Unified Modeling Language

Short description: Software system design modeling tool

UML logo

The unified modeling language (UML) is a general-purpose modeling language that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.[1]

UML provides a standard notation for many types of diagrams which can be roughly divided into 3 main groups: behavior diagrams, interaction diagrams, and structure diagrams.

The creation of UML was originally motivated by the desire to standardize the disparate notational systems and approaches to software design. It was developed at Rational Software in 1994–1995, with further development led by them through 1996.[1]

In 1997, UML was adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG), and has been managed by this organization ever since. In 2005, UML was also published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an approved ISO standard.[2] Since then the standard has been periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML.[3]

In software engineering, most practitioners do not use UML, but instead produce informal hand drawn diagrams; these diagrams, however, often include elements from UML.[4]:536

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Before UML 1.0
* 1.2 UML 1.x
* 1.2.1 Cardinality notation
* 1.3 UML 2
* 2 Design
* 2.1 Software development methods
* 2.2 Modeling
* 3 Diagrams
* 3.1 Structure diagrams
* 3.2 Behavior diagrams
* 3.2.1 Interaction diagrams
* 4 Metamodeling
* 5 Adoption
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## History

History of object-oriented methods and notation

### Before UML 1.0

UML has been evolving since the second half of the 1990s and has its roots in the object-oriented programming methods developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The timeline (see image) shows the highlights of the history of object-oriented modeling methods and notation.

It is originally based on the notations of the Booch method, the object-modeling technique (OMT) and object-oriented software engineering (OOSE), which it has integrated into a single language.[5]

Rational Software Corporation hired James Rumbaugh from General Electric in 1994 and after that the company became the source for two of the most popular object-oriented modeling approaches of the day:[6] Rumbaugh's object-modeling technique (OMT) and Grady Booch's method. They were soon assisted in their efforts by Ivar Jacobson, the creator of the object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) method, who joined them at Rational in 1995.[1]

### UML 1.x

Under the technical leadership of those three (Rumbaugh, Jacobson and Booch), a consortium called the UML Partners was organized in 1996 to complete the Unified Modeling Language (UML) specification, and propose it to the Object Management Group (OMG) for standardization. The partnership also contained additional interested parties (for example HP, DEC, IBM and Microsoft). The UML Partners' UML 1.0 draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997 by the consortium. During the same month the UML Partners formed a group, designed to define the exact meaning of language constructs, chaired by Cris Kobryn and administered by Ed Eykholt, to finalize the specification and integrate it with other standardization efforts. The result of this work, UML 1.1, was submitted to the OMG in August 1997 and adopted by the OMG in November 1997.[1][7]

After the first release a task force was formed[1] to improve the language, which released several minor revisions, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5.[8]

The standards it produced (as well as the original standard) have been noted as being ambiguous and inconsistent.[9]

#### Cardinality notation

As with database Chen, Bachman, and ISO ER diagrams, class models are specified to use "look-across" cardinalities, even though several authors (Merise,[10] Elmasri & Navathe[11] amongst others[12]) prefer same-side or "look-here" for roles and both minimum and maximum cardinalities. Recent researchers (Feinerer,[13] Dullea et al.[14]) have shown that the "look-across" technique used by UML and ER diagrams is less effective and less coherent when applied to n-ary relationships of order strictly greater than 2.

Feinerer says: "Problems arise if we operate under the look-across semantics as used for UML associations. Hartmann[15] investigates this situation and shows how and why different transformations fail.", and: "As we will see on the next few pages, the look-across interpretation introduces several difficulties which prevent the extension of simple mechanisms from binary to n-ary associations."

### UML 2

UML 2.0 major revision replaced version 1.5 in 2005, which was developed with an enlarged consortium to improve the language further to reflect new experience on usage of its features.[16]

Although UML 2.1 was never released as a formal specification, versions 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 appeared in 2007, followed by UML 2.2 in February 2009. UML 2.3 was formally released in May 2010.[17] UML 2.4.1 was formally released in August 2011.[17] UML 2.5 was released in October 2012 as an "In progress" version and was officially released in June 2015.[17] Formal version 2.5.1 was adopted in December 2017.[18]

There are four parts to the UML 2.x specification:

* The Superstructure that defines the notation and semantics for diagrams and their model elements
* The Infrastructure that defines the core metamodel on which the Superstructure is based
* The Object Constraint Language (OCL) for defining rules for model elements
* The UML Diagram Interchange that defines how UML 2 diagram layouts are exchanged

Until UML 2.4.1, the latest versions of these standards were:[19]

* UML Superstructure version 2.4.1
* UML Infrastructure version 2.4.1
* OCL version 2.3.1
* UML Diagram Interchange version 1.0.

Since version 2.5, the UML Specification has been simplified (without Superstructure and Infrastructure), and the latest versions of these standards are now:[20]

* UML Specification 2.5.1
* OCL version 2.4

It continues to be updated and improved by the revision task force, who resolve any issues with the language.[21]

## Design

UML offers a way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints in a diagram, including elements such as:[5]

* any activities (jobs);
* individual components of the system;
* and how they can interact with other software components;
* how the system will run;
* how entities interact with others (components and interfaces);
* external user interface.

Although originally intended for object-oriented design documentation, UML has been extended to a larger set of design documentation (as listed above),[22] and been found useful in many contexts.[23]

### Software development methods

UML is not a development method by itself;[24] however, it was designed to be compatible with the leading object-oriented software development methods of its time, for example OMT, Booch method, Objectory and especially RUP that it was originally intended to be used with when work began at Rational Software.

### Modeling

It is important to distinguish between the UML model and the set of diagrams of a system. A diagram is a partial graphic representation of a system's model. The set of diagrams need not completely cover the model and deleting a diagram does not change the model. The model may also contain documentation that drives the model elements and diagrams (such as written use cases).

UML diagrams represent two different views of a system model:[25]

* Static (or structural) view: emphasizes the static structure of the system using objects, attributes, operations and relationships. It includes class diagrams and composite structure diagrams.
* Dynamic (or behavioral) view: emphasizes the dynamic behavior of the system by showing collaborations among objects and changes to the internal states of objects. This view includes sequence diagrams, activity diagrams and state machine diagrams.

UML models can be exchanged among UML tools by using the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) format.

In UML, one of the key tools for behavior modeling is the use-case model, caused by OOSE. Use cases are a way of specifying required usages of a system. Typically, they are used to capture the requirements of a system, that is, what a system is supposed to do.[26]

## Diagrams

UML diagram types

Structural UML diagrams

* Class diagram
* Component diagram
* Composite structure diagram
* Deployment diagram
* Object diagram
* Package diagram
* Profile diagram

Behavioral UML diagrams

* Activity diagram
* Communication diagram
* Interaction overview diagram
* Sequence diagram
* State diagram
* Timing diagram
* Use case diagram

* v
* t
* e

UML 2 has many types of diagrams, which are divided into two categories.[5] Some types represent structural information, and the rest represent general types of behavior, including a few that represent different aspects of interactions. These diagrams can be categorized hierarchically as shown in the following class diagram:[5]

These diagrams may all contain comments or notes explaining usage, constraint, or intent.

### Structure diagrams

Structure diagrams represent the static aspects of the system. It emphasizes the things that must be present in the system being modeled. Since structure diagrams represent the structure, they are used extensively in documenting the software architecture of software systems. For example, the component diagram describes how a software system is split up into components and shows the dependencies among these components.

* Component diagram

* Class diagram

### Behavior diagrams

Behavior diagrams represent the dynamic aspect of the system. It emphasizes what must happen in the system being modeled. Since behavior diagrams illustrate the behavior of a system, they are used extensively to describe the functionality of software systems. As an example, the activity diagram describes the business and operational step-by-step activities of the components in a system.

* Activity diagram

* Use case diagram

#### Interaction diagrams

Interaction diagrams, a subset of behavior diagrams, emphasize the flow of control and data among the things in the system being modeled. For example, the sequence diagram shows how objects communicate with each other regarding a sequence of messages.

* Sequence diagram

* Communication diagram

## Metamodeling

Main page: Organization:Meta-Object Facility

Illustration of the Meta-Object Facility

The Object Management Group (OMG) has developed a metamodeling architecture to define the UML, called the Meta-Object Facility.[27] MOF is designed as a four-layered architecture, as shown in the image at right. It provides a meta-meta model at the top, called the M3 layer. This M3-model is the language used by Meta-Object Facility to build metamodels, called M2-models.

The most prominent example of a Layer 2 Meta-Object Facility model is the UML metamodel, which describes the UML itself. These M2-models describe elements of the M1-layer, and thus M1-models. These would be, for example, models written in UML. The last layer is the M0-layer or data layer. It is used to describe runtime instances of the system.[28]

The meta-model can be extended using a mechanism called stereotyping. This has been criticized as being insufficient/untenable by Brian Henderson-Sellers and Cesar Gonzalez-Perez in "Uses and Abuses of the Stereotype Mechanism in UML 1.x and 2.0".[29]

## Adoption

UML has been marketed for many contexts.[23][30]

It has been treated, at times, as a design silver bullet, which leads to problems. UML misuse includes overuse (designing every part of the system with it, which is unnecessary) and assuming that novices can design with it.[31]

It is considered a large language, with many constructs. Some people (including Jacobson) feel that UML's size hinders learning (and therefore using) it.[32]

## See also

* Applications of UML
* Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN)
* C4 model
* Department of Defense Architecture Framework
* DOT (graph description language)
* List of Unified Modeling Language tools
* MODAF
* Model-based testing
* Model-driven engineering
* Object-oriented role analysis and modeling
* Process Specification Language
* Systems Modeling Language (SysML)

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Unified Modeling Language User Guide, The (2 ed.). Addison-Wesley. 2005. p. 496. ISBN 0321267974. http://www.informit.com/store/unified-modeling-language-user-guide-9780321267979. , See the sample content, look for history
2. ↑ "ISO/IEC 19501:2005 - Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Unified Modeling Language (UML) Version 1.4.3". Iso.org. 2005-04-01. http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=32620.
3. ↑ "ISO/IEC 19505-1:2012 - Information technology - Object Management Group Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML) - Part 1: Infrastructure". Iso.org. 2012-04-20. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=32624.
4. ↑ Baltes, Sebastian; Diehl, Stephan (2014-11-11). "Sketches and diagrams in practice". Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering. FSE 2014 (Hong Kong, China: Association for Computing Machinery): 530–541. doi:10.1145/2635868.2635891. ISBN 978-1-4503-3056-5. https://doi.org/10.1145/2635868.2635891.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "OMG Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML), Superstructure. Version 2.4.1". Object Management Group. http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4.1/Superstructure/PDF.
6. ↑ Andreas Zendler (1997) Advanced Concepts, Life Cycle Models and Tools for Objeckt-Oriented Software Development. p. 122
7. ↑ "UML Specification version 1.1 (OMG document ad/97-08-11)". Omg.org. http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/97-08-11.
8. ↑ "UML". Omg.org. http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/.
9. ↑ Génova et alia 2004 "Open Issues in Industrial Use Case Modeling"
10. ↑ Hubert Tardieu, Arnold Rochfeld and René Colletti La methode MERISE: Principes et outils (Paperback - 1983)
11. ↑ Elmasri, Ramez, B. Shamkant, Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, third ed., Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 2000.
12. ↑ ER 2004 : 23rd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, Shanghai, China, 8-12 November 2004
13. ↑ "A Formal Treatment of UML Class Diagrams an Efficient Method for Configuration Management 2007". http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-inf_4582.pdf.
14. ↑ "James Dullea, Il-Yeol Song, Ioanna Lamprou - An analysis of structural validity in entity-relationship modeling 2002". http://www.ischool.drexel.edu/faculty/song/publications/p_DKE_03_Validity.pdf.
15. ↑ ""Reasoning about participation constraints and Chen's constraints" S Hartmann - 2003". http://crpit.com/confpapers/CRPITV17Hartmann.pdf.
16. ↑ "UML 2.0". Omg.org. http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.0/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "UML". Omg.org. http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/.
18. ↑ "UML 2.5.1 specification". Omg.org. https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5.1.
19. ↑ OMG. "OMG Formal Specifications (Modeling and Metadata paragraph)". http://www.omg.org/spec/#M&M.
20. ↑ OMG. "about the unified modeling language specification". https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/About-UML/.
21. ↑ "Issues for UML 2.6 Revision task Force mailing list". Omg.org. http://www.omg.org/issues/uml2-rtf.open.html.
22. ↑ Satish Mishra (1997). "Visual Modeling & Unified Modeling Language (UML): Introduction to UML". Rational Software Corporation. Accessed 9 November 2008.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "UML, Success Stories". http://www.uml.org/uml_success_stories/index.htm.
24. ↑ John Hunt (2000). The Unified Process for Practitioners: Object-oriented Design, UML and Java. Springer, 2000. ISBN:1-85233-275-1. p. 5.door
25. ↑ Jon Holt Institution of Electrical Engineers (2004). UML for Systems Engineering: Watching the Wheels IET, 2004, ISBN:0-86341-354-4. p. 58
26. ↑ Manuel Almendros-Jiménez, Jesús & Iribarne, Luis. (2007). Describing Use-Case Relationships with Sequence Diagrams. Comput. J.. 50. 116-128. 10.1093/comjnl/bxl053.
27. ↑ Iman Poernomo (2006) "The Meta-Object Facility Typed" in: Proceeding SAC '06 Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Applied computing. pp. 1845–1849
28. ↑ "UML 2.4.1 Infrastructure". Omg.org. 2011-08-05. http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4.1/Infrastructure/PDF/.
29. ↑ B. Henderson-Sellers; C. Gonzalez-Perez (2006). "Uses and Abuses of the Stereotype Mechanism in UML 1.x and 2.0". in: Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
30. ↑ "UML 2.5: Do you even care?". http://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/uml-25-do-you-even-care/240163702?queryText=uml. "UML truly is ubiquitous"
31. ↑ "Death by UML Fever". http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=984495.
32. ↑ "Ivar Jacobson on UML, MDA, and the future of methodologies". http://www.infoq.com/interviews/Ivar_Jacobson.

## Further reading

* Ambler, Scott William (2004). The Object Primer: Agile Model Driven Development with UML 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54018-6. http://www.ambysoft.com/books/theObjectPrimer.html.
* Chonoles, Michael Jesse; James A. Schardt (2003). UML 2 for Dummies. Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0-7645-2614-6. https://archive.org/details/uml2fordummies00chon.
* Fowler, Martin (2004). UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-19368-7.
* Jacobson, Ivar; Grady Booch; James Rumbaugh (1998). The Unified Software Development Process. Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-201-57169-2.
* Martin, Robert Cecil (2003). UML for Java Programmers. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-142848-9. https://archive.org/details/umlforjavaprogra00mart.
* Noran, Ovidiu S.. "Business Modelling: UML vs. IDEF". https://www.area-c54.it/public/business modelling - uml vs idef.pdf.
* Horst Kargl. "Interactive UML Metamodel with additional Examples". http://umlnotation.sparxsystems.eu/.
* Penker, Magnus; Hans-Erik Eriksson (2000). Business Modeling with UML. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-29551-5. https://archive.org/details/businessmodeling00erik.
* Douglass, Bruce Powel. "Bruce Douglass: Real-Time Agile Systems and Software Development" (web). https://www.bruce-douglass.com/.
* Douglass, Bruce (2014). Real-Time UML Workshop 2nd Edition. Newnes. ISBN 978-0-471-29551-8. https://archive.org/details/businessmodeling00erik.
* Douglass, Bruce (2004). Real-Time UML 3rd Edition. Newnes. ISBN 978-0321160768.
* Douglass, Bruce (2002). Real-Time Design Patterns. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0201699562.
* Douglass, Bruce (2009). Real-Time Agility. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0321545497.
* Douglass, Bruce (2010). Design Patterns for Embedded Systems in C. Newnes. ISBN 978-1856177078.

## External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unified Modeling Language.

|

* Current Version Specification

* v
* t
* e

Unified Modeling Language

Actors|

* Organizations
* Object Management Group
* UML Partners
* Persons
* Grady Booch
* Ivar Jacobson
* James Rumbaugh

Concepts|

| Object oriented|

* Object-oriented programming
* Object-oriented analysis and design
* Object-oriented modeling

|

Structure|

* Actor
* Attribute
* Artifact
* Class
* Component
* Interface
* Object
* Package
* Profile diagram

Behavior|

* Activity
* Event
* Message
* Method
* State
* Use case

Relationships|

* Association
* Composition
* Dependency
* Generalization (or Inheritance)

Extensibility|

* Profile
* Stereotype

Other|

* Multiplicity

Diagrams|

| Structure|

* Class
* Component
* Composite structure
* Deployment
* Object
* Package

|

Behaviour|

* Activity
* State Machine
* Use case

Interaction|

* Communications
* Sequence
* Interaction overview
* Timing

Derived languages|

* Systems Modeling Language (SysML)
* UML eXchange Format (UXF)
* XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)
* Executable UML (xUML)

Other topics|

* Glossary of UML terms
* Rational Unified Process
* List of Unified Modeling Language tools
* Object Modeling in Color

* v
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* e

Software engineering

Fields|

* Computer programming
* Requirements engineering
* Software deployment
* Software design
* Software maintenance
* Software testing
* Systems analysis
* Formal methods

Concepts|

* Data modeling
* Enterprise architecture
* Functional specification
* Modeling language
* Orthogonality
* Programming paradigm
* Software
* Software archaeology
* Software architecture
* Software configuration management
* Software development methodology
* Software development process
* Software quality
* Software quality assurance
* Software verification and validation
* Structured analysis

Orientations|

* Agile
* Aspect-oriented
* Object orientation
* Ontology
* Service orientation
* SDLC

Models|

| Developmental|

* Agile
* EUP
* Executable UML
* Incremental model
* Iterative model
* Prototype model
* RAD
* UP
* Scrum
* Spiral model
* V-Model
* Waterfall model
* XP

|

Other|

* SPICE
* CMMI
* Data model
* ER model
* Function model
* Information model
* Metamodeling
* Object model
* Systems model
* View model

Languages|

* IDEF
* UML
* USL
* SysML

Software
engineers

* Victor Basili
* Kent Beck
* Grady Booch
* Fred Brooks
* Barry Boehm
* Peter Chen
* Danese Cooper
* Ward Cunningham
* Tom DeMarco
* Edsger W. Dijkstra
* Delores M. Etter
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* Ivar Jacobson
* Alan Kay
* Nancy Leveson
* Stephen J. Mellor
* Bertrand Meyer
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* Trygve Reenskaug
* Winston W. Royce
* James Rumbaugh
* Mary Shaw
* Peri Tarr
* Elaine Weyuker
* Niklaus Wirth
* Edward Yourdon

Related fields|

* Computer science
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ISO standards by standard number

List of ISO standards / ISO romanizations / IEC standards

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