Vulpecula

Short description: Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere

VulpeculaConstellation

List of stars in Vulpecula

Abbreviation| Vul
Genitive| Vulpeculae
Pronunciation| /vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/,
genitive /vʌlˈpɛkjʊliː/
Symbolism| the Fox
Right ascension|  20h
Declination| +25°
Quadrant| NQ4
Area| 268 sq. deg. (55th)
Main stars| 5, 20
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars| 33
Stars with planets| 5
Stars brighter than 3.00m| 0
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)| 0
Brightest star| α Vul (Anser) (4.44m)
Messier objects| 1
Bordering
constellations| Cygnus
Lyra
Hercules
Sagitta
Delphinus
Pegasus
Visible at latitudes between +90° and −55°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of September.

Vulpecula /vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/ is a faint constellation in the northern sky. Its name is Latin for "little fox", although it is commonly known simply as the fox. It was identified in the seventeenth century, and is located in the middle of the Summer Triangle (an asterism consisting of the bright stars Deneb, Vega, and Altair).

## Contents

* 1 Features
* 1.1 Stars
* 1.2 Deep-sky objects
* 1.3 Stellar association
* 2 History
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 4.1 Sources
* 4.2 Footnotes
* 5 External links

## Features

The constellation Vulpecula as it can be seen by the naked eye.

### Stars

There are no stars brighter than 4th magnitude in this constellation. The brightest star in Vulpecula is Alpha Vulpeculae, a magnitude 4.44m[1] red giant[2][3] at a distance of 297 light-years. The star is an optical binary (separation of 413.7") that can be split using binoculars. The star also carries the traditional name Anser, which refers to the goose the little fox holds in its jaws.[4]

23 Vulpeculae is the second brightest star in the constellation.

In 1967, the first pulsar, PSR B1919+21, was discovered in Vulpecula by Jocelyn Bell, supervised by Antony Hewish, in Cambridge. While they were searching for scintillation of radio signals of quasars, they observed pulses which repeated with a period of 1.3373 seconds.Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag[5][6][7]

### Deep-sky objects

The Dumbbell Nebula

The Dumbbell Nebula (M27), is a large, bright planetary nebula which was discovered by the French astronomer Charles Messier in 1764 as the very first object of its kind.[8] It can be seen with good binoculars in a dark sky location, appearing as a dimly glowing disk approximately 8 arcminutes in diameter.[9] The nebula is approximately 9,800 years old.[9] A telescope reveals its double-lobed shape, similar to that of an hourglass. Brocchi's Cluster (Collinder 399) is an asterism formerly thought to be an open cluster. It is also called "the Coathanger" because of its distinctive star pattern when viewed with binoculars or a low power telescope.

Planetary nebula Hen 2-437 is located in the constellation of Vulpecula.[10]

NGC 7052 is an elliptical galaxy in Vulpecula at a distance of 214 million light-years from Earth. It has a central dusty disk with a diameter of 3700 light-years; there is a supermassive black hole with a mass of 300 million solar masses in its nucleus. Astronomers surmise that the disk is the remnant of a smaller galaxy that merged with NGC 7052. Jets can be seen emanating from the galaxy, and it has very strong radio emissions. This means that it is also classified as a radio galaxy.[11]

The eastern part of Vulpecula is occupied by the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall. It is a galaxy filament, with the length of 3,000 megaparsecs, making it the largest structure in the universe.

### Stellar association

Vulpecula contains an OB-association of young stars, called the Vulpecula OB-association or Vul OB1. The association contains nearly 100 OB-stars and over 800 young stellar objects. It lies in the galactic plane, at a distance of about 2300 parsec. It contains the emission-line nebulae Sh-86, Sh-87 and Sh-88. Vul OB1 has a length of about 100 parsec and is sculpting many pillar-like structures in this region.[12][13]

## History

The constellation, under the full name of "Vulpecula and Anser", can be seen on the bottom of this c. 1825 star map from Urania's Mirror.

In the late 17th century, the astronomer Johannes Hevelius created Vulpecula. It was originally known as Vulpecula cum ansere ("the little fox with the goose") or Vulpecula et Anser ("the little fox and the goose"), and was illustrated with a goose in the jaws of a fox. Hevelius did not regard the fox and the goose to be two separate constellations, but later the stars were divided into a separate Anser and Vulpecula. Today, they have been merged again under the name of the fox, but the goose is remembered by the name of the star α Vulpeculae: Anser.

## See also

* 3C 433
* Vulpecula (Chinese astronomy)

## References

### Sources

* Ridpath, Ian; Tirion, Wil (2017). Stars and Planets Guide (5th ed.). London: William Collins. ISBN 978-0-008-23927-5. also available from Princeton University Press, Princeton: ISBN:978-0-691-17788-5.

### Footnotes

1. ↑ Mermilliod, J.-C. (1986), "Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished)", Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data. SIMBAD, Bibcode: 1986EgUBV........0M.
2. ↑ Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973), "Spectral Classification", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11: 29, doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333, Bibcode: 1973ARA&A..11...29M.
3. ↑ Lebzelter, Thomas; Hinkle, Kenneth H.; Straniero, Oscar; Lambert, David L.; Pilachowski, Catherine A.; Nault, Kristie A. (2019), "Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Ratios. II. Semiregular Variable M Giants", The Astrophysical Journal 886 (2): 117, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4e9b, Bibcode: 2019ApJ...886..117L.
4. ↑ Barentine, John C. (2016), "Anser", The Lost Constellations, pp. 35–45, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22795-5_3, ISBN 978-3-319-22794-8.
5. ↑ Timmer, John (4 November 2020). "We finally know what has been making fast radio bursts - Magnetars, a type of neutron star, can produce the previously enigmatic bursts.". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/11/its-coming-from-inside-the-galaxy-first-fast-radio-burst-source-idd/. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
6. ↑ Cofield, Calla; Andreoli, Calire; Reddy, Francis (4 November 2020). "NASA Missions Help Pinpoint the Source of a Unique X-ray, Radio Burst". NASA. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7776. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
7. ↑ Andersen, B. (4 November 2020). "A bright millisecond-duration radio burst from a Galactic magnetar". Nature 587 (7832): 54–58. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2863-y. PMID 33149292. Bibcode: 2020Natur.587...54C. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2863-y. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
8. ↑ Garner, Rob (2017-10-06). "Messier 27 (The Dumbbell Nebula)" (in en). https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-27-the-dumbbell-nebula.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 O'Dell, C. R.; Balick, B.; Hajian, A. R.; Henney, W. J. et al. (2002). "Knots in Nearby Planetary Nebulae". Astronomical Journal 123 (6): 3329–3347. doi:10.1086/340726. Bibcode: 2002AJ....123.3329O.
10. ↑ "The icy blue wings of Hen 2-437". http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1606a/.
11. ↑ Wilkins, Jamie; Dunn, Robert (2006). 300 Astronomical Objects: A Visual Reference to the Universe (1st ed.). Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-175-3.
12. ↑ "Ass Vul OB 1". http://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id.
13. ↑ Billot, N.; Noriega-Crespo, A.; Carey, S.; Guieu, S.; Shenoy, S.; Paladini, R.; Latter, W. (2010-04-01). "Young Stellar Objects and Triggered Star Formation in The Vulpecula OB Association". The Astrophysical Journal 712 (2): 797–812. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/712/2/797. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...712..797B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...712..797B.

## External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Vulpecula (category)

|

* The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Vulpecula
* Vulpecula page at SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space)
* M-27 page at SEDS
* Star Tales - Vulpecula

* v
* t
* e

Constellation of Vulpecula

* List of stars in Vulpecula
* Vulpecula in Chinese astronomy

Stars|

| Bayer|

* α (Anser)

|

Flamsteed|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31
* 32
* 33
* 35
* 3 Cyg

Variable|

* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* X
* Z
* RS
* SV
* VW
* WW
* AW
* BE
* BO
* BP
* BS
* BW
* DR
* ER
* LT
* LV
* MW
* NQ
* NR
* NS
* PS
* PU
* PW
* PX
* QQ
* QR
* QU
* QV
* QY
* V379
* V387
* V407
* V452
* V457
* V458

HR|

* 7207
* 7250
* 7263
* 7286
* 7364
* 7384
* 7391
* 7421
* 7452
* 7472
* 7490
* 7540
* 7573
* 7601
* 7656
* 7716
* 7760
* 7811
* 7849
* 7862
* 7895
* 7903
* 8082
* 8158
* 8190
* 8194
* 8197
* 8198

HD|

* 186943
* 187614
* 188015
* 189671
* 190066
* 190228
* 190322
* 201626

Other|

* BD+23 3912
* G 185-32
* GD 385
* GS 2000+25
* HIP 100963
* PSR B1919+21
* PSR B1930+22
* PSR B1937+21
* PSR B1953+29
* PSR B2020+28
* PSR J2007+2722
* Wolf 1346
* WR 125
* XTE J1859+226

| Exoplanets|

* HD 188015 b
* HD 189733 b

|

| Star clusters|

* Brocchi's Cluster
* NGC 6885
* NGC 6940

|

| Nebulae|

* Dumbbell Nebula
* Sh2-88

|

Galaxies|

| NGC|

* 7052
* 7080

|

Other|

* 3C 433

Category

* v
* t
* e

The 88 modern constellations

* Andromeda
* Antlia
* Apus
* Aquarius
* Aquila
* Ara
* Aries
* Auriga
* Boötes
* Caelum
* Camelopardalis
* Cancer
* Canes Venatici
* Canis Major
* Canis Minor
* Capricornus
* Carina
* Cassiopeia
* Centaurus
* Cepheus
* Cetus
* Chamaeleon
* Circinus
* Columba
* Coma Berenices
* Corona Australis
* Corona Borealis
* Corvus
* Crater
* Crux
* Cygnus
* Delphinus
* Dorado
* Draco
* Equuleus
* Eridanus
* Fornax
* Gemini
* Grus
* Hercules
* Horologium
* Hydra
* Hydrus
* Indus
* Lacerta
* Leo
* Leo Minor
* Lepus
* Libra
* Lupus
* Lynx
* Lyra
* Mensa
* Microscopium
* Monoceros
* Musca
* Norma
* Octans
* Ophiuchus
* Orion
* Pavo
* Pegasus
* Perseus
* Phoenix
* Pictor
* Pisces
* Piscis Austrinus
* Puppis
* Pyxis
* Reticulum
* Sagitta
* Sagittarius
* Scorpius
* Sculptor
* Scutum
* Serpens
* Sextans
* Taurus
* Telescopium
* Triangulum
* Triangulum Australe
* Tucana
* Ursa Major
* Ursa Minor
* Vela
* Virgo
* Volans
* Vulpecula

* Lists of constellations

* v
* t
* e

Constellation history

* v
* t
* e

The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD

* Andromeda
* Aquarius
* Aquila
* Ara
* Argo Navis
* Aries
* Auriga
* Boötes
* Cancer
* Canis Major
* Canis Minor
* Capricornus
* Cassiopeia
* Centaurus
* Cepheus
* Cetus
* Corona Australis
* Corona Borealis
* Corvus
* Crater
* Cygnus
* Delphinus
* Draco
* Equuleus
* Eridanus
* Gemini
* Hercules
* Hydra
* Leo
* Lepus
* Libra
* Lupus
* Lyra
* Ophiuchus
* Orion
* Pegasus
* Perseus
* Pisces
* Piscis Austrinus
* Sagitta
* Sagittarius
* Scorpius
* Serpens
* Taurus
* Triangulum
* Ursa Major
* Ursa Minor
* Virgo

* v
* t
* e

The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries

* Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c: Crux
* Triangulum Australe
* Vopel 1536: Coma Berenices
* Keyser & de Houtman 1596: Apus
* Chamaeleon
* Dorado
* Grus
* Hydrus
* Indus
* Musca
* Pavo
* Phoenix
* Tucana
* Volans
* Plancius 1613: Camelopardalis
* Columba
* Monoceros
* Habrecht 1621: Reticulum
* Hevelius 1683: Canes Venatici
* Lacerta
* Leo Minor
* Lynx
* Scutum
* Sextans
* Vulpecula
* de Lacaille 1763: Antlia
* Caelum
* Carina
* Circinus
* Fornax
* Horologium
* Mensa
* Microscopium
* Norma
* Octans
* Pictor
* Puppis
* Pyxis
* Sculptor
* Telescopium
* Vela

* v
* t
* e

Obsolete constellations (including Ptolemy's Argo Navis)

* Anser
* Antinous
* Apes
* Argo Navis
* Asterion
* Cancer Minor
* Cerberus
* Chara
* Custos Messium
* Felis
* Frederici Honores/Gloria Frederici
* Gallus
* Globus Aerostaticus
* Jordanus
* Lilium
* Lochium Funis
* Machina Electrica
* Malus
* Mons Maenalus
* Musca Borealis
* Noctua
* Officina Typographica
* Polophylax
* Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii
* Quadrans Muralis
* Ramus Pomifer
* Robur Carolinum
* Sceptrum Brandenburgicum
* Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae
* Solarium
* Rangifer/Tarandus
* Taurus Poniatovii
* Telescopium Herschelii
* Testudo
* Tigris
* Triangulum Minus
* Turdus Solitarius
* Vespa
* Vultur cadens
* Vultur volans

* obsolete constellation names

* Apis
* Phoenicopterus
* Serpentarius
* Xiphias

* v
* t
* e

Constellations introduced by Johannes Hevelius after 1687

IAU-recognized constellations|

* Canes Venatici
* Lacerta
* Leo Minor
* Lynx
* Scutum
* Sextans
* Vulpecula

Obsolete constellations
(non-IAU constellations)|

* Cerberus
* Mons Maenalus
* Triangulum Minus

Coordinates:  20h 00m 00s, +25° 00′ 00″

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