Proposed language families

The following is a list of proposed language families, which connect established families into larger genetic groups; support for these proposals varies; the Dené–Yeniseian languages for example, are a recent proposal which has been generally well received, whereas reconstructions of the Proto-World language are often viewed as fringe science; proposals which are themselves based on other proposals have the likelihood of their parts noted in parentheses.

## Contents

* 1 Under considerations
* 1.1 Austronesian-related languages
* 1.2 Indo-European related languages
* 1.3 Native American related languages
* 1.4 Trans Eurasia-America languages
* 2 Widely rejected
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Under considerations

Proposed name  | Description  | Agree  | Disagree  | Doubt  | Ref.

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Alarodian | Northeast Caucasian with extinct Hurro-Urartian |  |  |  |
Ibero-Caucasian | Northwest Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian, and Kartvelian |  |  |  |
Karasuk | Yeniseian and Burushaski  |  |  |  |
Kongo–Saharan  | Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan |  |  |  |
Macro-Pama–Nyungan | Several Australian language families.  |  |  |  |
Miao–Dai  | Hmong–Mien and Kra–Dai | Ryuichi Kosaka (initiator)  | ?  | ?  | [1]
Nilo-Saharan | Many families of central Africa.  |  |  |  |
Nivkh–Kamchukotic | Nivkh and Chukotko-Kamchatkan |  |  |  |
North Caucasian | Northwest Caucasian and Northeast Caucasian |  |  |  |
Uralic–Yukaghir | Uralic and Yukaghir |  |  |  |

### Austronesian-related languages

Proposed name  | Description  | Agree  | Disagree  | Doubt  | Ref.

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Austric | Austroasiatic and Austronesian | Wilhelm Schmidt (initiator), La Vaughn H., Lawrence Reid, G. Diffloth, Paul Sidwell, Paul K. Benedict (later rejected), Sergei Starostin, John Bengtson, ASJP  | \-  | Robert Blust, Paul K. Benedict  | [2][3][4]
Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Japanese  | Wilhelm Schmidt (initiator)  | \-
Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Hmong-Mien, and Kra-Dai  | Paul K. Benedict (initiator, later rejected), Sergei Starostin, John Bengtson  | \-
Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Hmong-Mien, Kra-Dai, Nihali, and Ainu  | John Bengtson (initiator)  | \-
Austro-Tai | Austronesian and Kra–Dai | Paul Benedict (initiator, also including Japanese), Ostapirat, Smith  | Thurgood  | Sagart  | [5]
Greater North Borneo  | Malayic, Chamic, Land Dayak, Sundanese, Rejang, Kayanic, and others.  | Blust (initiator) and Smith  | ?  | ?  | [6]
Malayic, Chamic, Land Dayak, Sundanese, Rejang, Kayanic, and others (including Moklenic)  | Blust (initiator)  | Smith  | \-  | [7]
Malayo-Sumbawan | Malayic, Chamic, Sundanese, Madurese, and Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa  | K. Alexander Adelaar (initiator) and Nikolaus Himmelmann  | Blust and Smith  | \-  | [8]
Sino-Austronesian | Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, and Kra–Dai | Laurent Sagart (initiator), Stanley Starosta  | Weera Ostapirat, Alexander Vovin, George van Driem  | Paul Jen-kuei Li and Robert Blust  | [9][10]
Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Kra–Dai, Austroasiatic and Hmong–Mien | Stanley Starosta (initiator)  | [11]

### Indo-European related languages

Proposed name  | Description  | Agree  | Disagree  | Doubt  | Ref.

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Daco-Thracian  | Dacian and Thracian | Russu, Georg Solta, Vraciu, Crossland, Trask, McHenry, Mihailov, Crossland  | Vladimir I. Georgiev  | \-  | [12]
Graeco-Armenian | Hellenic and Armenian | Holger Pedersen (initiator), Antoine Meillet, Eric Hamp, James Clackson, Luay Nakhleh, Tandy Warnow, Donald Ringe and Steven N. Evans  | ?  | G. R. Solta, Hrach Martirosyan  | [13]
Graeco-Aryan | Hellenic, Armenian, and Indo-Iranian | Wolfram Euler, A. C. Renfrew, James Clackson  | ?  | ?

</ref>

Graeco-Phrygian | Hellenic and Phrygian | Claude Brixhe, Neumann, Matzinger, Woodhouse, Ligorio, Lubotsky, and Obrador-Cursach  | ?  | ?
Italo-Celtic | Italic and Celtic  | Frederik Kortlandt, Peter Schrijver, Schrijver  | Calvert Watkins  | \-  | [14][15]
Indo-Hittite | The split of Anatolian languages from Indo-European  | ?  | ?  | Hans Holm  | [16]
Indo-Uralic | Indo-European and Uralic | Holger Pedersen (initiator), Kortlandt, Hannes Sköld, Alwin Kloekhorst, and Nikolai Dmitrievich Andreev  | Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola, Petteri Koskikallio, Angela Marcantonio, and Johan Schalin  | \-  | [17]
Indo-European and Uralic–Yukaghir | Kortlandt (initiator)  | \-  | [18]
Pontic | Northwest Caucasian and Indo-European | Émile Benveniste, Winfred P. Lehmann, Aert Kuipers , and John Colarusso  | ?  | ?  | [19]
Thraco-Illyrian | Thracian and Illyrian  | Ion Russu, Sorin Paliga  | Vladimir Georgiev, Ivan Duridanov, Eric Hamp  | \-  | [20]

### Native American related languages

Proposed name  | Description  | Agree  | Disagree  | Doubt  | Ref.

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Aztec–Tanoan | Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan.  |  |  |  |
Gulf | Muskogean with four extinct isolates on US gulf.  |  |  |  |
Hokan | A dozen languages on west coast of North America  |  |  |  |
Je–Tupi–Carib | Macro-Jê (likely), Tupian and Cariban of South America.  |  |  |  |
Macro-Chibchan | Lencan, Misumalpan and Chibchan merge into one language family. (probably also Xincan)  |  |  |  |
Macro-Jê | 11 language families of South America  |  |  |  |
Macro-Panoan | Pano–Takanan (likely) and Moseten–Chonan (likely)  |  |  |  |
Macro-Siouan | Siouan, Iroquoian, Caddoan, and Yuchi.  |  |  |  |
Mataco–Guaicuru | Matacoan, Guaicuruan, Mascoian, and Charruan of South America  |  |  |  |
Penutian | Some languages in western North America  |  |  |  |
Quechumaran | Quechuan and Aymaran |  |  |  |
Totozoquean | Totonacan and Mixe–Zoque in Mesoamerica.  |  |  |  |
Yuki–Wappo | Yuki and Wappo, both extinct.  |  |  |  |

### Trans Eurasia-America languages

Proposed name  | Description  | Agree  | Disagree  | Doubt  | Ref.

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Dene–Yeniseian  | Na-Dené and Yeniseian | Alfredo Trombetti (initiator), Merritt Ruhlen, Edward Vajda, Michael Krauss, Jeff Leer, James Kari, Heinrich Werner, Bernard Comrie, Johanna Nichols, Victor Golla, Michael Fortescue, Eric Hamp, Bill Poser, and Paul Kiparsky  | George Starostin (Vajda's proposal)  | \-  | [21]
Uralo-Siberian | Uralic, Yukaghir, and Eskimo–Aleut | Michael Fortescue (initiator), Frederik Kortlandt  | ?  | ?  | [22]
Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut, and Nivkh | Frederik Kortlandt (initiator)  | ?  | ?  | [23]

## Widely rejected

Below are language families that are already rejected by most linguists. Since it's widely rejected, only linguists who agreed will be shown.

Proposed name  | Description  | Status  | Agree  | Ref.

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Almosan | Algic, Kutenai and Mosan | Widely rejected  |  |
Amerind | All languages in the Americas which do not belong to the Eskimo–Aleut or Na–Dene families  | Widely rejected  |  |
Altaic | Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic and Japonic (and possibly Ainu)  | Widely rejected; generally considered a Sprachbund  |  |
Austronesian–Ongan | Ongan and Austronesian | Widely rejected  | Juliette Blevins (initiator)  | [24]
Borean | All families except in sub-Saharan Africa, New Guinea, Australia, and the Andaman Islands  | Widely rejected  |  |
Coahuiltecan | Native languages of modern Texas  | Sprachbund  |  |
Dene–Caucasian  | Na-Dené, North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian, and others.  | Widely rejected  |  |
Dravido-Korean | Dravidian and Koreanic | Obsolete  |  |
Elamo-Dravidian | Elamite and Dravidian | Widely rejected  |  |
Eurasiatic | Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic | Widely rejected  |  |
Indo-Pacific | Several Pacific families.  | Widely rejected  |  |
Indo-Semitic | Indo-European languages and Semitic languages or Afroasiatic languages | Widely rejected  |  |
Khoisan | African click-consonant languages that do not belong to any other macrophyla  | Widely rejected  |  |
Macro-Mayan | Mayan with Totonacan, Mixe–Zoque, and Huave  | Widely rejected  |  |
Mosan | Salishan, Wakashan, and Chimakuan languages of Pacific Northwest North America  | Sprachbund  |  |
Nostratic | Afroasiatic, Kartvelian, Dravidian and Eurasiatic | Widely rejected  |  |
Proto-World  | Reconstructed common ancestor of all living languages  | Widely rejected  | Alfredo Trombetti (initiator)  |
Ural–Altaic | Uralic and Altaic | Obsolete; considered a linguistic convergence zone  |  |

## See also

* List of language families

## References

1. ↑ Kosaka, Ryuichi (2002). "On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao-Dai family?" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 32: 71–100.
2. ↑ Grierson, G. A. (January 1907). "Die Mon-Khmer-Völker, Ein Bindeglied Zwischen Völkern Zentralasiens und Austronesiens. By P. W. Schmidt, S.V.D. Reprinted from Archiv für Anthropologie, Neue Folge, Band v, Heft 1 u. 2. (Brunswick, 1906.)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 39 (1): 187–191. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00035711. ISSN 0035-869X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00035711.
3. ↑ "Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der vorkommenden Sprachen und Dialekte", Die westlichen Sudansprachen und ihre Beziehungen zum Bantu (Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER), 1927, doi:10.1515/9783111390192-003, ISBN 9783111390192, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783111390192-003, retrieved 2023-01-09
4. ↑ Benedict, Paul K. (1942-10-12). "Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia" (in en). American Anthropologist 44 (4): 576–601. doi:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040.
5. ↑ Smith, Alexander (2022-01-28). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.). "More Austro-Tai Comparisons and Observations on Vowel Correspondences". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021). 15 (3): 112–134. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5781307. ISSN 1836-6821. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
6. ↑ Blust, Robert (2010). "The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 49 (1): 44–118. JSTOR 40783586.
7. ↑ Smith, Alexander D. (2017b). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.
8. ↑ K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005
9. ↑ Sagart, L. (1990) "Chinese and Austronesian are genetically related". Paper presented at the 23rd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, October 1990, Arlington, Texas.
10. ↑ Sagart, Laurent (2016). "The wider connections of Austronesian: A response to Blust (2009)". Diachronica. 33 (2): 255–281. doi:10.1075/dia.33.2.04sag.
11. ↑ Starosta, Stanley (2005). "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific". in Sagart, Laurent. The peopling of East Asia : putting together archaeology, linguistics and genetics. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-203-34368-9. OCLC 61716604.
12. ↑ Vladimir Georgiev (Gheorghiev), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39-58.
13. ↑ Pedersen, Holger (1924). "Armenier Sprache". In Ebert, Max (ed.). Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 219–226.
14. ↑ Watkins, Calvert, "Italo-Celtic Revisited". In: Birnbaum, Henrik; Puhvel, Jaan, eds. (1966). Ancient Indo-European dialects. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 29–50. OCLC 716409.
15. ↑ Kortlandt, Frederik H.H., "More Evidence for Italo-Celtic", in Ériu 32 (1981): 1-22.
16. ↑ Holm (2008) used a digital version of the most up to date and acknowledged Indo-European dictionary, the "Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben" (Rix et al. 2002, second edition)- referred to as "LIV-2" - capitalizing on the linguistic commonplace that verbs are borrowed to a much lesser degree than nouns.
17. ↑ Aikio, Ante (January 2022). "Proto-Uralic". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
18. ↑ Kortlandt, Frederik (2004). "NIVKH AS A URALO-SIBERIAN LANGUAGE". researchgate.net.
19. ↑ Colarusso, John (1997). "Proto-Pontic: Phyletic links between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Northwest Caucasian". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 25: 119–51.
20. ↑ Russu, Ion I. (1969). Limba traco-dacilor (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Stiintifica.
21. ↑ Starostin, George (2012). "Dene-Yeniseian: a critical assessment". p. 137
22. ↑ Fortescue, Michael (2011). "The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited". Lingua. 121 (8): 1359–1376. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.001. "I would no longer wish to relate CK directly to [Uralo-Siberian], although I believe that some of the lexical evidence [...] will hold up in terms of borrowing/diffusion."
23. ↑ Kortlandt, Frederik (2004). "NIVKH AS A URALO-SIBERIAN LANGUAGE". researchgate.net.
24. ↑ van Driem, George (2011). "Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien homelands". In N.J Enfield (ed.). Dynamics of human diversity: the case of mainland Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

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