ACE mixture

Short description: Early anesthetic

ACE mixture is an historical anaesthetic agent for general anaesthesia. It was first suggested by George Harley[1] and first used in England around 1860. In 1864 it was recommended for use by the Royal Medical and Surgical Society's Chloroform Committee. It was rarely used after the 19th century, except in Germany, where it was used for slightly longer.[2]

It was a mixture of alcohol, chloroform and ether[1][3] which gives the mixture its name. Its effects were said to be between that of chloroform and ether and it was used when ether alone was contraindicated.[1] Its boiling point was given as 48 °C (118 °F).[4] Its actual safety margin over its components alone was marginal.[5][6]

## Contents

* 1 Usage
* 1.1 Other preparations
* 1.2 Usage in animal testing
* 2 Method of administration
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Usage

ACE mixture was most commonly made up in the ratio: 1 part alcohol, 2 parts chloroform, and 3 parts ether[2] although other ratios existed. See 'other preparations' below.

Chloroform (which was first used in 1847) used on its own produces myocardial depression, however the excitatory properties of the alcohol and ether contained with the chloroform in the ACE mixture was believed to reduce this.[2] However, some did question this experimentally at the time.[7]

Many anesthetists favored ACE mixture and one author in 1887 in the British Medical Journal considers the ACE mixture, at the time, the best anesthesia for general use and use in childbirth. He states one downside; the "excited" state of patients on regaining consciousness after the anesthetic, due to the alcohol in the mixture.[8] Another downside of the mixture, as with most anesthetics at the time, was its high flammability.[9]

Deaths have been known to occur from the mixture.[5][10] However, fewer deaths from ACE mixture were reported than deaths from chloroform or ether.[6][11]

### Other preparations

After widespread use of ACE mixture, anaesthetists would try different mixtures for different patients and different procedures. CE mixture omitted the alcohol and AC mixture omitted the ether.[1] One doctor described using equal parts alcohol and chloroform in minor operations, but chloroform with Eau de Cologne (which has a high alcohol content) in dental procedures for a more pleasant experience.[12]

Despite the similar names, the anaesthetic mixture named "bichloride of methylene" did not contain the actual compound that would be called bichloride of methylene (Dichloromethane CH2Cl2). Instead, it was later discovered as a mixture of chloroform and alcohol marketed as the bichloride of methylene and even given the formula CH2Cl2.[13]

Other mixtures were:[1]

Preparation Name | as written in source | Reduced ratio of Alcohol | Reduced Ratio of Chloroform | Reduced Ratio of Ether

|
|
|
|

Common mixture | 1 part alcohol, 2 parts chloroform, and 3 parts ether | 1 | 2 | 3
Richardson's mixture | 20 parts alcohol, 12 chloroform and 8 ether | 5 | 3 | 2
Vienna mixture | 0 parts alcohol, 31 parts chloroform and 23 parts ether | 0 | 31 | 23
Billroth's mixture | 1 part alcohol, 3 part chloroform and 1 part ether | 1 | 3 | 1
Linhart's Mixture | 20% alcohol with chloroform | 1 | 4 | 0
Methylene ("Bichloride of methylene") | 30% methylic alcohol and 70% chloroform | 3 | 7 | 0

Not included in table as they include petroleum ether in addition to diethyl (sulphuric) ether:

Schleich's solutions for general anaesthesia (number one for light anaesthesia and number three for deep anaesthesia):

No 1: 45 parts chloroform, 180 parts sulphuric ether, 15 parts petroleum ether.
No 2: 45 parts chloroform, 150 parts sulphuric ether, 15 parts petroleum ether.
No 3: 30 parts chloroform, 80 parts sulphuric ether, 15 parts petroleum ether.
Wertheim's solution: 1 part chloroform, 1 part petroleum ether and 2 parts sulphuric ether

### Usage in animal testing

ACE mixture was also used to anaesthetise animals, including in preparation for vivisection.[14]

## Method of administration

ACE mixture could be given through drops (from a drop bottle[5]) on a piece of lint (a towel), in a Rendle's mask, a cone, or through an inhaler.

Inhalers included: Allis' inhaler, Junker's inhaler (with a funnel mask) for children, Clover's inhaler with bag removed (this inhaler has to be constantly lifted from the face to allow 'free air' to be admitted). Ellis proposed an inhaler to blend vapours in exact proportions, however it was impractical, but Gwathmey modified his idea and created a practical apparatus. Tyrrell created a similar idea called the 'Tyrrell's double-bottle method'.[1]

## See also

* Compound spirit of ether

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Wilmot Buxton, Dudley (2009-12-09). Anaesthetics - Their Uses and Administration (Reprint of the first edition - 1888). Read Books. pp. 332–340. ISBN 978-1-4446-9013-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Oj1PtHOEC&q=ace mixture inhalers&pg=PA332.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Wawersik, Juergen (1991). "History of anesthesia in Germany". Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 3 (3): 235–244. doi:10.1016/0952-8180(91)90167-L. PMID 1878238.
3. ↑ "Everybody" (pseudonym) (1935). Everybody's Family Doctor. London: Odhams Press. pp. 11. OCLC 558994903.
4. ↑ Mccardie, WJ (1898-12-17). "On the administration of a certain mixture of chloroform and ether in gynecological operations by means of a Clover's inhaler without the bag". The Lancet 152 (3929): 1621–1624. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)84517-7. https://zenodo.org/record/1617038.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Deaths under chloroform And A.C.E. mixture". The British Medical Journal 2 (1663): 1072–1073. 1892-11-12.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Death Under Chloroform". The British Medical Journal 2 (1698): 143. 1893-07-15. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1698.152.
7. ↑ Simpson, J. Christian (1890-08-30). "Alcohol In Anæsthetic Mixtures". The British Medical Journal 2 (1548): 529. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1185.529.
8. ↑ Walters, J (1887-11-12). "A. C. E. Mixture". The British Medical Journal 2 (1402): 1078. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1402.1078-a. https://zenodo.org/record/1448461.
9. ↑ "Inhaled Anesthetics" (in English). New York School Of Regional Anesthesia. 3 June 2022. pp. 3. INHALED ANESTHETICS BETWEEN 1920 AND 1940. https://www.nysora.com/anesthesia/inhaled-anesthetics/.
10. ↑ "Deaths Under Anæsthetics. A.C.E. Mixture". The British Medical Journal 1 (1779): 282. 1895-02-02. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2666.282.
11. ↑ Levy, AG (October 13, 1923). "Ether Versus Chloroform". The British Medical Journal 2 (3276): 681. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1447.681.
12. ↑ Stephens, William J. (1888-01-07). "A Pleasant Anæsthetic Mixture". The British Medical Journal 1 (1410): 19. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.105.19.
13. ↑ British Journal of Dental Science and Prosthetics. (1883). UK: J. P. Segg & Company., p. 692
14. ↑ "Royal Commission On Vivisection. Fifth Report (Continued)". The British Medical Journal 2 (2481): 159–162. 1908-07-18. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3577.159-a.

## External links

* The Garret Museum Online Collection: Anaesthetics which has many useful pictures and further information on each of the inhalers.
* Anesthesia Antiques: Inhalers And Droppers which contains a picture of Allis' Ether Inhaler
* Historical Anaesthetic Equipment - Junker's Chloroform Inhaler
* Clover's portable regulating ether inhaler (1877). A notable one hundredth anniversary A paper that shows Clover's inhaler Atkinson, R.S. (1977). "Clover's portable regulating ether inhaler (1877).". Anaesthesia 32 (10): 1033–1036. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1977.tb09971.x. PMID 339771.
* Ellis obstetric inhaler a photo of Ellis' inhaler, which was used for women in labour. From Manchester Medical School Museum's Flickr photos.
* Richard von Foregger, Ph.D (1872-1960) an article Richard von Foregger that contains a picture of Gwathmey's apparatus.
* The Brian Welsh Memorial Museum of Anaesthesia which has many image resources.

* v
* t
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Anesthesia and anesthesiology

Types|

* General
* Sedation
* Twilight anesthesia
* Local
* Topical
* Intercostal nerve block
* Neuraxial blockade
* Spinal
* Epidural
* Dental
* Inferior alveolar nerve

Techniques|

* Airway management
* Anesthesia provision in the US
* Arterial catheter
* Bronchoscopy
* Capnography
* Dogliotti's principle
* Drug-induced amnesia
* Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
* Nerve block
* Penthrox inhaler
* Tracheal intubation

Scientific principles|

* Blood–gas partition coefficient
* Concentration effect
* Fink effect
* Minimum alveolar concentration
* Second gas effect

Measurements|

* ASA physical status classification system
* Baricity
* Bispectral index
* Entropy monitoring
* Fick principle
* Goldman index
* Guedel's classification
* Mallampati score
* Neuromuscular monitoring
* Thyromental distance

Instruments|

* Anaesthetic machine
* Anesthesia cart
* Boyle's machine
* Gas cylinder
* Laryngeal mask airway
* Laryngeal tube
* Medical monitor
* Odom's indicator
* Relative analgesia machine
* Vaporiser
* Double-lumen endotracheal tube
* Endobronchial blocker

Complications|

* Emergence delirium
* Allergic reactions
* Anesthesia awareness
* Local anesthetic toxicity
* Malignant hyperthermia
* Perioperative mortality
* Postanesthetic shivering
* Postoperative nausea and vomiting
* Postoperative residual curarization

Subspecialties|

* Cardiothoracic
* Critical emergency medicine
* Geriatric
* Intensive care medicine
* Obstetric
* Oral sedation dentistry
* Pain medicine

Professions|

* Anesthesiologist
* Anesthesiologist assistant
* Nurse anesthetist
* Operating department practitioners
* Certified Anesthesia Technician
* Certified Anesthesia Technologist
* Anaesthetic technician
* Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)

History|

* ACE mixture
* Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
* History of general anesthesia
* History of neuraxial anesthesia
* History of tracheal intubation

Organizations|

* American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
* American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
* American Society of Anesthesiologists
* Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
* Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
* Royal College of Anaesthetists
* Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
* Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
* Australian Society of Anaesthetists
* International Anesthesia Research Society

* Category
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

GABAA receptor positive modulators

Alcohols|

* Brometone
* Butanol
* Chloralodol
* Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
* Ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink)
* Ethchlorvynol
* Isobutanol
* Isopropanol
* Menthol
* Methanol
* Methylpentynol
* Pentanol
* Petrichloral
* Propanol
* tert-Butanol (2M2P)
* tert-Pentanol (2M2B)
* Tribromoethanol
* Trichloroethanol
* Triclofos
* Trifluoroethanol

Barbiturates|

* (-)-DMBB
* Allobarbital
* Alphenal
* Amobarbital
* Aprobarbital
* Barbexaclone
* Barbital
* Benzobarbital
* Benzylbutylbarbiturate
* Brallobarbital
* Brophebarbital
* Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
* Butalbital
* Buthalital
* Butobarbital
* Butallylonal
* Carbubarb
* Crotylbarbital
* Cyclobarbital
* Cyclopentobarbital
* Difebarbamate
* Enallylpropymal
* Ethallobarbital
* Eterobarb
* Febarbamate
* Heptabarb
* Heptobarbital
* Hexethal
* Hexobarbital
* Metharbital
* Methitural
* Methohexital
* Methylphenobarbital
* Narcobarbital
* Nealbarbital
* Pentobarbital
* Phenallymal
* Phenobarbital
* Phetharbital
* Primidone
* Probarbital
* Propallylonal
* Propylbarbital
* Proxibarbital
* Reposal
* Secobarbital
* Sigmodal
* Spirobarbital
* Talbutal
* Tetrabamate
* Tetrabarbital
* Thialbarbital
* Thiamylal
* Thiobarbital
* Thiobutabarbital
* Thiopental
* Thiotetrabarbital
* Valofane
* Vinbarbital
* Vinylbital

Benzodiazepines|

* 2-Oxoquazepam
* 3-Hydroxyphenazepam
* Adinazolam
* Alprazolam
* Arfendazam
* Avizafone
* Bentazepam
* Bretazenil
* Bromazepam
* Brotizolam
* Camazepam
* Carburazepam
* Chlordiazepoxide
* Ciclotizolam
* Cinazepam
* Cinolazepam
* Clazolam
* Climazolam
* Clobazam
* Clonazepam
* Clonazolam
* Cloniprazepam
* Clorazepate
* Clotiazepam
* Cloxazolam
* CP-1414S
* Cyprazepam
* Delorazepam
* Demoxepam
* Diazepam
* Diclazepam
* Doxefazepam
* Elfazepam
* Estazolam
* Ethyl carfluzepate
* Ethyl dirazepate
* Ethyl loflazepate
* Etizolam
* EVT-201
* FG-8205
* Fletazepam
* Flubromazepam
* Flubromazolam
* Fludiazepam
* Flunitrazepam
* Flunitrazolam
* Flurazepam
* Flutazolam
* Flutemazepam
* Flutoprazepam
* Fosazepam
* Gidazepam
* Halazepam
* Haloxazolam
* Iclazepam
* Imidazenil
* Irazepine
* Ketazolam
* Lofendazam
* Lopirazepam
* Loprazolam
* Lorazepam
* Lormetazepam
* Meclonazepam
* Medazepam
* Menitrazepam
* Metaclazepam
* Mexazolam
* Midazolam
* Motrazepam
* N-Desalkylflurazepam
* Nifoxipam
* Nimetazepam
* Nitrazepam
* Nitrazepate
* Nitrazolam
* Nordazepam
* Nortetrazepam
* Oxazepam
* Oxazolam
* Phenazepam
* Pinazepam
* Pivoxazepam
* Prazepam
* Premazepam
* Proflazepam
* Pyrazolam
* QH-II-66
* Quazepam
* Reclazepam
* Remimazolam
* Rilmazafone
* Ripazepam
* Ro48-6791
* Ro48-8684
* SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
* Sulazepam
* Temazepam
* Tetrazepam
* Tolufazepam
* Triazolam
* Triflubazam
* Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)
* Tuclazepam
* Uldazepam
* Zapizolam
* Zolazepam
* Zomebazam

Carbamates|

* Carisbamate
* Carisoprodol
* Clocental
* Cyclarbamate
* Difebarbamate
* Emylcamate
* Ethinamate
* Febarbamate
* Felbamate
* Hexapropymate
* Lorbamate
* Mebutamate
* Meprobamate
* Nisobamate
* Pentabamate
* Phenprobamate
* Procymate
* Styramate
* Tetrabamate
* Tybamate

Flavonoids|

* 6-Methylapigenin
* Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
* Apigenin
* Baicalein
* Baicalin
* Catechin
* EGC
* EGCG
* Hispidulin
* Linarin
* Luteolin
* Rc-OMe
* Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin)
* Wogonin

Imidazoles|

* Etomidate
* Metomidate
* Propoxate

Kava constituents|

* 10-Methoxyyangonin
* 11-Methoxyyangonin
* 11-Hydroxyyangonin
* Desmethoxyyangonin
* 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
* 7,8-Dihydroyangonin
* Kavain
* 5-Hydroxykavain
* 5,6-Dihydroyangonin
* 7,8-Dihydrokavain
* 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
* 5,6-Dehydromethysticin
* Methysticin
* 7,8-Dihydromethysticin
* Yangonin

Monoureides|

* Acecarbromal
* Apronal (apronalide)
* Bromisoval
* Carbromal
* Capuride
* Ectylurea

Neuroactive steroids|

* Acebrochol
* Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
* Alfadolone
* Alfaxalone
* 3α-Androstanediol
* Androstenol
* Androsterone
* Certain anabolic-androgenic steroids
* Cholesterol
* DHDOC
* 3α-DHP
* 5α-DHP
* 5β-DHP
* DHT
* Etiocholanolone
* Ganaxolone
* Hydroxydione
* Minaxolone
* ORG-20599
* ORG-21465
* P1-185
* Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
* Progesterone
* Renanolone
* SAGE-105
* SAGE-324
* SAGE-516
* SAGE-689
* SAGE-872
* Testosterone
* THDOC
* Zuranolone

Nonbenzodiazepines|

* Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone
* Pagoclone
* Pazinaclone
* Suproclone
* Suriclone
* Zopiclone

* Imidazopyridines: Alpidem
* DS-1
* Necopidem
* Saripidem
* Zolpidem

* Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon
* Fasiplon
* Indiplon
* Lorediplon
* Ocinaplon
* Panadiplon
* Taniplon
* Zaleplon

* Others: Adipiplon
* CGS-8216
* CGS-9896
* CGS-13767
* CGS-20625
* CL-218,872
* CP-615,003
* CTP-354
* ELB-139
* GBLD-345
* Imepitoin
* JM-1232
* L-838,417
* Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
* NS-2664
* NS-2710
* NS-11394
* Pipequaline
* ROD-188
* RWJ-51204
* SB-205,384
* SX-3228
* TGSC01AA
* TP-003
* TPA-023
* TP-13
* U-89843A
* U-90042
* Viqualine
* Y-23684

Phenols|

* Fospropofol
* Propofol
* Thymol

Piperidinediones|

* Glutethimide
* Methyprylon
* Piperidione
* Pyrithyldione

Pyrazolopyridines|

* Cartazolate
* Etazolate
* ICI-190,622
* Tracazolate

Quinazolinones|

* Afloqualone
* Cloroqualone
* Diproqualone
* Etaqualone
* Mebroqualone
* Mecloqualone
* Methaqualone
* Methylmethaqualone
* Nitromethaqualone
* SL-164

Volatiles/gases|

* Acetone
* Acetophenone
* Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
* Aliflurane
* Benzene
* Butane
* Butylene
* Centalun
* Chloral
* Chloral betaine
* Chloral hydrate
* Chloroform
* Cryofluorane
* Desflurane
* Dichloralphenazone
* Dichloromethane
* Diethyl ether
* Enflurane
* Ethyl chloride
* Ethylene
* Fluroxene
* Gasoline
* Halopropane
* Halothane
* Isoflurane
* Kerosine
* Methoxyflurane
* Methoxypropane
* Nitric oxide
* Nitrogen
* Nitrous oxide
* Norflurane
* Paraldehyde
* Propane
* Propylene
* Roflurane
* Sevoflurane
* Synthane
* Teflurane
* Toluene
* Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
* Trichloroethylene
* Vinyl ether

Others/unsorted|

* 3-Hydroxybutanal
* α-EMTBL
* AA-29504
* Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin)
* Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide)
* Carbamazepine
* Chloralose
* Chlormezanone
* Clomethiazole
* DEABL
* Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine))
* DS2
* Efavirenz
* Etazepine
* Etifoxine
* Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid)
* Fluoxetine
* Flupirtine
* Hopantenic acid
* Lanthanum
* Lavender oil
* Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol)
* Loreclezole
* Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
* Monastrol
* Niacin
* Nicotinamide (niacinamide)
* Org 25,435
* Phenytoin
* Propanidid
* Retigabine (ezogabine)
* Safranal
* Seproxetine
* Stiripentol
* Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional)
* Terpenoids (e.g., borneol)
* Topiramate
* Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol)

* Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: α-Pinene
* MRK-409 (MK-0343)
* TCS-1105
* TCS-1205

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators

Glutamate receptor modulators

* v
* t
* e

Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators

AMPAR|

* Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine
* Acromelic acid (acromelate)
* AMPA
* BOAA
* Domoic acid
* Glutamate
* Ibotenic acid
* Proline
* Quisqualic acid
* Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam
* BIIB-104 (PF-04958242)
* Cyclothiazide
* CX-516
* CX-546
* CX-614
* Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)
* CX-717
* CX-1739
* CX-1942
* Diazoxide
* Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
* IDRA-21
* LY-392098
* LY-395153
* LY-404187
* LY-451646
* LY-503430
* Mibampator (LY-451395)
* Nooglutyl
* ORG-26576
* Oxiracetam
* PEPA
* Piracetam
* Pramiracetam
* S-18986
* Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)

* Antagonists: ACEA-1011
* ATPO
* Becampanel
* Caroverine
* CNQX
* Dasolampanel
* DNQX
* Fanapanel (MPQX)
* GAMS
* Kaitocephalin
* Kynurenic acid
* Kynurenine
* Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
* NBQX
* PNQX
* Selurampanel
* Tezampanel
* Theanine
* Topiramate
* YM90K
* Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
* Cyclopropane
* Enflurane
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Evans blue
* GYKI-52466
* GYKI-53655
* Halothane
* Irampanel
* Isoflurane
* Perampanel
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* Sevoflurane
* Talampanel; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: Minocycline

KAR|

* Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine
* 5-Iodowillardiine
* Acromelic acid (acromelate)
* AMPA
* ATPA
* Domoic acid
* Glutamate
* Ibotenic acid
* Kainic acid
* LY-339434
* Proline
* Quisqualic acid
* SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide
* Diazoxide
* Enflurane
* Halothane
* Isoflurane

* Antagonists: ACEA-1011
* CNQX
* Dasolampanel
* DNQX
* GAMS
* Kaitocephalin
* Kynurenic acid
* Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
* LY-382884
* NBQX
* NS102
* Selurampanel
* Tezampanel
* Theanine
* Topiramate
* UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
* Enflurane
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Evans blue
* NS-3763
* Pregnenolone sulfate

NMDAR|

* Agonists: Main site agonists: AMAA
* Aspartate
* Glutamate
* Homocysteic acid (L-HCA)
* Homoquinolinic acid
* Ibotenic acid
* NMDA
* Proline
* Quinolinic acid
* Tetrazolylglycine
* Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine
* ACBD
* ACC (ACPC)
* ACPD
* AK-51
* Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
* B6B21
* CCG
* D-Alanine
* D-Cycloserine
* D-Serine
* DHPG
* Dimethylglycine
* Glycine
* HA-966
* L-687414
* L-Alanine
* L-Serine
* Milacemide
* Neboglamine (nebostinel)
* Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
* Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin
* Spermidine
* Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol
* DHEA (prasterone)
* DHEA sulfate (prasterone sulfate)
* Epipregnanolone sulfate
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* SAGE-201
* SAGE-301
* SAGE-718

* Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV)
* AP7
* CGP-37849
* CGP-39551
* CGP-39653
* CGP-40116
* CGS-19755
* CPP
* Kaitocephalin
* LY-233053
* LY-235959
* LY-274614
* MDL-100453
* Midafotel (d-CPPene)
* NPC-12626
* NPC-17742
* PBPD
* PEAQX
* Perzinfotel
* PPDA
* SDZ-220581
* Selfotel; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)
* 5,7-DCKA
* 7-CKA
* ACC
* ACEA-1011
* ACEA-1328
* Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
* AV-101
* Carisoprodol
* CGP-39653
* CNQX
* D-Cycloserine
* DNQX
* Felbamate
* Gavestinel
* GV-196771
* Harkoseride
* Kynurenic acid
* Kynurenine
* L-689560
* L-701324
* Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
* LU-73068
* MDL-105519
* Meprobamate
* MRZ 2/576
* PNQX
* Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
* ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine
* Co 101676
* Diaminopropane
* Diethylenetriamine
* Huperzine A
* Putrescine; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): 2-MDP
* 3-HO-PCP
* 3-MeO-PCE
* 3-MeO-PCMo
* 3-MeO-PCP
* 4-MeO-PCP
* 8A-PDHQ
* 18-MC
* α-Endopsychosin
* Alaproclate
* Alazocine (SKF-10047)
* Amantadine
* Aptiganel
* Argiotoxin-636
* Arketamine
* ARL-12495
* ARL-15896-AR
* ARL-16247
* Budipine
* Coronaridine
* Delucemine (NPS-1506)
* Dexoxadrol
* Dextrallorphan
* Dextromethadone
* Dextromethorphan
* Dextrorphan
* Dieticyclidine
* Diphenidine
* Dizocilpine
* Ephenidine
* Esketamine
* Etoxadrol
* Eticyclidine
* Fluorolintane
* Gacyclidine
* Ibogaine
* Ibogamine
* Indantadol
* Ketamine
* Ketobemidone
* Lanicemine
* Levomethadone
* Levomethorphan
* Levomilnacipran
* Levorphanol
* Loperamide
* Memantine
* Methadone
* Methorphan
* Methoxetamine
* Methoxphenidine
* Milnacipran
* Morphanol
* NEFA
* Neramexane
* Nitromemantine
* Noribogaine
* Norketamine
* Orphenadrine
* PCPr
* PD-137889
* Pethidine (meperidine)
* Phencyclamine
* Phencyclidine
* Propoxyphene
* Remacemide
* Rhynchophylline
* Rimantadine
* Rolicyclidine
* Sabeluzole
* Tabernanthine
* Tenocyclidine
* Tiletamine
* Tramadol; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:
* Besonprodil
* Buphenine (nylidrin)
* CO-101244 (PD-174494)
* Eliprodil
* Haloperidol
* Isoxsuprine
* Radiprodil (RGH-896)
* Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)
* Ro 8-4304
* Ro 25-6981
* Safaprodil
* Traxoprodil (CP-101606); NR2A-selective antagonists: MPX-004
* MPX-007
* TCN-201
* TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen
* Magnesium
* Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene
* Butane
* Chloroform
* Cyclopropane
* Desflurane
* Diethyl ether
* Enflurane
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Halothane
* Hexanol
* Isoflurane
* Methoxyflurane
* Nitrous oxide
* Octanol
* Sevoflurane
* Toluene
* Trichloroethane
* Trichloroethanol
* Trichloroethylene
* Urethane
* Xenon
* Xylene; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: ARR-15896
* Bumetanide
* Caroverine
* Conantokin
* D-αAA
* Dexanabinol
* Flufenamic acid
* Flupirtine
* FPL-12495
* FR-115427
* Furosemide
* Hodgkinsine
* Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)
* MDL-27266
* Metaphit
* Minocycline
* MPEP
* Niflumic acid
* Pentamidine
* Pentamidine isethionate
* Piretanide
* Psychotridine
* Transcrocetin (saffron)

* Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: AGN-241751

* See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
* Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
* Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators

* v
* t
* e

Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators

Group I|

| mGluR1|

* Agonists: ACPD
* DHPG
* Glutamate
* Ibotenic acid
* Quisqualic acid
* Ro01-6128
* Ro67-4853
* Ro67-7476
* VU-71
* Theanine

* Antagonists: BAY 36-7620
* CPCCOEt
* Cyclothiazide
* LY-367,385
* LY-456,236
* MCPG
* NPS-2390

|

mGluR5|

* Agonists: ACPD
* ADX-47273
* CDPPB
* CHPG
* DFB
* DHPG
* Glutamate
* Ibotenic acid
* Quisqualic acid
* VU-1545

* Antagonists: CTEP
* DMeOB
* LY-344,545
* Mavoglurant
* MCPG
* NPS-2390
* Remeglurant
* SIB-1757
* SIB-1893; Negative allosteric modulators: Basimglurant
* Dipraglurant
* Fenobam
* GRN-529
* MPEP
* MTEP
* Raseglurant

Group II|

| mGluR2|

* Agonists: BINA
* CBiPES
* DCG-IV
* Eglumegad
* Glutamate
* Ibotenic acid
* LY-379,268
* LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)
* LY-487,379
* LY-566,332
* MGS-0028
* Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)
* Talaglumetad; Positive allosteric modulators: JNJ-40411813 (ADX-71149)

* Antagonists: APICA
* CECXG
* EGLU
* HYDIA
* LY-307,452
* LY-341,495
* MCPG
* MGS-0039
* PCCG-4; Negative allosteric modulators: Decoglurant
* RO4491533

|

mGluR3|

* Agonists: CBiPES
* DCG-IV
* Eglumegad
* Glutamate
* Ibotenic acid
* LY-379,268
* LY-404,039 (pomaglumetad)
* LY-487,379
* MGS-0028
* Pomaglumetad methionil (LY-2140023)
* Talaglumetad

* Antagonists: APICA
* CECXG
* EGLU
* HYDIA
* LY-307,452
* LY-341,495
* MCPG
* MGS-0039; Negative allosteric modulators: Decoglurant
* RO4491533

Group III|

| mGluR4|

* Agonists: Glutamate
* L-AP4
* PHCCC
* VU-001,171
* VU-0155,041; Positive allosteric modulators: Foliglurax
* MPEP

* Antagonists: CPPG
* MAP4
* MPPG
* MSOP
* MTPG
* UBP-1112

|

mGluR6|

* Agonists: Glutamate
* L-AP4

* Antagonists: CPPG
* MAP4
* MPPG
* MSOP
* MTPG
* UBP-1112

mGluR7|

* Agonists: AMN082
* Glutamate
* L-AP4

* Antagonists: CPPG
* MAP4
* MMPIP
* MPPG
* MSOP
* MTPG
* UBP-1112

mGluR8|

* Agonists: DCPG
* Glutamate
* L-AP4

* Antagonists: CPPG
* MAP4
* MPPG
* MSOP
* MTPG
* UBP-1112

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators • Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE mixture. Read more

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*[GABAA]: γ-Aminobutyric acid A
*[AMPAR]: α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
*[KAR]: Kainate receptor
*[NMDAR]: N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
*[DHEA]: Dehydroepiandrosterone
*[mGluR1]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1
*[mGluR5]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5
*[mGluR2]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2
*[mGluR3]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3
*[mGluR4]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4
*[mGluR6]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6
*[mGluR7]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7
*[mGluR8]: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8