Cause of death

Short description: Medical, legal, and statistical determination

For a comprehensive list of potential causes, see Social:List of causes of death by rate.

For other uses, see Cause of death (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Manner of death.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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In law, medicine, and statistics, cause of death is an official determination of the conditions resulting in a human's death, which may be recorded on a death certificate. A cause of death is determined by a medical examiner. In rare cases, an autopsy needs to be performed by a pathologist. The cause of death is a specific disease or injury, in contrast to the manner of death, which is a small number of categories like "natural", "accident", "suicide", and "homicide", each with different legal implications.[1]

The standards for cause of death recording and reporting are set by WHO. All death certificates typically include a medical certificate of cause of death collecting information for disease prevention and health policy. The recommended international format for this certificate is established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and applies uniformly across member states. The World Health Organization's ICD-11 Reference Guide provides the authoritative specification for its design and completion. Extensive detail is also available in the format of a manual for medical certification. International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes are used to record manner and cause of death in a systematic way that makes it easy to compile statistics and more feasible to compare events across jurisdictions globally.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Accuracy concerns
* 2 Aging
* 3 Emotional death
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Accuracy concerns

A study published in Preventing Chronic Disease found that only one-third of New York City resident physicians reported believing that the present system of documentation was accurate. Half reported the inability to record "what they felt to be the correct cause of death", citing reasons such as technical limitation and instruction to "put something else". Nearly four-fifths reported being unaware that determinations of "probable", "presumed", or "undetermined" could be made, and fewer than three percent reported ever updating a death certificate when conflicting lab results or other new information became available, and cardiovascular disease was indicated as "the most frequent diagnosis inaccurately reported".[3]

Causes of death are sometimes disputed by relatives or members of the public, particularly when some degree of uncertainty or ambiguity exists in relation to the cause of death. On occasion, such disputes may result from, or sometimes instigate, a conspiracy theory.

Public perception of the relative risk of death by various causes is biased by personal experience and by media coverage. The phrase "hierarchy of death" is sometimes used to describe the factors that cause some deaths to get more attention than others.

Though some opponents of abortion consider it a cause of death, conventionally medical authorities do not confer personhood on fetuses that are not viable outside the womb, and thus abortions are not reported as deaths in these statistics.[4]

## Aging

See also: Maximum life span, Longevity, and Life expectancy

Health departments discourage listing "old age" as the cause of death because doing so does not benefit public health or medical research.[5] Aging is not a scientifically recognized cause of death; it is currently considered that there is always a more direct cause (although it may be unknown in certain cases and could be one of a number of aging-associated diseases). As an indirect or non-determinative factor, biological aging is the biggest contributor to deaths worldwide. It is estimated that of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.[6] In industrialized nations the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%.[6] In recent years, there have been official claims about a possibility of recognizing aging itself as a disease.[7][8][9][10][11] If this would be so, the situation would change.

## Emotional death

There are also popular notions that someone can be "scared to death" or die of loneliness or heartbreak. Experiencing fear, extreme stress, or both can cause changes in the body that can, in turn, lead to death. For example, it is possible that overstimulation of the vagus nerve—which decreases heart rate in a mechanism related to the behavior of apparent death (also known as "playing dead" and "playing possum")—is the cause of documented cases of psychogenic death. The flight or fight response to fear or stress has the opposite effect, increasing heart rate through stress hormones, and can cause cardiovascular problems (especially in those with pre-existing conditions). This is the proposed mechanism for the observed increase in the death rate due to cardiac arrest after widely experienced acutely stressful events such as terrorism, military attacks, and natural disasters (even among those who are not in the affected area) and for documented deaths in muggings and other frightening events which caused no traumatic physical harm.[12][13] The proximal medical cause of death in these cases is likely to be recorded as cardiac failure or vagal inhibition (which also has other potential causes such as blows to certain parts of the body and nerve injuries).[14]

One specific condition observed to result from acute stress, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, is nicknamed "broken heart syndrome", but the stress need not be relationship-related and need not be negative.[15]

## See also

* Death by misadventure
* List of causes of death by rate
* List of preventable causes of death
* Manner of death
* Proximate and ultimate causation

## References

1. ↑ Cause & Manner of Death – Medical Examiner, Snohomish County, Washington
2. ↑ National Center for Health Statistics – Classification of Death and Injury Resulting from Terrorism – How are external cause of injury codes assigned?, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. retrieved July 7 2019
3. ↑ Wexelman, Barbara A.; Eden, Edward; Rose, Keith M. (2013). "Survey of New York City Resident Physicians on Cause-of-Death Reporting, 2010". Preventing Chronic Disease 10: E76. doi:10.5888/pcd10.120288. ISSN 1545-1151. PMID 23660118.
4. ↑ "Was Abortion the 'Leading Cause of Death' in 2018?". January 3, 2019. https://www.snopes.com/news/2019/01/03/abortion-leading-cause-of-death/.
5. ↑ "Reporting Causes of Death for the Elderly". Oregon Health Authority. https://public.health.oregon.gov/BirthDeathCertificates/RegisterVitalRecords/Documents/Death/cdelderly.pdf.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Aubrey D.N.J., de Grey (2007). "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations". Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 1 (1, Article 5). doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
7. ↑ Zhavoronkov, Alexander; Bhupinder, Bhullar (2015-10-04). "Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11". Frontiers in Genetics 6: 326. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00326. PMID 26583032.
8. ↑ Stambler, Ilia (2017-10-01). "Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy". Aging and Disease 8 (5): 583–589. doi:10.14336/AD.2017.0130. PMID 28966803. PMC 5614323. http://www.aginganddisease.org/article/2017/2152-5250/ad-8-5-583.shtml.
9. ↑ "Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease". The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 6 (8): 587. 2018-08-01. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6. PMID 30053981. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(18)30214-6/fulltext.
10. ↑ Calimport, Stuart et al. (2019-10-01). "To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence". Science 366 (6465): 576–578. doi:10.1126/science.aay7319. PMID 31672885. Bibcode: 2019Sci...366..576C.
11. ↑ Khaltourina, Daria; Matveyev, Yuri; Alekseev, Aleksey; Cortese, Franco; Ioviţă, Anca (July 2020). "Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 189. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230. PMID 32251691. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047637420300257.
12. ↑ Ballantyne, Coco. "Can a person be scared to death?". http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scared-to-death-heart-attack/.
13. ↑ "Can you literally be scared to death? Science says yes". 24 October 2012. https://www.foxnews.com/health/can-you-literally-be-scared-to-death-science-says-yes.
14. ↑ healthdrip. "Vagal inhibition – Health Drip". http://healthdrip.com/2012/05/31/vagal-inhibition/.
15. ↑ "Is Broken Heart Syndrome Real?". http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Cardiomyopathy/Is-Broken-Heart-Syndrome-Real_UCM_448547_Article.jsp.

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Death

In medicine|

Cell death
Necrosis

Avascular necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Fat necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
Temporal lobe necrosis
Programmed cell death

AICD
Anoikis
Apoptosis
Autophagy
Intrinsic apoptosis
Necroptosis
Paraptosis
Parthanatos
Phenoptosis
Pseudoapoptosis
Pyroptosis
Autolysis
Autoschizis
Eschar
Immunogenic cell death
Ischemic cell death
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis
Mitotic catastrophe
Suicide gene

* Abortion
* Accidental death
* Autopsy
* Brain death
* Brainstem death
* Clinical death
* DOA
* Death by natural causes
* Death rattle
* Dysthanasia
* End-of-life care
* Euthanasia
* Lazarus sign
* Lazarus syndrome
* Medical definition of death
* Organ donation
* Terminal illness
* Unnatural death

Lists|

* Causes of death by rate
* Expressions related to death
* Natural disasters
* People by cause of death
* Premature obituaries
* Preventable causes of death
* Notable deaths by year
* Unusual deaths
* TV actors who died during production

Mortality|

* Birthday effect
* Child mortality
* Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality
* Holiday effect
* Immortality
* Biological
* Digital
* Infant mortality
* Karōshi
* Maternal death
* Maternal mortality in fiction
* Memento mori
* Micromort
* Mortality displacement
* Mortality rate
* RAMR
* Mortality salience
* Perinatal mortality

After death|

| Body|

Stages
Pallor mortis
Algor mortis
Rigor mortis
Livor mortis
Putrefaction
Decomposition
Skeletonization
Fossilization

Preservation
Cryopreservation

Cryonics
Neuropreservation
Embalming
Maceration
Mummification
Plastination
Prosection
Taxidermy

Disposal
Burial

Bed burial
Burial at sea
Chariot burial
Jar burial
Natural burial
Premature burial
Secondary burial
Ship burial
Sky burial
Space burial
Cannibalism
Cremation
Dismemberment
Excarnation
Promession
Resomation

Beating heart cadaver
Body donation
Cadaveric spasm
Coffin birth
Death erection
Dissection
Gibbeting
Postmortem caloricity
Post-mortem interval

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Other aspects|

Afterlife
Cemetery
Consciousness
Customs
Death mask
Eternal oblivion
Examination
Funeral
Grief
Intermediate state
Internet
Mourning
Obituary
Resurrection
Taboo on the dead
Vigil

Paranormal|

* Ghosts
* Near-death experience
* Near-death studies
* Necromancy
* Out-of-body experience
* Reincarnation research
* Séance

Legal|

* Abortion law
* Administration
* Capital punishment
* Cause of death
* Civil death
* Coroner
* Death-qualified jury
* Death certificate
* Declared death in absentia
* Death row
* Dying declaration
* Faked death
* Inquest
* Legal death
* Murder
* Necropolitics
* Prohibition of death
* Right to die
* Suspicious death
* Trust law
* Will

Fields|

* Forensic pathology
* Funeral director
* Mortuary science
* Necrobiology
* Post-mortem chemistry
* Post-mortem photography
* Taphonomy
* Biostratinomy
* Thanatology

Other|

* Apparent death
* Dark tourism
* Darwin Awards
* Dead pool
* Death and culture
* Death anniversary
* Death anxiety
* Death deity
* Personification of death
* Dying-and-rising god
* Psychopomp
* Death camp
* Death drive
* Death education
* Death from laughter
* Death hoax
* Death knell
* Death march
* Death messenger
* Death notification
* Death panel
* Death poem
* Death pose
* Death-positive movement
* Death squad
* Death threat
* Death trajectory
* Dignified death
* Extinction
* Fan death
* Festival of the Dead
* Fascination with death
* Hierarchy of death
* Homicide
* Last rites
* Martyr
* Megadeath
* Museum of Death
* Necronym
* Necrophilia
* Necrophobia
* The Order of the Good Death
* Predation
* Sacrifice
* human
* animal
* Social death
* Spiritual death
* Suicide
* Assisted suicide
* Thanatosensitivity
* Undead
* Voodoo death

* Category
* Outline

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