluminescent)
* M. indigotica
* M. interrupta
* M. intersecta
* M. kentingensis (bioluminescent)
* M. kuurkacea
* M. lacrimans (bioluminescent)
* M. lazulina (bioluminescent)[5]
* M. leaiana
* M. lacrimans (bioluminescent)
* M. lanuginosa
* M. leptocephala
* M. lucentipes (bioluminescent)
* M. lumina (bioluminescent)
* M. luteopallens
* M. luxaeterna (bioluminescent)
* M. luxarboricola (bioluminescent)
* M. lux-coeli (bioluminescent)
* M. luxfoliata (bioluminescent)
* M. luxfoliicola (bioluminescent)
* M. luxperpetua (bioluminescent)
* M. maculata (bioluminescent)
* M. manipularis
* M. margarita (bioluminescent)
* M. marasmielloides
* M. mariae
* M. metata
* M. minirubra
* M. multiplicata
* M. mustea
* M. nargan
* M. nebula (bioluminescent)
* M. nidificata
* M. nocticaelum (bioluminescent)
* M. noctilucens
* M. oculisnymphae (bioluminescent)
* M. olida
* M. olivaceomarginata (bioluminescent)
* M. oregonensis
* M. overholtsii
* M. perlae (bioluminescent)
* M. pelianthina
* M. polygramma (bioluminescent)
* M. pruinosoviscida (bioluminescent)
* M. pseudostylobates (bioluminescent)
* M. pura (bioluminescent)
* M. pura complex
* M. purpureofusca
* M. renati
* M. rosea (bioluminescent)
* M. rosella
* M. roseoflava (bioluminescent)
* M. sanguinolenta (bioluminescent)
* M. seminau (bioluminescent)[4]
* M. semivestipes
* M. seynesii
* M. silvaelucens (bioluminescent)
* M. sinar (bioluminescent)[4]
* M. sinar var. tangkaisinar (bioluminescent)
* M. singeri (bioluminescent)
* M. spinosissima
* M. stipata
* M. strobilinoides
* M. stylobates (bioluminescent)
* M. subcaerulea
* M. subcyanocephala
* M. sublucens (bioluminescent)
* M. tenuispinosa
* M. tintinnabulum (bioluminescent)
* M. urania
* M. vinacea (bioluminescent)
* M. viscosa
* M. vitilis
* M. vulgaris
* M. zephirus (bioluminescent)

### Etymology

The name Mycena comes from the Ancient Greek μύκης mykes, meaning "fungus".[6] Species in the genus Mycena (and in Hemimycena) are commonly known as bonnets.[7]

Mycena sp.

float Mycological characteristics
| gills on hymenium
| cap is conical
| hymenium is adnate
| stipe is bare

| spore print is white
| ecology is saprotrophic
| edibility: unknown

## Description

Mycena rubroglobulosa, New Zealand The blue M. interrupta (pixies' parasol) growing on a log in Australia Mycena seynesii

Mycenas are hard to identify to species and some are distinguishable only by microscopic features such as the shape of the cystidia. In terms of morphology, Mycena mushrooms are notably minute in their size (anywhere from 0.5 to ~15 cm in cap-size). Pileate-stipitate in form, there can exist a wide range in both the anatomical characteristics and color of the basidiocarps—though most often basidiocarps are grey or brown.[1] Veils and volva presence in the morphology is not observed. The hymenium is most often either lamellate or poroid, dependent upon the species.[8] Spores are smooth and can be amyloid or non-amyloid, also dependent upon the species. Some species also secrete a latex-like fluid when damaged at the base of the stem.[1]

Over 58 species are known to be bioluminescent,[9][10] creating a glow known as foxfire. These species are divided among 16 lineages, leading to evolutionary uncertainty in whether the luminescence developed once and was lost among many species, or evolved in parallel by several species. One advantage of bioluminescence may lie in its potential to attract insects that can disperse the mushroom's spores.[11]

Bioluminescence in the genus occurs as a reaction between oxygen and luciferin molecules catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase.[12] In recent years, mycologists have conducted research examining the development of bioluminescence within fungi, investigating the origin of the genes coding for luciferase enzymes that cause these fantastic visible traits. So far, the literature suggests 3 separate origins of bioluminescence within Agaricales, occurring within the families Omphalotaceae, Physalacriaceae, and Mycenaceae.[8]

## Ecology

Traditionally, the group has been thought to play a purely saprotrophic role in the environment, mostly occurring on hardwoods and producing white rots—though it should be mentioned that, as of 2008, some plant pathogens had also been discovered.[8] Additionally, it is also worth noting that, in a 2020 study, Thoen et al. challenges the traditional view that the genus has only a saprobic ecological role, suggesting instead that the ability of Mycena to form plant root interactions in vitro may indicate the capability to establish ectomycorrhizal relationships with a host.[13]

Recent discoveries show that Mycena can not only grow from a rotting wood, but also from a living plant root (2023) and a living frog (2024).[14][15]

## Uses

Some species are edible, while others contain toxins, but the edibility of most is not known, as they are likely too small to be useful in cooking. Mycena pura and M. rosea contain the mycotoxin muscarine, but the medical significance of this is unknown.

## See also

* List of bioluminescent fungi
* Mycena News, a publication of the Mycological Society of San Francisco

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Arora, David (1 October 1986) (in en). Mushrooms Demystified. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=6JGTEAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
2. ↑ "National Geographic Photo in the News article". http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061026-fungi-glow.html.
3. ↑ "Mycena abramsii(Murrill)". https://mushroomobserver.org/observations/481498.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Four new bioluminescent taxa of Mycena sect. Calodontes from Peninsular Malaysia". Mycologia 106 (5): 976–88. 2014. doi:10.3852/13-274. PMID 24891424.
5. ↑ Takahashi (2016). The Agaric flora in Southwestern Japan. pp. 209.
6. ↑ Rea, Carleton (1922). British Basidiomycetaceae: a Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 373. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17128208.
7. ↑ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK". British Mycological Society. http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Desjardin, Dennis E.; Oliveira, Anderson G.; Stevani, Cassius V. (February 2008). "Fungi bioluminescence revisited". Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 7 (2): 170–182. doi:10.1039/b713328f. PMID 18264584. Bibcode: 2008PhPhS...7..170D.
9. ↑ "Luminescent Mycena: new and noteworthy species". Mycologia 102 (2): 459–77. 2010. doi:10.3852/09-197. PMID 20361513. https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=41883&content=PDF.
10. ↑ "Fungi bioluminescence revisited". Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 7 (2): 170–82. 2008. doi:10.1039/b713328f. PMID 18264584. Bibcode: 2008PhPhS...7..170D.
11. ↑ Oliveira et al. 2015. Circadian Control Sheds Light on Fungal Bioluminescence. Current Biology, 25(7).
12. ↑ Wilson, Thérèse; Hastings, J. Woodland (November 1998). "BIOLUMINESCENCE" (in en). Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 14 (1): 197–230. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.197. ISSN 1081-0706. PMID 9891783. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.197. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
13. ↑ Thoen, Ella; Harder, Christoffer Bugge; Kauserud, Håvard; Botnen, Synnøve S.; Vik, Unni; Taylor, Andy F. S.; Menkis, Audrius; Skrede, Inger (July 2020). "In vitro evidence of root colonization suggests ecological versatility in the genus Mycena". New Phytologist 227 (2): 601–612. doi:10.1111/nph.16545. PMID 32171021. Bibcode: 2020NewPh.227..601T.
14. ↑ Harder, C.B.; Hesling, E.; Botnen, S.S.; Lorberau, K.E.; Dima, B.; von Bonsdorff-Salminen, T.; Niskanen, T.; Jarvis, S.G. et al. (2023). "Mycena species can be opportunist-generalist plant root invaders". Environmental Microbiology 25 (10): 1875–1893. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16398. PMID 37188366. Bibcode: 2023EnvMi..25.1875H.
15. ↑ Chinmay C. Maliye; Lohit Y. T. (2024). "Mushroom Sprouting out of a Living Frog". Reptiles & Amphibians 31: e20966. https://journals.ku.edu/reptilesandamphibians/article/view/20966/19496.

## Further reading

* Smith, Alexander Hancett. North American Species of Mycena. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1947.

## External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mycena.

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| Wikispecies has information related to Mycena

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* Mushroom Expert - The Genus Mycena
* Key to the Mycenoid Species in the Pacific Northwest
* Fungi Bioluminescence Laboratory
* Online copy of Smith's 1947 Monograph from the University of Michigan Herbarium
* National Geographic Photo in the News, featuring pictures of bioluminescent species
* Keys for Mycena species found in Norway, including a great deal of information on many species

Wikidata ☰ Q1124575 entry

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