Polygalaceae

Short description: Family of flowering plants

Polygalaceae

Securidaca longipedunculata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Eudicots
Clade:  | Rosids
Order:  | Fabales
Family:  | Polygalaceae
Hoffmanns. & Link[1]
Type genus
Polygala

Tribes

See text.

Distribution of the Polygalaceae
Synonyms

* Diclidantheraceae J. Agardh
* Moutabeaceae Pfeiffer
* Xanthophyllaceae Reveal & Hoogland

The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 27 genera and ca. 900 known species[2] of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one genus, Polygala, the milkworts.

The family was first described in 1809 by Johann Hoffmansegg and Johann Link.[3] In 1896, Robert Chodat split it into 3 tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe Polygaleae in 1992.[4] Under the Cronquist classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the family belongs in Fabales.

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Tribes and genera
* 2.1 Fossils
* 3 Systematics
* 4 References

## Description

Polygalaceae are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, shrublets, and small trees. Its zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, bisexual flowers have 3-5 petals and 5 sepals.[5][6] Its leaves are usually alternate, but may be opposite, fascicled, or verticillate.[5] Each flower usually contains 8 stamens, though this may range from 3 to 10\. They are usually in 2 series.[6] The fruits of each plant can be a capsule, samara, or drupe.[5]

## Tribes and genera

The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera,[5] with tribes based on various sources.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

* Carpolobieae Eriksen
* Atroxima Stapf
* Carpolobia G. Don
* Moutabeae Chodat
* Barnhartia Gleason
* Diclidanthera Mart.
* Eriandra P. Royen & Steenis
* Moutabea Aubl.
* Polygaleae Chodat
* Acanthocladus Klotzsch ex Hassk.
* Asemeia Raf.
* Badiera DC.
* Bredemeyera Willd.
* Caamembeca J.F.B. Pastore
* Comesperma Labill.
* Epirixanthes Blume
* Gymnospora (Chodat) J.F.B. Pastore
* Hebecarpa (Chodat) J.R. Abbott
* Heterosamara Kuntze
* Hualania Phil.
* Monnina Ruiz & Pav.
* Monrosia Grondona
* Muraltia DC.
* Phlebotaenia Griseb.
* Polygala L.
* Polygaloides Haller
* Rhamphopetalum J.F.B.Pastore & M.Mota
* Rhinotropis (S.F. Blake) J.R. Abbott
* Salomonia Lour.
* Securidaca L.
* Xanthophylleae Chodat
* Xanthophyllum Roxb.
* Other genera
* Trigoniastrum Miq.

### Fossils

* †Deviacer Manchester
* †Paleosecuridaca Pigg, Kathleen B., M.L. DeVore & M.F. Wojc. 2008

## Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[12][13][14][15][16][17]

|  |  |

Surianaceae (outgroup)

|

Polygalaceae  |  | Xanthophylleae |

Xanthophyllum

|

|  | Moutabeae  |  |  |  |  |

Moutabea

|

Balgoya (now included in Moutabea)

|  |  |

Eriandra

|

|  |  |

Barnhartia

|

Diclidanthera

|  | Carpolobieae  |  |  |

Atroxima

|

Carpolobia

Polygaleae  |  | Clade I  |  |  |

Bredemeyera

|

|  |  |

Acanthocladus

|

|  |  |

Gymnospora

|

|  |  |

Hebecarpa

|

Badiera

Clade II  |  |  |  |  |

Securidaca

|

|  |  |  |  |

Phlebotaenia

|

Rhinotropis

|  |  |

Comesperma

|

|  |  |

Ancylotropis

|

Monnina

|  |  |  |  |

Asemeia

|

Caamembeca

|  |  |

Hualania

|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |

Heterosamara

|

|  |  |

Polygaloides

|

Polygala subgen. Chodatia

|  |  |

Salomonia

|

Epirixanthes

|  |  |

Polygala subgen. Polygala (Old World Clade)

|

Polygala subgen. Polygala (New World Clade)

Muraltia

## References

1. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
2. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598.
3. ↑ "Polygalaceae". https://www.ipni.org/n/30000688-2.
4. ↑ Eriksen, Bente (1993). "Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications". Plant Systematics and Evolution 186 (1/2): 33–55. doi:10.1007/BF00937712. ISSN 0378-2697.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000688-2.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Polygalaceae". Government of Victoria, Australia. https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c812c37c-2c1e-4bde-871a-75827877f679.
7. ↑ Abbott JR. (2011). "Notes on the disintegration of Polygala (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 5 (1): 125–137.
8. ↑ Pastore JFB. (2012). "Caamembeca: Generic status and new name for Polygala subgenus Ligustrina (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull 67 (3): 435–442. doi:10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x.
9. ↑ "Generic status and lectotypifications for Gymnospora (Polygalaceae)". Novon 22 (3): 304–306. 2013. doi:10.3417/2010113. http://www.botanicus.org/page/2531694.
10. ↑ "Preliminary synopsis of the genus Hebecarpa (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull 70 (3): 39. 2015. doi:10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2.
11. ↑ Freire-Fierro A. (2015). Systematics of Monnina (Polygalaceae) (Ph.D.). Drexel University. Archived from the original on 2017-03-19. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in Caamembeca (Polygalaceae)". Syst Bot 42 (1): 54–62. 2017. doi:10.1600/036364417X694935.
13. ↑ Persson C. (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL–F region". Taxon 50 (3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5)): 763–779. doi:10.2307/1223706.
14. ↑ "The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae)". Evolution 61 (7): 1675–1694. 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x. PMID 17598748.
15. ↑ "Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data". Syst Bot 34 (1): 102–114. 2009. doi:10.1600/036364409787602348.
16. ↑ Abbott JR. (2009). Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of Badiera (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Florida.
17. ↑ "Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of Epirixanthes". Am J Bot 102 (4): 598–608. 2015. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400549. PMID 25878092.

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