Alcoholic drink

Short description: Drink containing alcohol (ethanol) derived from fermentation of sugars

A selection of alcoholic drinks: red wine, malt whisky, lager, sparkling wine, lager, cherry liqueur and red wine A liquor store in the United States. Global sales of alcoholic drinks exceeded $1 trillion in 2018.[1]

An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar. The consumption of alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures. Most countries have laws regulating the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages.[2] Some countries ban such activities entirely, but alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world. The global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2018.[3]

Alcohol is a depressant, which in low doses causes euphoria, reduces anxiety, and improves sociability. In higher doses, it causes drunkenness, stupor, unconsciousness, or death. Long-term use can lead to alcohol abuse, cancer, physical dependence, and alcoholism. Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational drugs in the world, with about 33% of people being current drinkers.[4] As of 2016[update], women on average drink 0.7 drinks and males 1.7 drinks a day.[4] In 2015, among Americans, 86% of adults had consumed alcohol at some point, 70% had drunk it in the last year, and 56% in the last month.[5] Alcoholic drinks are typically divided into three classes—beers, wines, and spirits—and typically their alcohol content is between 3% and 50%.

Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period (cir. 10,000 BC).[6] Many animals also consume alcohol when given the opportunity and are affected in much the same way as humans, although humans are the only species known to produce alcoholic drinks intentionally.[7]

## Contents

* 1 Fermented drinks
* 1.1 Beer
* 1.2 Cider
* 1.3 Mead
* 1.4 Pulque
* 1.5 Wine
* 2 Distilled drinks
* 2.1 Rectified spirit
* 3 Health effects
* 3.1 Short-term effects
* 3.2 Long-term effects
* 3.3 Congeners
* 4 Food energy
* 5 Amount of use
* 6 Reasons for use
* 6.1 Apéritifs and digestifs
* 6.2 Flavoring
* 7 Alcohol measurement
* 7.1 Alcohol concentration
* 7.2 Serving measures
* 7.2.1 Shot sizes
* 7.2.2 Standard drinks
* 8 Laws
* 9 History
* 10 See also
* 10.1 Beverage-related articles
* 10.2 Social and health
* 11 References
* 12 External links

## Fermented drinks

Wine (left) and beer (right) are served in different glasses.

### Beer

Beer is a beverage fermented from grain mash. It is typically made from barley or a blend of several grains and flavored with hops. Most beer is naturally carbonated as part of the fermentation process. If the fermented mash is distilled, then the drink becomes a spirit. In the Andean region, the most common beer is chicha, made from grain or fruits.[8] Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world.[9]

### Cider

Cider or cyder (/ˈsaɪdər/ SY-dər) is a fermented alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice; apple juice (traditional and most common), peaches, pears ("Perry" cider) or other fruit. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% ABV to 8.5% or more in traditional English ciders. In some regions, cider may be called "apple wine".[10]

### Mead

Mead (/miːd/) is an alcoholic drink made by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or hops. The alcoholic content of mead may range from about 8% ABV to more than 20%. The defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drink's fermentable sugar is derived from honey.

### Pulque

Pulque is the Mesoamerican fermented drink made from the "honey water" of maguey, Agave americana. The drink distilled from pulque is tequila or mescal Mezcal.[11]

### Wine

Wine is a fermented beverage produced from grapes and sometimes other fruits. Wine involves a longer fermentation process than beer and a long aging process (months or years), resulting in an alcohol content of 9%–16% ABV.

"Fruit wines" are made from fruits other than grapes, such as plums, cherries, or apples.

Sake is a popular example of "rice wine".

Sparkling wine like French Champagne, Catalan Cava or Italian Prosecco can be made by means of a secondary fermentation.

## Distilled drinks

These flaming cocktails illustrate that high-proof alcohol will readily catch fire and burn.

A distilled drink or liquor is an alcoholic drink produced by distilling (i.e., concentrating by distillation) ethanol produced by means of fermenting grain, fruit, or vegetables.[12] Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have an alcohol content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits.[13] For the most common distilled drinks, such as whiskey and vodka, the alcohol content is around 40%. The term hard liquor is used in North America to distinguish distilled drinks from undistilled ones (implicitly weaker). Vodka, gin, baijiu, tequila, whiskey, brandy, and soju are examples of distilled drinks. Distilling concentrates the alcohol and eliminates some of the congeners. Freeze distillation concentrates ethanol along with methanol and fusel alcohols (fermentation by-products partially removed by distillation) in applejack.

Fortified wine is wine, such as port or sherry, to which a distilled beverage (usually brandy) has been added.[14] Fortified wine is distinguished from spirits made from wine in that spirits are produced by means of distillation, while fortified wine is simply wine that has had a spirit added to it. Many different styles of fortified wine have been developed, including port, sherry, madeira, marsala, commandaria, and the aromatized wine vermouth.[15]

### Rectified spirit

Rectified spirit, also called "neutral grain spirit", is alcohol which has been purified by means of "rectification" (i.e. repeated distillation). The term neutral refers to the spirit's lack of the flavor that would have been present if the mash ingredients had been distilled to a lower level of alcoholic purity. Rectified spirit also lacks any flavoring added to it after distillation (as is done, for example, with gin). Other kinds of spirits, such as whiskey, are distilled to a lower alcohol percentage to preserve the flavor of the mash.

Rectified spirit is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid that may contain as much as 95% ABV. It is often used for medicinal purposes. It may be a grain spirit or it may be made from other plants. It is used in mixed drinks, liqueurs, and tinctures, and also as a household solvent.

## Health effects

Results of the 2010 ISCD study ranking the levels of damage caused by drugs, in the opinion of drug-harm experts. When harm to self and others is summed, alcohol was the most harmful of all drugs considered, scoring 72%.

Alcohol has significant negative health effects, including increased risk of death and cancer.[4] Negative effects are related to the amount consumed with no safe lower limit seen.[4]

### Short-term effects

Wine, beer, distilled spirits and other alcoholic drinks contain ethyl alcohol and alcohol consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the wine, beer or spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Alcohol in carbonated drinks is absorbed faster than alcohol in non-carbonated drinks.[16]

Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03–0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious) and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. Alcohol is eliminated by enzymes in the liver at a rate of ca. 15 mg per dL of blood per hour (mg/dL/h).[17] For a 100 kg man, this corresponds to ca. 15 mL per hour, which is the pure alcohol content of a typical 300 mL small beer bottle.[18] The rate of elimination depends linearly on body weight and follows zero order kinetics, but can be doubled by repeated exposure (habitual drinking).

Drinking while driving, operating aircraft, watercraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident and is often a separately defined felony punishable by jail, license suspension, fines or compulsory treatment.

### Long-term effects

Both alcoholic and non-alcoholic red wine may boost heart health.[19]

Alcohol is the main active ingredient of wine, beer and distilled spirits. Drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink in women and two in men per day) is associated with a decreased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and early death.[20] Drinking more than this amount, however, increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke.[20] The risk is greater in younger people due to binge drinking, which may result in violence or accidents.[20] About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all global deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year.[5] Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years[21] and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.[20] Even moderate alcohol consumption increases cancer risk in individuals.[22][23] No professional medical association recommends that people who are non-drinkers should start drinking wine.[20][24] Another long-term effect of alcohol usage, when also used with tobacco products, is alcohol acting as a solvent, which allows harmful chemicals in tobacco to get inside the cells that line the digestive tract. Alcohol slows these cells' healing ability to repair the damage to their DNA caused by the harmful chemicals in tobacco. Alcohol contributes to cancer through this process.[25]

While lower quality evidence suggests a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis and alcoholism.[26] The American Heart Association "cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."[27]

Alcoholic drinks are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans). IARC classifies alcoholic drink consumption as a cause of female breast, colorectum, larynx, liver, esophagus, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers; and as a probable cause of pancreatic cancer.[28]

### Congeners

In the alcoholic drinks industry, congeners are substances produced during fermentation. These substances include small amounts of chemicals such as occasionally desired other alcohols, like propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol, but also compounds that are never desired such as acetone, acetaldehyde and glycols. Congeners are responsible for most of the taste and aroma of distilled alcoholic drinks, and contribute to the taste of non-distilled drinks.[29] It has been suggested that these substances contribute to the symptoms of a hangover.[30] Tannins are congeners found in wine in the presence of phenolic compounds. Wine tannins add bitterness, have a drying sensation, taste herbaceous and are often described as astringent. Wine tannins adds balance, complexity, structure and makes a wine last longer, so they play an important role in the aging of wine.[31]

## Food energy

Alcoholic drinks are a source of food energy. The USDA uses a figure of 6.93 kilocalories (29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal or 22.9 kJ per ml) for calculating food energy.[32] In addition to alcohol, many alcoholic drinks contain carbohydrates. For example, in 12 US fl oz (355 ml) of 5% ABV beer, along with approximately 18 ml of alcohol (96 kilocalories or 400 kilojoules), there are usually 10–15 g of carbohydrates (about 40–60 kcal or 170–250 kJ).[citation needed] Excessive daily calorie intake may contribute to an increase in body weight and "beer belly". In addition to the direct effect of its caloric content, alcohol is also known to potentiate the insulin response of the human body to glucose, which, in essence, "instructs" the body to convert consumed carbohydrates into fat and to suppress carbohydrate and fat oxidation.[33][34] Ethanol is directly processed in the liver to acetyl CoA, the same intermediate product as in glucose metabolism. Because ethanol is mostly metabolized and consumed by the liver, chronic excessive use can lead to fatty liver. This leads to a chronic inflammation of the liver and eventually alcoholic liver disease.

## Amount of use

Alcohol consumption per person in 2016. Consumption of alcohol is measured in liters of pure alcohol per person aged 15 or older.

The average number of people who drink as of 2016[update] was 39% for males and 25% for females (2.4 billion people in total).[4] Females on average drink 0.7 drinks per day while males drink 1.7 drinks per day.[4] The rates of drinking varies significantly in different areas of the world.[4]

* Age-standardised prevalence of current drinking for females (A) and males (B) in 2016, in 195 locations.[4]

* Average standard drinks (10 g of pure ethanol per serving) consumed per day, age-standardised, for females (A) and males (B) in 2016, in 195 locations.[4]

## Reasons for use

### Apéritifs and digestifs

An apéritif is any alcoholic beverage usually served before a meal to stimulate the appetite,[35] while a digestif is any alcoholic beverage served after a meal for the stated purpose of improving digestion. Fortified wine, liqueurs, and dry champagne are common apéritifs. Because apéritifs are served before dining, they are usually dry rather than sweet. One example is Cinzano, a brand of vermouth. Digestifs include brandy, fortified wines and herb-infused spirits (Drambuie).

### Flavoring

Reduction of red wine for a sauce by cooking it on a stovetop. It is called a reduction because the heat boils off some of the water and most of the more volatile alcohol, leaving a more concentrated, wine-flavoured sauce.

Pure ethanol tastes bitter to humans; some people also describe it as sweet.[36] However, ethanol is also a moderately good solvent for many fatty substances and essential oils. This facilitates the use of flavoring and coloring compounds in alcoholic drinks as a taste mask, especially in distilled drinks. Some flavors may be naturally present in the beverage's raw material. Beer and wine may also be flavored before fermentation, and spirits may be flavored before, during, or after distillation. Sometimes flavor is obtained by allowing the beverage to stand for months or years in oak barrels, usually made of American or French oak. A few brands of spirits may also have fruit or herbs inserted into the bottle at the time of bottling.

Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as an accompanying beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising, since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes.[37] Wine sauce is an example of a culinary sauce that uses wine as a primary ingredient.[38] Natural wines may exhibit a broad range of alcohol content, from below 9% to above 16% ABV, with most wines being in the 12.5–14.5% range.[39] Fortified wines (usually with brandy) may contain 20% alcohol or more.

## Alcohol measurement

### Alcohol concentration

Typical ABV ranges[40] Beers  | typically 5% (range is from 3–15%)

|

Wines  | typically 13.5% (range is from 8%–17%)
Fortified wines  | 15–22%
Spirits  | typically 30%-40% (range is from 15% to, in some rare cases, up to 98%)
Fruit juices  | < 0.1%
Cider, wine coolers  | 4%–8%

Main article: Chemistry:Alcohol by volume

The concentration of alcohol in a beverage is usually stated as the percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV, the number of milliliters (ml) of pure ethanol in 100 ml of beverage) or as proof. In the United States, proof is twice the percentage of alcohol by volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g. 80 proof = 40% ABV). Degrees proof were formerly used in the United Kingdom, where 100 degrees proof was equivalent to 57.1% ABV. Historically, this was the most dilute spirit that would sustain the combustion of gunpowder.

Ordinary distillation cannot produce alcohol of more than 95.6% by weight, which is about 97.2% ABV (194.4 proof) because at that point alcohol is an azeotrope with water. A spirit which contains a very high level of alcohol and does not contain any added flavoring is commonly called a neutral spirit. Generally, any distilled alcoholic beverage of 170 US proof or higher is considered to be a neutral spirit.[41]

Most yeasts cannot reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is higher than about 18%, so that is the practical limit for the strength of fermented drinks such as wine, beer, and sake. However, some strains of yeast have been developed that can reproduce in solutions of up to 25% ABV.[42]

### Serving measures

#### Shot sizes

Shot sizes vary significantly from country to country. In the United Kingdom, serving size in licensed premises is regulated under the Weights and Measures Act (1985). A single serving size of spirits (gin, whisky, rum, and vodka) are sold in 25 ml or 35 ml quantities or multiples thereof.[43] Beer is typically served in pints (568 ml), but is also served in half-pints or third-pints. In Israel, a single serving size of spirits is about twice as much, 50 or 60 mL.

The shape of a glass can have a significant effect on how much one pours. A Cornell University study of students and bartenders' pouring showed both groups pour more into short, wide glasses than into tall, slender glasses.[44] Aiming to pour one shot of alcohol (1.5 ounces or 44.3 ml), students on average poured 45.5 ml & 59.6 ml (30% more) respectively into the tall and short glasses. The bartenders scored similarly, on average pouring 20.5% more into the short glasses. More experienced bartenders were more accurate, pouring 10.3% less alcohol than less experienced bartenders. Practice reduced the tendency of both groups to over pour for tall, slender glasses but not for short, wide glasses. These misperceptions are attributed to two perceptual biases: (1) Estimating that tall, slender glasses have more volume than shorter, wider glasses; and (2) Over focusing on the height of the liquid and disregarding the width.

#### Standard drinks

A "standard drink" of hard liquor does not necessarily reflect a typical serving size, such as seen here

A standard drink is a notional drink that contains a specified amount of pure alcohol. The standard drink is used in many countries to quantify alcohol intake. It is usually expressed as a measure of beer, wine, or spirits. One standard drink always contains the same amount of alcohol regardless of serving size or the type of alcoholic beverage. The standard drink varies significantly from country to country. For example, it is 7.62 ml (6 grams) of alcohol in Austria, but in Japan it is 25 ml (19.75 grams).

* In the United Kingdom, there is a system of units of alcohol which serves as a guideline for alcohol consumption. A single unit of alcohol is defined as 10 ml. The number of units present in a typical drink is sometimes printed on bottles. The system is intended as an aid to people who are regulating the amount of alcohol they drink; it is not used to determine serving sizes.
* In the United States, the standard drink contains 0.6 US fluid ounces (18 ml) of alcohol. This is approximately the amount of alcohol in a 12-US-fluid-ounce (350 ml) glass of beer, a 5-US-fluid-ounce (150 ml) glass of wine, or a 1.5-US-fluid-ounce (44 ml) glass of a 40% ABV (80 US proof) spirit.

## Laws

Alcohol laws regulate the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution, sale, consumption, blood alcohol content of motor vehicle drivers, open containers, and transportation of alcoholic drinks. Such laws generally seek to reduce the adverse health and social impacts of alcohol consumption. In particular, alcohol laws set the legal drinking age, which usually varies between 16 and 25 years, sometimes depending upon the type of drink (e.g., beer vs. hard liquor). Some countries do not have a legal drinking or purchasing age, but most countries set the minimum age at 18 years.[2] Such laws may take the form of permitting distribution only to licensed stores, monopoly stores, or pubs and they are often combined with taxation, which serves to reduce the demand for alcohol (by raising its price) and it is a form of revenue for governments. These laws also often limit the hours or days (e.g., "blue laws") on which alcohol may be sold or served, as can also be seen in the "last call" ritual in US and Canadian bars, where bartenders and servers ask patrons to place their last orders for alcohol, due to serving hour cutoff laws. In some countries, alcohol cannot be sold to a person who is already intoxicated. Alcohol laws in many countries prohibit drunk driving.

In some jurisdictions, alcoholic drinks are totally prohibited for reasons of religion (e.g., Islamic countries with sharia law) or for reasons of local option, public health, and morals (e.g., Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933). In jurisdictions which enforce sharia law, the consumption of alcoholic drinks is an illegal offense,[45] although such laws may exempt non-Muslims.[46]

## History

Members of a German Student Corps (Duchy of Brunswick) shown drinking in a picture from 1837.

* 10,000–5,000 BC: Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggests that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period.[47]
* 7000–5600 BC: Examination and analysis of ancient pottery jars from the neolithic village of Jiahu in the Henan province of northern China revealed residue left behind by the alcoholic drinks they had once contained. According to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, chemical analysis of the residue confirmed that a fermented drink made of grape and hawthorn fruit wine, honey mead and rice beer was being produced in 7000–5600 BC (McGovern et al., 2005; McGovern 2009).[48][49] The results of this analysis were published in December 2004.[50]
* 9th century AD: The medieval Arabs used the distillation process extensively, and applied it to the distillation of alcohol. The Arab chemist Al-Kindi unambiguously described the distillation of wine in the 9th century.[51][52][53]
* 12th century: The process of distillation spread from the Middle East to Italy,[51][54] where distilled alcoholic drinks were recorded in the mid-12th century.[55] In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties.[56] A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, Hebei, dating to the 12th century.[56]
* 14th century: In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East, and was in wide use in the Delhi Sultanate by the 14th century.[54] By the early 14th century, distilled alcoholic drinks had spread throughout the European continent.[55]

## See also

### Beverage-related articles

* Beer and breweries by region
* Chinese alcoholic beverages
* Cooking with alcohol
* Homebrewing
* List of alcoholic drinks
* List of countries by alcohol consumption
* List of national drinks
* Mixed drink

### Social and health

* Alcohol-related crime
* Alcohol and health
* Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
* Religion and alcohol
* Short-term effects of alcohol consumption

## References

1. ↑ "Worldwide Alcohol Consumption Declines -1.6% – IWSR". https://www.theiwsr.com/news-and-comment-worldwide-alcohol-consumption-declines/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Minimum Legal Age Limits". International Alliance for Responsible Drinking. http://www.iard.org/policy-tables/minimum-legal-age-limits/.
3. ↑ "Worldwide Alcohol Consumption Declines -1.6%". International Wines and Spirits Record (ISWR). 2019-05-30. https://www.theiwsr.com/news-and-comment-worldwide-alcohol-consumption-declines/. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Griswold, Max G.; Fullman, Nancy; Hawley, Caitlin; Arian, Nicholas; Zimsen, Stephanie R M.; Tymeson, Hayley D.; Venkateswaran, Vidhya; Tapp, Austin Douglas et al. (August 2018). "Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016". The Lancet 392 (10152): 1015–35. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2. PMID 30146330.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Alcohol Facts and Statistics". National Institute of Health. August 2018. http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
6. ↑ Charles H, Patrick; Durham, NC (1952). Alcohol, Culture, and Society. Duke University Press (reprint edition by AMS Press, New York, 1970). pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-404-04906-5.
7. ↑ Zielinski, Sarah (16 September 2011). "The Alcoholics of the Animal World". Smithsonian. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-alcoholics-of-the-animal-world-81007700/.
8. ↑ John C. Super, "Alcoholic Beverages" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 1, p. 45. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
9. ↑ Nelson, Max (2005). The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-31121-2. https://books.google.com/?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA1&dq=most+consumed+beverage. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
10. ↑ Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow (2006). The Prokaryotes: Proteobacteria: alpha and beta subclasses. Springer. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-387-25495-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=sTsC65kCJbUC&pg=PA169. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
11. ↑ Super, "Alcoholic Beverages", pp. 45–46.
12. ↑ "Distilled spirit/distilled liquor". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106006/distilled-spirit. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
13. ↑ Lichine, Alexis. Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (5th edition) (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 707–709.
14. ↑ Lichine, Alexis (1987). Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (5th ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-394-56262-9.
15. ↑ Robinson, J., ed (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-19-860990-2. https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/279.
16. ↑ Roberts, C.; Robinson, S.P. (2007). "Alcohol concentration and carbonation of drinks: The effect on blood alcohol levels". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 14 (7): 398–405. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2006.12.010. PMID 17720590.
17. ↑ Levine, Barry (2003). Principles of Forensic Toxicology. Amer. Assoc. for Clinical Chemistry. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-1-890883-87-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=k7BInEQ-iqgC&pg=PA161.
18. ↑ Alcohol dissolves freely in the water of the human body. Thus, blood alcohol content and body water alcohol content are the same. A man contains 77% water, which is 770 dL, giving 12 g/h, or 15 ml/h.
19. ↑ "Non-Alcoholic Red Wine May Boost Heart Health". http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/news/20120906/nonalcoholic-red-wine-may-boost-heart-health. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 O'Keefe, JH; Bhatti, SK; Bajwa, A; DiNicolantonio, JJ; Lavie, CJ (March 2014). "Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy.". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 89 (3): 382–93. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005. PMID 24582196.
21. ↑ Schuckit, MA (27 November 2014). "Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens).". The New England Journal of Medicine 371 (22): 2109–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1407298. PMID 25427113. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th.
22. ↑ Cheryl Platzman Weinstock (8 November 2017). "Alcohol Consumption Increases Risk of Breast and Other Cancers, Doctors Say". Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/alcohol-consumption-increases-risk-of-breast-and-other-cancers-doctors-say/. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
23. ↑ Catherine Thorbecke (7 November 2017). "Even moderate alcohol consumption may increase risk of certain cancers, experts warn". ABC. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/moderate-alcohol-consumption-increase-risk-cancers-experts-warn/story?id=50996234. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
24. ↑ Alcohol and Heart Health American Heart Association
25. ↑ "Alcohol Use and Cancer". Cancer.org. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/dietandphysicalactivity/alcohol-use-and-cancer. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
26. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "General Information on Alcohol Use and Health". https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstats/general_info.htm. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
27. ↑ American Heart Association. "Alcohol, Wine and Cardiovascular Disease". http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
28. ↑ Cogliano, VJ; Baan, R; Straif, K; Grosse, Y; Lauby-Secretan, B; El Ghissassi, F; Bouvard, V; Benbrahim-Tallaa, L et al. (December 21, 2011). "Preventable exposures associated with human cancers.". Journal of the National Cancer Institute 103 (24): 1827–39. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr483. PMID 22158127.
29. ↑ Understanding Congeners in Wine, Wines & Vines. Accessed 2011-4-20
30. ↑ Whisky hangover 'worse than vodka, a study suggests', BBC News. Accessed 2009-12-19
31. ↑ "The 5 Basic Wine Characteristics". Wine Folly. 2012-07-23. http://winefolly.com/review/wine-characteristics/. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
32. ↑ "Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26 Documentation and User Guide". USDA. August 2013. p. 14. http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2UserFiles/Place/12354500/Data/SR26/sr26_doc.pdf.
33. ↑ Robert Metz (1969). "Potentiation of the Plasma Insulin Response to Glucose by Prior Administration of Alcohol". Diabetes 18 (8): 517–22. doi:10.2337/diab.18.8.517. PMID 4897290. http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/18/8/517.full.pdf.
34. ↑ Shelmet, JJ; Reichard, GA; Skutches, CL; Hoeldtke, RD; Owen, OE; Boden, G (1988). "Ethanol Causes Acute Inhibition of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Oxidation and Insulin Resistance". J. Clin. Invest. 81 (4): 1137–45. doi:10.1172/JCI113428. PMID 3280601.
35. ↑ Caton, S.J.; Ball, M; Ahern, A; Hetherington, M.M. (2004). "Dose-dependent effects of alcohol on appetite and food intake". Physiology & Behavior 81 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.12.017. PMID 15059684.
36. ↑ Scinska, A; Koros, E; Habrat, B; Kukwa, A; Kostowski, W; Bienkowski, P (2000). "Bitter and sweet components of ethanol taste in humans". Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60 (2): 199–206. doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00149-0. PMID 10940547.
37. ↑ "6 Secrets of Cooking with Wine". http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/features/6-secrets-of-cooking-with-wine#1.
38. ↑ Parker, Robert M. (2008). Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide, 7th Edition. Simon and Schuster. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4391-3997-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=bHp1GJk8IMcC&pg=PA15.
39. ↑ Jancis Robinson (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc. See alcoholic strength at p. 10.
40. ↑ "Find the Alcohol Contents of Beer, Wine, and Liquor". http://www.alcoholcontents.com/. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
41. ↑ Lichine, Alexis. Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits (5th edition) (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 365.
42. ↑ Stewart, Graham G. "Biographical Review: Seduced by Yeast". Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists (2015): 1–21. American Society of Brewing Chemists. 21 Jan. 2015. Web. 14 May 2017.
43. ↑ "fifedirect – Licensing & Regulations – Calling Time on Short Measures!". Fifefire.gov.uk. 2008-07-29. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175012/http://www.fifefire.gov.uk/topics/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.display&subjectid=8133D50D-A872-4A5B-9C65EE07BBF04E7E&objectid=6DDC0AD4-C85A-2F07-BE70B5A0D64D0A58. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
44. ↑ Wansink, Brian; van Ittersum, Koert (2005). "Shape of glass and amount of alcohol poured: comparative study of effect of practice and concentration". BMJ 331 (7531): 1512–14. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1512. PMID 16373735. PMC 1322248. http://www.bmj.com/content/331/7531/1512.
45. ↑ Williams, Lizzie. Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. p. 101.
46. ↑ Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History p. 329 David M. Fahey, Ian R. Tyrrell (2003)
47. ↑ Patrick, Clarence Hodges (1952). Alcohol, Culture, and Society. Durham, NC: Duke University Press (reprint edition by AMS Press, New York, 1970). pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-404-04906-5.
48. ↑ Chrzan, Janet (2013). Alcohol: Social Drinking in Cultural Context. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-415-89249-0.
49. ↑ McGovern, P.E.; Zhang, J.; Tang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Hall, G.R.; Moreau, R.A.; Nunez, A.; Butrym, E.D. et al. (2004). "Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (51): 17593–98. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407921102. PMID 15590771. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..10117593M.
50. ↑ Roach, John. "Cheers! Eight ancient drinks uncorked by science". Nbc News. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34435526/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/cheers-eight-ancient-drinks-uncorked-science/. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (2001), Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences, pp. 65-69, UNESCO
52. ↑ Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources". History of Science and Technology in Islam. http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes7.html. Retrieved 2014-04-19.
53. ↑ The Economist: "Liquid fire – The Arabs discovered how to distill alcohol. They still do it best, say some" December 18, 2003
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Irfan Habib (2011), Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500, p. 55, Pearson Education
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Forbes, Robert James (1970). A Short History of the Art of Distillation: From the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-00617-1. https://books.google.com/?id=XeqWOkKYn28C. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Haw, Stephen G. (2006). "Wine, women and poison". Marco Polo in China. Routledge. pp. 147–48. ISBN 978-1-134-27542-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA148. Retrieved 2016-07-10. "The earliest possible period seems to be the Eastern Han dynasty... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties"

## External links

| Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Alcoholic beverages.

|

* About 37 percent of college students could now be considered alcoholics, Daily Emerald
* Alcohol, Health-EU Portal, Health-EU Portal
* What Is a Standard Drink?, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

* v
* t
* e

Alcoholic drinks

History and production

| History of alcohol|

* History of alcoholic beverages
* History of beer
* History of wine
* History of Bordeaux wine
* History of Champagne
* History of Chianti
* History of French wine
* History of Portuguese wine
* History of Rioja wine
* History of Sherry
* History of South African wine

|

Production|

* Alcohol industry
* Bathtub gin
* Brewing
* Distillation
* Drinking establishments
* Fermentation
* Winemaking

Fermented drinks by ingredients

| Fruit|

Banana
Banana beer
Banana wine
Bignay
Bignay wine
Bokbunja
Bokbunja-ju
Grape
Madeira wine
Marsala wine
Mistelle
Moscatel de Setúbal
Port wine
Red wine
Rosé wine
Sherry
Vermouth
White wine
Java plum
Duhat wine
Lychee
Lychee wine
Pear
Perry
Pineapple
Tepache
Plum
Plum jerkum
Pomegranate
Rimon
Prickly pear
Colonche
Various fruits
Conditum
Dubonnet
Hippocras
Jabol
Mulled wine
Nabidh
Pruno
Sangria

|

Cereals|

Barley
Barley wine
Guinness
Corn
Mageu
Pozol
Tejuino
Tesgüino
Millet
Oshikundu
Tongba
Rice
Agkud
Amazake
Apo
Beopju
Brem
Choujiu
Chuak
Dansul
Gwaha-ju
Hariya
Makgeolli
Mijiu
Mirin
Pangasi
Rice wine
Rượu cần
Saa tram
Sake
Sato
Shaoxing wine
Sonti
Tapai
Tapuy
Rye
Kvass
Sorghum
Pendhā
Multiple grains
Ale
Ara
Beer
Boza
Huangjiu

Other|

Agave
Pulque
Coconut and other palms
Bahalina
Palm wine
Tuak
Tubâ
Tuhak
Tunggang
Ginger
Ginger wine
Honey
Kabarawan
Mead
Tea
Fermented tea
Sugarcane or molasses
Basi
Intus
Palek
Various starches
Cauim
Chicha
Ibwatu

Distilled drinks by ingredients

| Fruit|

Apple
Applejack
Calvados
Cashew apple
Feni
Dates
Araqi
Fig
Boukha
Grape
Arak
Armagnac
Brandy
Cognac
Pisco
Zivania
Juniper
Gin
Plum
Slivovitz
Țuică
Pomace
Chacha
Grappa
Marc
Orujo
Tsikoudia
Tsipouro
Zivania
Various fruits
Brandy
Eau de vie
Himbeergeist
Kirschwasser
Marillenschnaps
Nalewka
Pálinka
Rakia
Schnaps

|

Cereals|

Barley
Irish whiskey
Japanese whisky
Scotch whisky
Buckwheat
Buckwheat whisky
Maize
Bourbon whiskey
Corn whiskey
Tennessee whiskey
Rice
Awamori
Cheongju
Cholai
Lao-Lao
Lihing
Rice baijiu
Shochu
Soju
Sulai
Rye
Korn
Rye whiskey
Starka
Sorghum
Baijiu (Kaoliang wine)
Multiple grains
Ara
American whiskey
Canadian whisky
Shōchū
Whisky

Other|

Agave
Mezcal
Tequila
Coconut and other palms
Arrack
Lambanog
Sugarcane or molasses
Aguardiente
Cachaça
Clairin
Desi daru
Guaro
Rum
Seco Herrerano
Sulai
Sura
Tharra
Various starches
Aguardiente
Akvavit
Bangla
Horilka
Poitín
Shōchū
Vodka

Liqueurs and infused distilled drinks by ingredients

Almond
Amaretto
Crème de Noyaux
Anise
Absinthe
Anisado

Anisado Mallorca
Anisette
Arak
Hierbas

Herbs de Majorca
Mastika
Ouzo
Pastis
Rakı
Sambuca
Blackthorn shrub
Patxaran
Chili peppers
Pertsivka
Chocolate
Chocolate liqueur
Cinnamon
Tentura
Cloudberry
Lakka
Coconut
Malibu
Coffee
Kahlúa
Tia Maria
Egg
Advocaat
Hazelnut
Frangelico
Herbs
Aquavit
Bénédictine
Brennivín
Crème de menthe
Metaxa
Unicum
Honey
Bärenjäger
Drambuie
Glayva
Krupnik
Juniper
Gin
Jenever
Orange
Cointreau
Curaçao
Grand Marnier
Triple sec
Star anise
Sassolino
Sugarcane/molasses
Charanda
Various fruits
Campari
Cedratine
Crème de banane
Crème de cassis
Limoncello
Schnapps
Sloe gin

* List

* v
* t
* e

Bartending

Occupations|

* Barback
* Bartender
* Beer sommelier
* Cocktail waitress
* Sommelier
* Bouncer

Alcoholic beverages|

* Beer
* Cider
* Liquor
* Wine

Non-alcoholic mixers|

* Bitters
* Fruit juice
* Grenadine
* Soft drink
* Sugar syrup
* Tomato juice

Equipment|

* Alcoholic spirits measure
* Bar spoon
* Beer engine
* Beer tower
* Beverage coaster
* Blender
* Chinois
* Cocktail shaker
* Cocktail strainer
* Corkscrew
* Drinkware
* Glass rimmer
* Ice cube
* Jigger
* Juicer
* Margarita machine
* Melon baller
* Muddler
* Muddling spoon
* Nutmeg grater
* Peg
* Swizzle stick
* Whisk
* Zester

Garnishes|

| Edible|

* Bar Sugar
* Celery
* Citrus wedge
* Cocktail onion
* Maraschino cherry
* Olive
* Pickle
* Salt
* Twist

|

Inedible|

* Cocktail stick
* Cocktail umbrella
* Drinking straw
* Swizzle stick

People|

List of bartenders

Terminology|

* Body shot
* Bottle keep
* Dryness
* Flair bartending
* Gay night
* Happy hour
* Ladies' night
* Last call
* Six o'clock swill
* Straight up
* Well drink

Related|

* Bartending school
* Cocktail
* Drinking establishment
* index
* bar
* pub
* tavern
* International Bartenders Association
* official cocktails

*   *   * Category: Bartending

* v
* t
* e

Recreational drug use

Major
recreational
drugs|

| Depressants|

* Barbiturates
* Benzodiazepines
* Carbamates
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Alcoholic drinks
* Beer
* Wine
* Gabapentinoids
* GHB
* Inhalants
* Medical
* Nitrous oxide
* Hazardous solvents
* contact adhesives
* Gasoline
* nail polish remover
* Paint thinner
* Other
* Freon
* Kava
* Nonbenzodiazepines
* Quinazolinones

|

Opioids|

* Buprenorphine
* Suboxone
* Subutex
* Codeine
* Desomorphine
* Krokodil
* Dextropropoxyphene
* Darvocet
* Darvon
* Fentanyl
* Diamorphine
* Heroin
* Hydrocodone
* Hydromorphone
* Dilaudid
* Methadone
* Mitragyna speciosa
* Kratom
* Morphine
* Opium
* Oxycodone
* /paracetamol
* Tramadol

Stimulants|

* Amphetamine
* Arecoline
* Areca
* Betel
* Caffeine
* Coffee
* Energy drinks
* Tea
* Cathinone
* Khat
* Cocaine
* Coca
* Crack
* Ephedrine
* Ephedra
* MDPV
* Mephedrone
* Methamphetamine
* Methylone
* Methylphenidate
* Modafinil
* Nicotine
* Tobacco
* Theobromine
* Cocoa
* Chocolate

Entactogens|

* 2C series
* 6-APB
* Benzofury
* AMT
* MDA
* MDMA
* Ecstasy

Hallucinogens|

| Psychedelics|

* Bufotenin
* Psychoactive toads
* Vilca
* Yopo
* DMT
* Ayahuasca
* LSA
* LSD-25
* Mescaline
* Peruvian torch
* Peyote
* San Pedro
* Psilocybin / Psilocin
* Psilocybin mushrooms

|

Dissociatives|

* DXM
* Glaucine
* Inhalants
* Nitrous oxide
* alkyl nitrites
* poppers
* amyl nitrite
* Ketamine
* MXE
* Muscimol
* Amanita muscaria
* PCP
* Salvinorin A
* Salvia divinorum

Deliriants|

* Atropine and Scopolamine
* Atropa belladonna
* Datura
* Hyoscyamus niger
* Mandragora officinarum
* Dimenhydrinate
* Diphenhydramine

Cannabinoids|

* JWH-018
* THC
* Cannabis
* Hashish
* Hash oil
* Marijuana

Oneirogens|

* Calea zacatechichi
* Silene capensis

Club drugs|

* Cocaine
* Quaaludes
* MDMA (Ecstasy)
* Nitrous oxide
* Poppers

Drug culture|

| Cannabis culture|

* 420
* Cannabis cultivation
* Cannabis smoking
* Head shop
* Legal history of cannabis in the United States
* Legality of cannabis
* Marijuana Policy Project
* Medical cannabis
* NORML
* Cannabis and religion
* Stoner film

|

Coffee culture|

* Coffee break
* Coffeehouse
* Latte art
* Tea house

Drinking culture|

* Bartending
* Beer culture
* Beer festival
* Binge drinking
* Diethyl ether
* Drinking games
* Drinking song
* Happy hour
* Hip flask
* Nightclub
* Pub
* Pub crawl
* Sommelier
* Sports bar
* Tailgate party
* Wine bar
* Wine tasting

Psychedelia|

* Psychonautics
* Art
* Drug
* Era
* Experience
* Literature
* Music
* Microdosing
* Therapy

Smoking culture|

* Cigarette card
* Fashion cigarettes
* Cloud-chasing
* Loosie
* Smokeasy
* Smoking fetishism
* Tobacco smoking

Other|

* Club drug
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Dance party
* Drug paraphernalia
* Drug tourism
* Entheogen
* Hippie
* Needle sharing
* Nootropic
* Party and play
* Poly drug use
* Rave
* Religion and drugs
* Self-medication
* Sex and drugs
* Whoonga

Drug
production
and trade|

| Drug
production|

* Coca production in Colombia
* Drug precursors
* Opium production in Afghanistan
* Rolling meth lab

|

Drug trade|

* Illegal drug trade
* Colombia
* Darknet market
* Drug distribution
* Beer shop
* Cannabis shop
* Liquor store
* Liquor license

Issues with
drug use|

* Abuse
* Date rape drug
* Impaired driving
* Drug harmfulness
* Effects of cannabis
* Addiction
* Dependence
* Prevention
* Opioid replacement therapy
* Rehabilitation
* Responsible use
* Drug-related crime
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
* Long-term effects of cannabis
* Neurotoxicity
* Overdose
* Passive smoking
* of tobacco or other substances

Legality of
drug use|

| International|

* 1961 Narcotic Drugs
* 1971 Psychotropic Substances
* 1988 Drug Trafficking
* Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

|

State level|

* Drug policy
* Decriminalization
* Prohibition
* Supply reduction
* Policy reform
* Demand reduction
* Drug Policy Alliance
* Harm reduction
* Law Enforcement Action Partnership
* Liberalization
* Latin America
* Students for Sensible Drug Policy
* Transform Drug Policy Foundation

Drug policy
by country|

* Australia
* Canada
* Germany
* India
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Soviet Union
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United States
* Just Say No
* Office of National Drug Control Policy
* School district drug policies
* California
* Colorado
* Maryland
* Virginia

Other|

* Arguments for and against drug prohibition
* Capital punishment for drug trafficking
* Cognitive liberty
* Designer drug
* Drug court
* Drug possession
* Drug test
* Narc
* Politics of drug abuse
* War on Drugs
* Mexican Drug War
* Plan Colombia
* Philippine Drug War
* Zero tolerance

Lists of
countries by...|

* Alcohol legality
* Alcohol consumption
* Anabolic steroid legality
* Cannabis legality
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Cigarette consumption
* Cocaine legality
* Cocaine use
* Methamphetamine legality
* Opiates use
* Psilocybin mushrooms legality
* Salvia legality

* v
* t
* e

Alcohols

Straight-chain
primary
alcohols (1°)|

* Methanol (C1)
* Ethanol (C2)
* 1-Propanol (C3)
* n-Butanol (C4)
* 1-Pentanol (C5)
* 1-Hexanol (C6)
* 1-Heptanol (C7)
* 1-Octanol (C8)
* 1-Nonanol (C9)
* 1-Decanol (C10)
* Undecanol (C11)
* Dodecanol (C12)
* Tridecan-1-ol (C13)
* 1-Tetradecanol (C14)
* 1-Pentadecanol (C15)
* Cetyl alcohol (C16)
* Heptadecan-1-ol (C17)
* Stearyl alcohol (C18)
* Nonadecan-1-ol (C19)
* Arachidyl alcohol (C20)
* Heneicosan-1-ol (C21)
* Docosanol (C22)
* Tricosan-1-ol (C23)
* 1-Tetracosanol (C24)
* Pentacosan-1-ol (C25)
* 1-Hexacosanol (C26)
* 1-Heptacosanol (C27)
* 1-Octacosanol (C28)
* 1-Nonacosanol (C29)
* Triacontanol (C30)
* Hentriacontanol (C31)
* Dotriacontanol (C32)
* Tritriacontanol (C33)
* Tetratriacontanol (C34)
* Pentatriacontanol (C35)
* Hexatriacontanol (C36)
* 1-Heptatriacontanol (C37)
* 1-Octatriacontanol (C38)
* Nonatriacontan-1-ol (C39)
* Tetracontanol (C40)

Other primary
alcohols|

* Isobutanol (C4)
* Isoamyl alcohol (C5)
* 2-Methyl-1-butanol (C5)
* Phenethyl alcohol (C8)
* Tryptophol (C10)

Secondary
alcohols (2°)|

* Isopropanol (C3)
* Cyclopropanol (C3)
* 2-Butanol (C4)
* 2-Pentanol (C5)
* 3-Pentanol (C5)
* Cyclopentanol (C5)
* 2-Hexanol (C6)
* 3-Hexanol (C6)
* Pinacolyl alcohol (C6)
* Cyclohexanol (C6)
* 2-Heptanol (C7)
* 3-Heptanol (C7)
* 2-Octanol (C8)

Tertiary
alcohols (3°)|

* tert-Butyl alcohol (C4)
* tert-Amyl alcohol (C5)
* 2-Methyl-2-pentanol (C6)
* 2-Methylhexan-2-ol (C7)
* 2-Methylheptan-2-ol (C8)
* 3-Methyl-3-pentanol (C6)
* 3-Methyloctan-3-ol (C9)

Preparations|

* Substitution of haloalkane
* Carbonyl reduction
* Ether cleavage
* Hydrolysis of epoxide
* Hydration of alkene
* Ziegler process

Reactions|

* Deprotonation
* Protonation
* Alcohol oxidation
* Glycol cleavage
* Nucleophilic substitution
* Fischer–Speier esterification
* Williamson ether synthesis
* Elimination reaction
* Nucleophilic substitution of carbonyl group
* Friedel-Crafts alkylation
* Nucleophilic conjugate addition
* Transesterification

* Category

Consumption of ethanol

* v
* t
* e

Psychoactive substance-related disorder (F10–F19, 291–292; 303–305)

General|

* SID
* Substance intoxication / Drug overdose
* Substance-induced psychosis
* Withdrawal:
* Craving
* Neonatal withdrawal
* Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome (PAWS)
* SUD
* Substance abuse / Substance-related disorders
* Physical dependence / Psychological dependence / Substance dependence

Combined
substance use|

* SUD
* Polysubstance dependence
* SID
* Combined drug intoxication (CDI)

Alcohol|

| SID|

| Cardiovascular diseases|

* Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
* Alcohol flush reaction

|

Gastrointestinal diseases|

* Alcoholic liver disease (ALD):
* Alcoholic hepatitis
* Auto-brewery syndrome

Endocrine diseases|

* Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA)

Nervous
system diseases|

* Alcohol-related dementia (ARD)
* Alcohol intoxication
* Hangover

Neurological
disorders|

* Alcoholic hallucinosis
* Alcoholic polyneuropathy
* Alcohol-related brain damage
* Alcohol withdrawal syndrome:
* Alcoholic hallucinosis
* Delirium tremens (DTs)
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
* Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
* Korsakoff syndrome
* Korsakoff psychosis
* Positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN)
* Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)
* Wernicke encephalopathy (WE)

Respiratory tract diseases|

* Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
* Alcoholic lung disease

SUD|

* Alcoholism (alcohol use disorder (AUD))
* Binge drinking

Caffeine|

* SID
* Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
* Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
* Caffeinism
* SUD
* Caffeine dependence

Cannabis|

* SID
* Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS)
* SUD
* Amotivational syndrome
* Cannabis use disorder (CUD)
* Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder

Cocaine|

* SID
* Cocaine intoxication
* Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE)
* SUD
* Cocaine dependence

Hallucinogen|

* SID
* Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
* Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)

Nicotine|

* SID
* Nicotine poisoning
* Nicotine withdrawal
* SUD
* Nicotine dependence

Opioids|

* SID
* Opioid overdose
* SUD
* Opioid use disorder (OUD)

Sedative /
hypnotic|

* SID
* Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
* benzodiazepine: SID
* Benzodiazepine overdose
* Benzodiazepine withdrawal
* SUD
* Benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD)
* Benzodiazepine dependence
* barbiturate: SID
* Barbiturate overdose
* SUD
* Barbiturate dependence

Stimulants|

* SID
* Stimulant psychosis
* amphetamine: SUD
* Amphetamine dependence

Volatile
solvent|

* SID
* Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS)
* Toluene toxicity
* SUD
* Inhalant abuse

* v
* t
* e

Recreational drug use

Major
recreational
drugs|

| Depressants|

* Barbiturates
* Benzodiazepines
* Carbamates
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Alcoholic drinks
* Beer
* Wine
* Gabapentinoids
* GHB
* Inhalants
* Medical
* Nitrous oxide
* Hazardous solvents
* contact adhesives
* Gasoline
* nail polish remover
* Paint thinner
* Other
* Freon
* Kava
* Nonbenzodiazepines
* Quinazolinones

|

Opioids|

* Buprenorphine
* Suboxone
* Subutex
* Codeine
* Desomorphine
* Krokodil
* Dextropropoxyphene
* Darvocet
* Darvon
* Fentanyl
* Diamorphine
* Heroin
* Hydrocodone
* Hydromorphone
* Dilaudid
* Methadone
* Mitragyna speciosa
* Kratom
* Morphine
* Opium
* Oxycodone
* /paracetamol
* Tramadol

Stimulants|

* Amphetamine
* Arecoline
* Areca
* Betel
* Caffeine
* Coffee
* Energy drinks
* Tea
* Cathinone
* Khat
* Cocaine
* Coca
* Crack
* Ephedrine
* Ephedra
* MDPV
* Mephedrone
* Methamphetamine
* Methylone
* Methylphenidate
* Modafinil
* Nicotine
* Tobacco
* Theobromine
* Cocoa
* Chocolate

Entactogens|

* 2C series
* 6-APB
* Benzofury
* AMT
* MDA
* MDMA
* Ecstasy

Hallucinogens|

| Psychedelics|

* Bufotenin
* Psychoactive toads
* Vilca
* Yopo
* DMT
* Ayahuasca
* LSA
* LSD-25
* Mescaline
* Peruvian torch
* Peyote
* San Pedro
* Psilocybin / Psilocin
* Psilocybin mushrooms

|

Dissociatives|

* DXM
* Glaucine
* Inhalants
* Nitrous oxide
* alkyl nitrites
* poppers
* amyl nitrite
* Ketamine
* MXE
* Muscimol
* Amanita muscaria
* PCP
* Salvinorin A
* Salvia divinorum

Deliriants|

* Atropine and Scopolamine
* Atropa belladonna
* Datura
* Hyoscyamus niger
* Mandragora officinarum
* Dimenhydrinate
* Diphenhydramine

Cannabinoids|

* JWH-018
* THC
* Cannabis
* Hashish
* Hash oil
* Marijuana

Oneirogens|

* Calea zacatechichi
* Silene capensis

Club drugs|

* Cocaine
* Quaaludes
* MDMA (Ecstasy)
* Nitrous oxide
* Poppers

Drug culture|

| Cannabis culture|

* 420
* Cannabis cultivation
* Cannabis smoking
* Head shop
* Legal history of cannabis in the United States
* Legality of cannabis
* Marijuana Policy Project
* Medical cannabis
* NORML
* Cannabis and religion
* Stoner film

|

Coffee culture|

* Coffee break
* Coffeehouse
* Latte art
* Tea house

Drinking culture|

* Bartending
* Beer culture
* Beer festival
* Binge drinking
* Diethyl ether
* Drinking games
* Drinking song
* Happy hour
* Hip flask
* Nightclub
* Pub
* Pub crawl
* Sommelier
* Sports bar
* Tailgate party
* Wine bar
* Wine tasting

Psychedelia|

* Psychonautics
* Art
* Drug
* Era
* Experience
* Literature
* Music
* Microdosing
* Therapy

Smoking culture|

* Cigarette card
* Fashion cigarettes
* Cloud-chasing
* Loosie
* Smokeasy
* Smoking fetishism
* Tobacco smoking

Other|

* Club drug
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Dance party
* Drug paraphernalia
* Drug tourism
* Entheogen
* Hippie
* Needle sharing
* Nootropic
* Party and play
* Poly drug use
* Rave
* Religion and drugs
* Self-medication
* Sex and drugs
* Whoonga

Drug
production
and trade|

| Drug
production|

* Coca production in Colombia
* Drug precursors
* Opium production in Afghanistan
* Rolling meth lab

|

Drug trade|

* Illegal drug trade
* Colombia
* Darknet market
* Drug distribution
* Beer shop
* Cannabis shop
* Liquor store
* Liquor license

Issues with
drug use|

* Abuse
* Date rape drug
* Impaired driving
* Drug harmfulness
* Effects of cannabis
* Addiction
* Dependence
* Prevention
* Opioid replacement therapy
* Rehabilitation
* Responsible use
* Drug-related crime
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
* Long-term effects of cannabis
* Neurotoxicity
* Overdose
* Passive smoking
* of tobacco or other substances

Legality of
drug use|

| International|

* 1961 Narcotic Drugs
* 1971 Psychotropic Substances
* 1988 Drug Trafficking
* Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

|

State level|

* Drug policy
* Decriminalization
* Prohibition
* Supply reduction
* Policy reform
* Demand reduction
* Drug Policy Alliance
* Harm reduction
* Law Enforcement Action Partnership
* Liberalization
* Latin America
* Students for Sensible Drug Policy
* Transform Drug Policy Foundation

Drug policy
by country|

* Australia
* Canada
* Germany
* India
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Soviet Union
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United States
* Just Say No
* Office of National Drug Control Policy
* School district drug policies
* California
* Colorado
* Maryland
* Virginia

Other|

* Arguments for and against drug prohibition
* Capital punishment for drug trafficking
* Cognitive liberty
* Designer drug
* Drug court
* Drug possession
* Drug test
* Narc
* Politics of drug abuse
* War on Drugs
* Mexican Drug War
* Plan Colombia
* Philippine Drug War
* Zero tolerance

Lists of
countries by...|

* Alcohol legality
* Alcohol consumption
* Anabolic steroid legality
* Cannabis legality
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Cigarette consumption
* Cocaine legality
* Cocaine use
* Methamphetamine legality
* Opiates use
* Psilocybin mushrooms legality
* Salvia legality

* v
* t
* e

Other therapeutic products (V03AG–V03AZ)

Treatment of hypercalcemia|

* Sodium cellulose phosphate

Treatment of hypoglycaemia|

* Diazoxide

Medical gases|

* Oxygen
* Carbon dioxide
* Helium
* Nitrogen

Pathophysiology of ethanol

* v
* t
* e

Antidotes (V03AB)

Nervous
system|

| Nerve agent /
Organophosphate
poisoning|

* Atropine#
* Biperiden
* Diazepam#
* Oximes
* Obidoxime
* Pralidoxime
* see also: Cholinesterase

|

Barbiturate
overdose|

* Bemegride
* Ethamivan

Benzodiazepine
overdose|

* Cyprodenate
* Flumazenil

GHB overdose|

* Physostigmine
* SCH-50911

Opioid overdose|

* Diprenorphine
* Doxapram
* Nalmefene
* Nalorphine
* Naloxone#
* Naltrexone

Reversal of
neuromuscular blockade|

* Sugammadex

Circulatory
system|

| Beta blocker|

* Glucagon

|

Digoxin toxicity|

* Digoxin immune fab

Anticoagulants|

* against direct Xa inhibitors (Andexanet alfa)
* against heparin (Protamine#)

Other|

| Arsenic poisoning|

* Dimercaprol#
* Succimer

|

Cyanide poisoning|

* 4-Dimethylaminophenol
* Hydroxocobalamin
* nitrite
* Amyl nitrite
* Sodium nitrite#
* Sodium thiosulfate#

Hydrofluoric acid|

* Calcium gluconate#

Methanol /
Ethylene glycol
poisoning|

* Primary alcohols: Ethanol
* Fomepizole

Paracetamol toxicity
(Acetaminophen)|

* Acetylcysteine#
* Glutathione
* Methionine#

Toxic metals (cadmium

* lead
* mercury
* thallium)

* Dimercaprol#
* Edetates
* Prussian blue#

Other|

* iodine-131
* Potassium iodide
* Methylthioninium chloride#
* oxidizing agent
* Potassium permanganate
* Prednisolone/promethazine

Emetic|

* Copper sulfate
* Ipecacuanha
* Syrup of ipecac

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

* v
* t
* e

Anxiolytics (N05B)

5-HT1AR agonists|

* Buspirone
* Gepirone†
* Tandospirone

GABAAR PAMs|

* Benzodiazepines: Adinazolam
* Alprazolam
* Bromazepam
* Camazepam
* Chlordiazepoxide
* Clobazam
* Clonazepam
* Clorazepate
* Clotiazepam
* Cloxazolam
* Diazepam#
* Ethyl loflazepate
* Etizolam
* Fludiazepam
* Halazepam
* Ketazolam
* Lorazepam#
* Medazepam
* Nordazepam
* Oxazepam
* Pinazepam
* Prazepam; Others: Alpidem‡
* Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital)
* Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate)
* Chlormezanone‡
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Etifoxine
* Imepitoin; Herbs:
* Kava
* Skullcap
* Valerian

Gabapentinoids
(α2δ VDCC blockers)|

* Gabapentin
* Gabapentin enacarbil
* Phenibut
* Pregabalin

Antidepressants|

* SSRIs (e.g., escitalopram)
* SNRIs (e.g., duloxetine)
* SARIs (e.g., trazodone)
* TCAs (e.g., clomipramine#)
* TeCAs (e.g., mirtazapine)
* MAOIs (e.g., phenelzine); Others: Agomelatine
* Bupropion
* Tianeptine
* Vilazodone
* Vortioxetine

Sympatholytics
(Antiadrenergics)|

* Alpha-1 blockers (e.g., prazosin)
* Alpha-2 agonists (e.g., clonidine, dexmedetomidine, guanfacine)
* Beta blockers (e.g., propranolol)

Others|

* Benzoctamine
* Cannabidiol
* Cycloserine
* Fabomotizole
* Hydroxyzine
* Kanna
* Lavender
* Lorpiprazole
* Mebicar
* Mepiprazole
* Nicotine
* Opipramol
* Oxaflozane‡
* Phenaglycodol
* Phenibut
* Picamilon
* Selank
* Tiagabine
* Tofisopam
* Validolum

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

* v
* t
* e

Hypnotics/sedatives (N05C)

GABAA|

| Alcohols|

* 2M2B
* Chloralodol
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Ethchlorvynol
* Methylpentynol
* Trichloroethanol

|

Barbiturates|

* Allobarbital
* Amobarbital
* Aprobarbital
* Barbital
* Butabarbital
* Butobarbital
* Cyclobarbital
* Ethallobarbital
* Heptabarb
* Hexobarbital
* Mephobarbital
* Methohexital
* Narcobarbital
* Pentobarbital
* Phenallymal
* Phenobarbital
* Propylbarbital
* Proxibarbal
* Reposal
* Secobarbital
* Talbutal
* Thiamylal
* Thiopental
* Thiotetrabarbital
* Vinbarbital
* Vinylbital

Benzodiazepines|

* Brotizolam
* Cinolazepam
* Climazolam
* Doxefazepam
* Estazolam
* Flunitrazepam
* Flurazepam
* Flutoprazepam
* Lorazepam
* Loprazolam
* Lormetazepam
* Midazolam
* Nimetazepam
* Nitrazepam
* Phenazepam
* Quazepam
* Temazepam
* Triazolam

Carbamates|

* Carisoprodol
* Emylcamate
* Ethinamate
* Hexapropymate
* Meprobamate
* Methocarbamol
* Phenprobamate
* Procymate
* Tybamate

Imidazoles|

* Etomidate
* Metomidate
* Propoxate

Monoureides|

* Acecarbromal
* Apronal (apronalide)
* Bromisoval
* Capuride
* Carbromal
* Ectylurea

Neuroactive steroids|

* Acebrochol
* Allopregnanolone
* Alphadolone
* Alphaxolone
* Eltanolone
* Hydroxydione
* Minaxolone
* Progesterone

Nonbenzodiazepines|

* Eszopiclone
* Indiplon
* Lirequinil
* Necopidem
* Pazinaclone
* Saripidem
* Suproclone
* Suriclone
* Zaleplon
* Zolpidem
* Zopiclone

Phenols|

* Propofol

Piperidinediones|

* Glutethimide
* Methyprylon
* Pyrithyldione
* Piperidione

Quinazolinones|

* Afloqualone
* Cloroqualone
* Diproqualone
* Etaqualone
* Mebroqualone
* Mecloqualone
* Methaqualone
* Methylmethaqualone
* Nitromethaqualone

Others|

* Acetophenone
* Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
* Bromide compounds
* Lithium bromide
* Potassium bromide
* Sodium bromide
* Centalun
* Chloral betaine
* Chloral hydrate
* Chloralose
* Clomethiazole
* Dichloralphenazone
* Gaboxadol
* Kavalactones
* Loreclezole
* Paraldehyde
* Petrichloral
* Sulfonylalkanes
* Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
* Tetronal
* Trional
* Triclofos
* Sesquiterpene
* Isovaleramide
* Isovaleric acid
* Valerenic acid

GABAB|

* 1,4-Butanediol
* 4-Fluorophenibut
* Aceburic acid
* Baclofen
* GABOB
* GHB (sodium oxybate)
* GBL
* GVL
* Phenibut
* Tolibut

H1|

| Antihistamines|

* Captodiame
* Cyproheptadine
* Diphenhydramine
* Doxylamine
* Hydroxyzine
* Methapyrilene
* Perlapine
* Pheniramine
* Promethazine
* Propiomazine

|

Antidepressants|

* Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
* Etoperidone
* Nefazodone
* Trazodone
* Tricyclic antidepressants
* Amitriptyline
* Doxepin
* Trimipramine, etc.
* Tetracyclic antidepressants
* Mianserin
* Mirtazapine, etc.

Antipsychotics|

* Typical antipsychotics
* Chlorpromazine
* Thioridazine, etc.
* Atypical antipsychotics
* Olanzapine
* Quetiapine
* Risperidone, etc.

α2-Adrenergic|

* Clonidine
* Detomidine
* Dexmedetomidine
* Lofexidine
* Medetomidine
* Romifidine
* Tizanidine
* Xylazine

5-HT2A|

| Antidepressants|

* Trazodone
* Tricyclic antidepressants
* Amitriptyline
* Doxepin
* Trimipramine, etc.
* Tetracyclic antidepressants
* Mianserin
* Mirtazapine, etc.

|

Antipsychotics|

* Typical antipsychotics
* Chlorpromazine
* Thioridazine, etc.
* Atypical antipsychotics
* Olanzapine
* Quetiapine
* Risperidone, etc.

Others|

* Niaprazine

Melatonin|

* Agomelatine
* Melatonin
* Ramelteon
* Tasimelteon

Orexin|

* Almorexant
* Filorexant
* Suvorexant

α2δ VDCC|

* Gabapentin
* Gabapentin enacarbil
* Mirogabalin
* Phenibut
* Pregabalin

Others|

* Cannabidiol
* Cannabis
* Chlorophenylalkyldiols
* Fenpentadiol
* Metaglycodol
* Phenaglycodol
* Diethylpropanediol
* Evoxine
* Fenadiazole
* Guaifenesin-related muscle relaxants
* Chlorphenesin
* Mephenesin
* Mephenoxalone
* Metaxalone
* Methocarbamol
* Midaflur
* Opioids (e.g., morphine)
* Passion flower
* Scopolamine
* Trazodone
* UMB68
* Valnoctamide

* v
* t
* e

Neurotoxins

Animal|

* Batrachotoxin
* Bestoxin
* Birtoxin
* Bungarotoxin
* Charybdotoxin
* Conotoxin
* Fasciculin
* Huwentoxin
* Poneratoxin
* Saxitoxin
* Tetrodotoxin
* Vanillotoxin
* Spooky toxin (SsTx)
* Epibatidine
* Zetekitoxin AB
* Dendrotoxin

Bacterial|

* Botulinum toxin
* Tetanospasmin

Cyanotoxins|

* Anatoxin-a
* Anatoxin-a(S)
* BMAA
* Saxitoxin

Plant|

* Bicuculline
* Penitrem A
* Picrotoxin
* Strychnine
* Tutin
* Rotenone
* Ginkgotoxin
* Cicutoxin
* Oenanthotoxin
* Thujone
* Volkensin

Mycotoxins|

* Ibotenic acid
* Muscarine
* Muscimol

Pesticides|

* Fenpropathrin
* Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine
* Bromethalin
* Crimidine
* Methamidophos
* Endosulfan
* Fipronil
* Phenylsilatrane
* Chlorophenylsilatrane
* Sulfuryl fluoride
* Mipafox
* Schradan
* Dimefox

Nerve agents|

* Cyclosarin
* EA-3148
* Novichok agent
* Sarin
* Soman
* Tabun
* VE
* VG
* VM
* VP
* VR
* VX
* GV
* EA-3990
* EA-4056
* T-1123
* Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
* Fluorotabun
* Chinese VX
* EA-2192

Bicyclic phosphates|

* TBPS
* TBPO
* IPTBO

Other|

* Dimethylmercury
* Toxopyrimidine
* IDPN

Pharmacology of ethanol

Acetylcholine receptor modulators

* v
* t
* e

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators

mAChRs|

| Agonists|

* 77-LH-28-1
* AC-42
* AC-260,584
* Aceclidine
* Acetylcholine
* AF30
* AF150(S)
* AF267B
* Alvameline
* AQRA-741
* Arecoline
* Bethanechol
* Bevonium
* Butyrylcholine
* Carbachol
* CDD-0034
* CDD-0078
* CDD-0097
* CDD-0098
* CDD-0102
* Cevimeline
* Choline
* cis-Dioxolane
* Clozapine
* Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)
* Ethoxysebacylcholine
* Itameline
* LY-593,039
* L-689,660
* LY-2,033,298
* McNA343
* Methacholine
* Milameline
* Muscarine
* NGX-267
* Ocvimeline
* Oxotremorine
* PD-151,832
* Pilocarpine
* RS86
* Sabcomeline
* SDZ 210-086
* Sebacylcholine
* Suberyldicholine
* Talsaclidine
* Tazomeline
* Thiopilocarpine
* Vedaclidine
* VU-0029767
* VU-0090157
* VU-0152099
* VU-0152100
* VU-0238429
* WAY-132,983
* Xanomeline
* YM-796

|

Antagonists|

* 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
* 4-DAMP
* Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol)
* Abediterol
* AF-DX 250
* AF-DX 384
* Ambutonium bromide
* Anisodamine
* Anisodine
* Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, [[Chemistry:Dimetdimetindene, Diphenhydramine|diphenhydramine]], doxylamine, meclizine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, Phenyltoloxamine|Phenyltoloxamine]]]], promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine)
* AQ-RA 741
* Atropine
* Atropine methonitrate
* Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, Chemistry:Fluperlapine

Precursors
(and prodrugs)|

* Acetyl-coA
* Adafenoxate
* Choline (lecithin)
* Citicoline
* Cyprodenate
* Dimethylethanolamine
* Glycerophosphocholine
* Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
* Phosphatidylcholine
* Phosphatidylethanolamine
* Phosphorylcholine
* Pirisudanol

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators

* v
* t
* e

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators

nAChRs|

| Agonists
(and PAMs)|

* 5-HIAA
* A-84,543
* A-366,833
* A-582,941
* A-867,744
* ABT-202
* ABT-418
* ABT-560
* ABT-894
* Acetylcholine
* Altinicline
* Anabasine
* Anatoxin-a
* AR-R17779
* Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
* Butinoline
* Butyrylcholine
* Carbachol
* Choline
* Cotinine
* Cytisine
* Decamethonium
* Desformylflustrabromine
* Dianicline
* Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
* Epibatidine
* Epiboxidine
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Ethoxysebacylcholine
* EVP-4473
* EVP-6124
* Galantamine
* GTS-21
* Ispronicline
* Ivermectin
* JNJ-39393406
* Levamisole
* Lobeline
* MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
* Morantel
* Nicotine (tobacco)
* NS-1738
* PHA-543,613
* PHA-709,829
* PNU-120,596
* PNU-282,987
* Pozanicline
* Pyrantel
* Rivanicline
* RJR-2429
* Sazetidine A
* SB-206553
* Sebacylcholine
* SIB-1508Y
* SIB-1553A
* SSR-180,711
* Suberyldicholine
* Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
* Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
* TC-1698
* TC-1734
* TC-1827
* TC-2216
* TC-5214
* TC-5619
* TC-6683
* Tebanicline
* Tribendimidine
* Tropisetron
* UB-165
* Varenicline
* WAY-317,538
* XY-4083

|

Antagonists
(and NAMs)|

* 18-MAC
* 18-MC
* α-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others)
* ABT-126
* Alcuronium
* Allopregnanolone
* Amantadine
* Anatruxonium
* AQW051
* Atracurium
* Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
* BNC-210
* Bungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin)
* Bupropion
* BW284C51
* BW-A444
* Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
* Chlorisondamine
* Cisatracurium
* Coclaurine
* Coronaridine
* Curare
* Cyclopropane
* Dacuronium bromide
* Decamethonium
* Dehydronorketamine
* Desflurane
* Dextromethorphan
* Dextropropoxyphene
* Dextrorphan
* Diadonium
* DHβE
* Dihydrochandonium
* Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
* Dioscorine
* Dipyrandium
* Dizocilpine (MK-801)
* Doxacurium
* Encenicline
* Enflurane
* Erythravine
* Esketamine
* Fazadinium
* Gallamine
* Gantacurium chloride
* Halothane
* Hexafluronium
* Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
* Hydroxybupropion
* Hydroxynorketamine
* Ibogaine
* Isoflurane
* Ketamine
* Kynurenic acid
* Laudanosine
* Laudexium (laudolissin)
* Levacetylmethadol
* Levomethadone
* Malouetine
* ME-18-MC
* Mecamylamine
* Memantine
* Methadone
* Methorphan (racemethorphan)
* Methyllycaconitine
* Metocurine
* Mivacurium
* Morphanol (racemorphan)
* Neramexane
* Nitrous oxide
* Norketamine
* Pancuronium bromide
* Pempidine
* Pentamine
* Pentolinium
* Phencyclidine
* Pipecuronium bromide
* Progesterone
* Promegestone
* Radafaxine
* Rapacuronium bromide
* Reboxetine
* Rocuronium bromide
* Sevoflurane
* Stercuronium iodide
* Surugatoxin
* Thiocolchicoside
* Toxiferine
* Tramadol
* Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
* Tropeinium
* Tubocurarine
* Vanoxerine
* Vecuronium bromide
* Xenon

Precursors
(and prodrugs)|

* Acetyl-coA
* Adafenoxate
* Choline (lecithin)
* Citicoline
* Cyprodenate
* Dimethylethanolamine
* Glycerophosphocholine
* Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
* Phosphatidylcholine
* Phosphatidylethanolamine
* Phosphorylcholine
* Pirisudanol

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators

* v
* t
* e

GABAA receptor positive modulators

Alcohols|

* Brometone
* Butanol
* Chloralodol
* Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
* Ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink)
* Ethchlorvynol
* Isobutanol
* Isopropanol
* Menthol
* Methanol
* Methylpentynol
* Pentanol
* Petrichloral
* Propanol
* tert-Butanol (2M2P)
* tert-Pentanol (2M2B)
* Tribromoethanol
* Trichloroethanol
* Triclofos
* Trifluoroethanol

Barbiturates|

* (-)-DMBB
* Allobarbital
* Alphenal
* Amobarbital
* Aprobarbital
* Barbexaclone
* Barbital
* Benzobarbital
* Benzylbutylbarbiturate
* Brallobarbital
* Brophebarbital
* Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
* Butalbital
* Buthalital
* Butobarbital
* Butallylonal
* Carbubarb
* Crotylbarbital
* Cyclobarbital
* Cyclopentobarbital
* Difebarbamate
* Enallylpropymal
* Ethallobarbital
* Eterobarb
* Febarbamate
* Heptabarb
* Heptobarbital
* Hexethal
* Hexobarbital
* Metharbital
* Methitural
* Methohexital
* Methylphenobarbital
* Narcobarbital
* Nealbarbital
* Pentobarbital
* Phenallymal
* Phenobarbital
* Phetharbital
* Primidone
* Probarbital
* Propallylonal
* Propylbarbital
* Proxibarbital
* Reposal
* Secobarbital
* Sigmodal
* Spirobarbital
* Talbutal
* Tetrabamate
* Tetrabarbital
* Thialbarbital
* Thiamylal
* Thiobarbital
* Thiobutabarbital
* Thiopental
* Thiotetrabarbital
* Valofane
* Vinbarbital
* Vinylbital

Benzodiazepines|

* 2-Oxoquazepam
* 3-Hydroxyphenazepam
* Adinazolam
* Alprazolam
* Arfendazam
* Avizafone
* Bentazepam
* Bretazenil
* Bromazepam
* Brotizolam
* Camazepam
* Carburazepam
* Chlordiazepoxide
* Ciclotizolam
* Cinazepam
* Cinolazepam
* Clazolam
* Climazolam
* Clobazam
* Clonazepam
* Clonazolam
* Cloniprazepam
* Clorazepate
* Clotiazepam
* Cloxazolam
* CP-1414S
* Cyprazepam
* Delorazepam
* Demoxepam
* Diazepam
* Diclazepam
* Doxefazepam
* Elfazepam
* Estazolam
* Ethyl carfluzepate
* Ethyl dirazepate
* Ethyl loflazepate
* Etizolam
* EVT-201
* FG-8205
* Fletazepam
* Flubromazepam
* Flubromazolam
* Fludiazepam
* Flunitrazepam
* Flunitrazolam
* Flurazepam
* Flutazolam
* Flutemazepam
* Flutoprazepam
* Fosazepam
* Gidazepam
* Halazepam
* Haloxazolam
* Iclazepam
* Imidazenil
* Irazepine
* Ketazolam
* Lofendazam
* Lopirazepam
* Loprazolam
* Lorazepam
* Lormetazepam
* Meclonazepam
* Medazepam
* Menitrazepam
* Metaclazepam
* Mexazolam
* Midazolam
* Motrazepam
* N-Desalkylflurazepam
* Nifoxipam
* Nimetazepam
* Nitrazepam
* Nitrazepate
* Nitrazolam
* Nordazepam
* Nortetrazepam
* Oxazepam
* Oxazolam
* Phenazepam
* Pinazepam
* Pivoxazepam
* Prazepam
* Premazepam
* Proflazepam
* Pyrazolam
* QH-II-66
* Quazepam
* Reclazepam
* Remimazolam
* Rilmazafone
* Ripazepam
* Ro48-6791
* Ro48-8684
* SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
* Sulazepam
* Temazepam
* Tetrazepam
* Tolufazepam
* Triazolam
* Triflubazam
* Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)
* Tuclazepam
* Uldazepam
* Zapizolam
* Zolazepam
* Zomebazam

Carbamates|

* Carisbamate
* Carisoprodol
* Clocental
* Cyclarbamate
* Difebarbamate
* Emylcamate
* Ethinamate
* Febarbamate
* Felbamate
* Hexapropymate
* Lorbamate
* Mebutamate
* Meprobamate
* Nisobamate
* Pentabamate
* Phenprobamate
* Procymate
* Styramate
* Tetrabamate
* Tybamate

Flavonoids|

* 6-Methylapigenin
* Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
* Apigenin
* Baicalein
* Baicalin
* Catechin
* EGC
* EGCG
* Hispidulin
* Linarin
* Luteolin
* Rc-OMe
* Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin)
* Wogonin

Imidazoles|

* Etomidate
* Metomidate
* Propoxate

Kava constituents|

* 10-Methoxyyangonin
* 11-Methoxyyangonin
* 11-Hydroxyyangonin
* Desmethoxyyangonin
* 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
* 7,8-Dihydroyangonin
* Kavain
* 5-Hydroxykavain
* 5,6-Dihydroyangonin
* 7,8-Dihydrokavain
* 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
* 5,6-Dehydromethysticin
* Methysticin
* 7,8-Dihydromethysticin
* Yangonin

Monoureides|

* Acecarbromal
* Apronal (apronalide)
* Bromisoval
* Carbromal
* Capuride
* Ectylurea

Neuroactive steroids|

* Acebrochol
* Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
* Alfadolone
* Alfaxalone
* 3α-Androstanediol
* Androstenol
* Androsterone
* Certain anabolic-androgenic steroids
* Cholesterol
* DHDOC
* 3α-DHP
* 5α-DHP
* 5β-DHP
* DHT
* Etiocholanolone
* Ganaxolone
* Hydroxydione
* Minaxolone
* ORG-20599
* ORG-21465
* P1-185
* Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
* Progesterone
* Renanolone
* SAGE-105
* SAGE-324
* SAGE-516
* SAGE-689
* SAGE-872
* Testosterone
* THDOC
* Zuranolone

Nonbenzodiazepines|

* Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone
* Pagoclone
* Pazinaclone
* Suproclone
* Suriclone
* Zopiclone

* Imidazopyridines: Alpidem
* DS-1
* Necopidem
* Saripidem
* Zolpidem

* Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon
* Fasiplon
* Indiplon
* Lorediplon
* Ocinaplon
* Panadiplon
* Taniplon
* Zaleplon

* Others: Adipiplon
* CGS-8216
* CGS-9896
* CGS-13767
* CGS-20625
* CL-218,872
* CP-615,003
* CTP-354
* ELB-139
* GBLD-345
* Imepitoin
* JM-1232
* L-838,417
* Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
* NS-2664
* NS-2710
* NS-11394
* Pipequaline
* ROD-188
* RWJ-51204
* SB-205,384
* SX-3228
* TGSC01AA
* TP-003
* TPA-023
* TP-13
* U-89843A
* U-90042
* Viqualine
* Y-23684

Phenols|

* Fospropofol
* Propofol
* Thymol

Piperidinediones|

* Glutethimide
* Methyprylon
* Piperidione
* Pyrithyldione

Pyrazolopyridines|

* Cartazolate
* Etazolate
* ICI-190,622
* Tracazolate

Quinazolinones|

* Afloqualone
* Cloroqualone
* Diproqualone
* Etaqualone
* Mebroqualone
* Mecloqualone
* Methaqualone
* Methylmethaqualone
* Nitromethaqualone
* SL-164

Volatiles/gases|

* Acetone
* Acetophenone
* Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
* Aliflurane
* Benzene
* Butane
* Butylene
* Centalun
* Chloral
* Chloral betaine
* Chloral hydrate
* Chloroform
* Cryofluorane
* Desflurane
* Dichloralphenazone
* Dichloromethane
* Diethyl ether
* Enflurane
* Ethyl chloride
* Ethylene
* Fluroxene
* Gasoline
* Halopropane
* Halothane
* Isoflurane
* Kerosine
* Methoxyflurane
* Methoxypropane
* Nitric oxide
* Nitrogen
* Nitrous oxide
* Norflurane
* Paraldehyde
* Propane
* Propylene
* Roflurane
* Sevoflurane
* Synthane
* Teflurane
* Toluene
* Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
* Trichloroethylene
* Vinyl ether

Others/unsorted|

* 3-Hydroxybutanal
* α-EMTBL
* AA-29504
* Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin)
* Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide)
* Carbamazepine
* Chloralose
* Chlormezanone
* Clomethiazole
* DEABL
* Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine))
* DS2
* Efavirenz
* Etazepine
* Etifoxine
* Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid)
* Fluoxetine
* Flupirtine
* Hopantenic acid
* Lanthanum
* Lavender oil
* Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol)
* Loreclezole
* Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
* Monastrol
* Niacin
* Nicotinamide (niacinamide)
* Org 25,435
* Phenytoin
* Propanidid
* Retigabine (ezogabine)
* Safranal
* Seproxetine
* Stiripentol
* Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional)
* Terpenoids (e.g., borneol)
* Topiramate
* Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol)

* Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: α-Pinene
* MRK-409 (MK-0343)
* TCS-1105
* TCS-1205

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators

* v
* t
* e

Glycine receptor modulators

Receptor
(ligands)|

| GlyR|

* Agonists: β-Alanine
* β-ABA (BABA)
* β-AIBA
* Caesium
* D-Alanine
* D-Serine
* GABA
* Glycine
* Hypotaurine
* Ivermectin
* L-Alanine
* L-Proline
* L-Serine
* L-Threonine
* MDL-27531
* Milacemide
* Picolinic acid
* Propofol
* Quisqualamine
* Sarcosine
* Taurine

* Positive modulators: Alcohols (e.g., brometone, chlorobutanol (chloretone), ethanol (alcohol), tert-butanol (2M2P), tribromoethanol, trichloroethanol, trifluoroethanol)
* Alkylbenzene sulfonate
* Anandamide
* Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
* Chlormethiazole
* D12-116
* Dihydropyridines (e.g., nicardipine)
* Etomidate
* Ginseng constituents (e.g., ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside-Rf))
* Glutamic acid (glutamate)
* Ivermectin
* Ketamine
* Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), pregnenolone acetate, minaxolone, ORG-20599)
* Nitrous oxide
* Penicillin G
* Propofol
* Tamoxifen
* Tetrahydrocannabinol
* Triclofos
* Tropeines (e.g., atropine, bemesetron, cocaine, LY-278584, tropisetron, zatosetron)
* Volatiles/gases (e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, desflurane, diethyl ether (ether), enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, sevoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), trichloroethylene)
* Xenon
* Zinc

* Antagonists: 2-Aminostrychnine
* 2-Nitrostrychnine
* 4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine
* αEMBTL
* Bicuculline
* Brucine
* Cacotheline
* Caffeine
* Colchicine
* Colubrine
* Cyanotriphenylborate
* Dendrobine
* Diaboline
* Endocannabinoids (e.g., 2-AG, anandamide (AEA))
* Gaboxadol (THIP)
* Gelsemine
* iso-THAZ
* Isobutyric acid
* Isonipecotic acid
* Isostrychnine
* Laudanosine
* N-Methylbicuculline
* N-Methylstrychnine
* N,N-Dimethylmuscimol
* Nipecotic acid
* Pitrazepin
* Pseudostrychnine
* Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA)
* RU-5135
* Sinomenine
* Strychnine
* Thiocolchicoside
* Tutin

* Negative modulators: Amiloride
* Benzodiazepines (e.g., bromazepam, Chemistry:Clonazepam

|

NMDAR|

* See here instead.

Transporter
(blockers)|

| GlyT1|

* ACPPB
* ALX-1393
* ALX-5407 (NFPS)
* AMG-747
* ASP2535
* BIIB-104 (PF-04958242)
* Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838)
* CP-802079
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Glycyldodecylamide
* GSK1018921
* LY-2365109
* ORG-24598
* ORG-25935 (SCH-900435)
* PF-02545920
* PF-03463275
* Sarcosine
* SSR-103,800
* SSR-504,734

|

GlyT2|

* Amoxapine
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* NAGly
* Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
* ORG-25543
* VVZ-368

See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
GABA receptor modulators
GABAA receptor positive modulators
Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators

* v
* t
* e

Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators

AMPAR|

* Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine
* Acromelic acid (acromelate)
* AMPA
* BOAA
* Domoic acid
* Glutamate
* Ibotenic acid
* Proline
* Quisqualic acid
* Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam
* BIIB-104 (PF-04958242)
* Cyclothiazide
* CX-516
* CX-546
* CX-614
* Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)
* CX-717
* CX-1739
* CX-1942
* Diazoxide
* Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
* IDRA-21
* LY-392098
* LY-395153
* LY-404187
* LY-451646
* LY-503430
* Mibampator (LY-451395)
* Nooglutyl
* ORG-26576
* Oxiracetam
* PEPA
* Piracetam
* Pramiracetam
* S-18986
* Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)

* Antagonists: ACEA-1011
* ATPO
* Becampanel
* Caroverine
* CNQX
* Dasolampanel
* DNQX
* Fanapanel (MPQX)
* GAMS
* Kaitocephalin
* Kynurenic acid
* Kynurenine
* Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
* NBQX
* PNQX
* Selurampanel
* Tezampanel
* Theanine
* Topiramate
* YM90K
* Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
* Cyclopropane
* Enflurane
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Evans blue
* GYKI-52466
* GYKI-53655
* Halothane
* Irampanel
* Isoflurane
* Perampanel
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* Sevoflurane
* Talampanel; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: Minocycline

KAR|

* Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine
* 5-Iodowillardiine
* Acromelic acid (acromelate)
* AMPA
* ATPA
* Domoic acid
* Glutamate
* Ibotenic acid
* Kainic acid
* LY-339434
* Proline
* Quisqualic acid
* SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide
* Diazoxide
* Enflurane
* Halothane
* Isoflurane

* Antagonists: ACEA-1011
* CNQX
* Dasolampanel
* DNQX
* GAMS
* Kaitocephalin
* Kynurenic acid
* Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
* LY-382884
* NBQX
* NS102
* Selurampanel
* Tezampanel
* Theanine
* Topiramate
* UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
* Enflurane
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Evans blue
* NS-3763
* Pregnenolone sulfate

NMDAR|

* Agonists: Main site agonists: AMAA
* Aspartate
* Glutamate
* Homocysteic acid (L-HCA)
* Homoquinolinic acid
* Ibotenic acid
* NMDA
* Proline
* Quinolinic acid
* Tetrazolylglycine
* Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine
* ACBD
* ACC (ACPC)
* ACPD
* AK-51
* Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
* B6B21
* CCG
* D-Alanine
* D-Cycloserine
* D-Serine
* DHPG
* Dimethylglycine
* Glycine
* HA-966
* L-687414
* L-Alanine
* L-Serine
* Milacemide
* Neboglamine (nebostinel)
* Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
* Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin
* Spermidine
* Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol
* DHEA (prasterone)
* DHEA sulfate (prasterone sulfate)
* Epipregnanolone sulfate
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* SAGE-201
* SAGE-301
* SAGE-718

* Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV)
* AP7
* CGP-37849
* CGP-39551
* CGP-39653
* CGP-40116
* CGS-19755
* CPP
* Kaitocephalin
* LY-233053
* LY-235959
* LY-274614
* MDL-100453
* Midafotel (d-CPPene)
* NPC-12626
* NPC-17742
* PBPD
* PEAQX
* Perzinfotel
* PPDA
* SDZ-220581
* Selfotel; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)
* 5,7-DCKA
* 7-CKA
* ACC
* ACEA-1011
* ACEA-1328
* Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
* AV-101
* Carisoprodol
* CGP-39653
* CNQX
* D-Cycloserine
* DNQX
* Felbamate
* Gavestinel
* GV-196771
* Harkoseride
* Kynurenic acid
* Kynurenine
* L-689560
* L-701324
* Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
* LU-73068
* MDL-105519
* Meprobamate
* MRZ 2/576
* PNQX
* Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
* ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine
* Co 101676
* Diaminopropane
* Diethylenetriamine
* Huperzine A
* Putrescine; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): 2-MDP
* 3-HO-PCP
* 3-MeO-PCE
* 3-MeO-PCMo
* 3-MeO-PCP
* 4-MeO-PCP
* 8A-PDHQ
* 18-MC
* α-Endopsychosin
* Alaproclate
* Alazocine (SKF-10047)
* Amantadine
* Aptiganel
* Argiotoxin-636
* Arketamine
* ARL-12495
* ARL-15896-AR
* ARL-16247
* Budipine
* Coronaridine
* Delucemine (NPS-1506)
* Dexoxadrol
* Dextrallorphan
* Dextromethadone
* Dextromethorphan
* Dextrorphan
* Dieticyclidine
* Diphenidine
* Dizocilpine
* Ephenidine
* Esketamine
* Etoxadrol
* Eticyclidine
* Fluorolintane
* Gacyclidine
* Ibogaine
* Ibogamine
* Indantadol
* Ketamine
* Ketobemidone
* Lanicemine
* Levomethadone
* Levomethorphan
* Levomilnacipran
* Levorphanol
* Loperamide
* Memantine
* Methadone
* Methorphan
* Methoxetamine
* Methoxphenidine
* Milnacipran
* Morphanol
* NEFA
* Neramexane
* Nitromemantine
* Noribogaine
* Norketamine
* Orphenadrine
* PCPr
* PD-137889
* Pethidine (meperidine)
* Phencyclamine
* Phencyclidine
* Propoxyphene
* Remacemide
* Rhynchophylline
* Rimantadine
* Rolicyclidine
* Sabeluzole
* Tabernanthine
* Tenocyclidine
* Tiletamine
* Tramadol; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:
* Besonprodil
* Buphenine (nylidrin)
* CO-101244 (PD-174494)
* Eliprodil
* Haloperidol
* Isoxsuprine
* Radiprodil (RGH-896)
* Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)
* Ro 8-4304
* Ro 25-6981
* Safaprodil
* Traxoprodil (CP-101606); NR2A-selective antagonists: MPX-004
* MPX-007
* TCN-201
* TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen
* Magnesium
* Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene
* Butane
* Chloroform
* Cyclopropane
* Desflurane
* Diethyl ether
* Enflurane
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Halothane
* Hexanol
* Isoflurane
* Methoxyflurane
* Nitrous oxide
* Octanol
* Sevoflurane
* Toluene
* Trichloroethane
* Trichloroethanol
* Trichloroethylene
* Urethane
* Xenon
* Xylene; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: ARR-15896
* Bumetanide
* Caroverine
* Conantokin
* D-αAA
* Dexanabinol
* Flufenamic acid
* Flupirtine
* FPL-12495
* FR-115427
* Furosemide
* Hodgkinsine
* Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)
* MDL-27266
* Metaphit
* Minocycline
* MPEP
* Niflumic acid
* Pentamidine
* Pentamidine isethionate
* Piretanide
* Psychotridine
* Transcrocetin (saffron)

* Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: AGN-241751

* See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
* Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
* Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators

* v
* t
* e

Serotonin receptor modulators

5-HT1|

| 5-HT1A|

* Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT
* Adatanserin
* Amphetamine
* Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine)
* Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone)
* Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone)
* Bay R 1531
* Befiradol
* BMY-14802
* Cannabidiol
* Dimemebfe
* Dopamine
* Ebalzotan
* Eltoprazine
* Enciprazine
* Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide)
* F-11461
* F-12826
* F-13714
* F-14679
* F-15063
* F-15,599
* Flesinoxan
* Flibanserin
* Flumexadol
* Hypidone
* Lesopitron
* LY-293284
* LY-301317
* mCPP
* MKC-242
* Naluzotan
* NBUMP
* Osemozotan
* Oxaflozane
* Pardoprunox
* Piclozotan
* Rauwolscine
* Repinotan
* Roxindole
* RU-24,969
* S-14,506
* S-14671
* S-15535
* Sarizotan
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* SSR-181507
* Sunepitron
* Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin)
* TGBA01AD
* U-92,016-A
* Urapidil
* Vilazodone
* Xaliproden
* Yohimbine

* Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole)
* AV965
* Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol)
* BMY-7,378
* CSP-2503
* Dotarizine
* Ergolines (e.g., metergoline)
* FCE-24379
* Flopropione
* GR-46611
* Isamoltane
* Lecozotan
* Mefway
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* MIN-117 (WF-516)
* MPPF
* NAN-190
* Robalzotan
* S-15535
* SB-649,915
* SDZ 216-525
* Spiperone
* Spiramide
* Spiroxatrine
* UH-301
* WAY-100135
* WAY-100635
* Xylamidine

* Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine
* Carvedilol
* Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine))

5-HT1B|

* Agonists: Anpirtoline
* CGS-12066A
* CP-93129
* CP-94253
* CP-122,288
* CP-135807
* Eltoprazine
* Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide)
* mCPP
* RU-24,969
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan)
* TFMPP
* Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT)
* Vortioxetine

* Antagonists: AR-A000002
* Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol)
* Elzasonan
* Ergolines (e.g., metergoline)
* GR-127935
* Isamoltane
* LY-393558
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* SB-216641
* SB-224289
* SB-236057
* Yohimbine

* Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride)

5-HT1D|

* Agonists: CP-122,288
* CP-135807
* CP-286601
* Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide)
* Chemistry:GR-46611
* L-694247
* Chemistry:L-772405
* mCPP
* PNU-109291
* PNU-142633
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* TGBA01AD
* Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, [[Chemistry:Eleeletriptan, Frovatriptan|frovatriptan]], naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan)
* Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT)

* Antagonists: Alniditan
* BRL-15,572
* Elzasonan
* Ergolines (e.g., metergoline)
* GR-127935
* Ketanserin
* LY-310762
* LY-367642
* LY-393558
* LY-456219
* LY-456220
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* Mianserin
* Ritanserin
* Yohimbine
* Ziprasidone

* Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine
* Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide)

5-HT1E|

* Agonists: BRL-54443
* Ergolines (e.g., methysergide)
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Triptans (e.g., eletriptan)
* Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine)

* Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin)

* Unknown/unsorted: ErgIrindaloneolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine)

5-HT1F|

* Agonists: BRL-54443
* CP-122,288
* Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide)
* Lasmiditan
* LY-334370
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan)
* Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT)

* Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin)
* Mianserin

5-HT2|

| 5-HT2A|

* Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe)
* 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21)
* 2C-B-FLY
* 2CB-Ind
* 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT)
* α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT)
* AL-34662
* AL-37350A
* Bromo-DragonFLY
* Dimemebfe
* DMBMPP
* DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM)
* Efavirenz
* Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide)
* Flumexadol
* IHCH-7113
* Jimscaline
* Lorcaserin
* MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA)
* O-4310
* Oxaflozane
* PHA-57378
* PNU-22394
* PNU-181731
* RH-34
* SCHEMBL5334361
* Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline)
* Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP)
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* TCB-2
* TFMFly
* Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)

* Antagonists: 5-I-R91150
* 5-MeO-NBpBrT
* AC-90179
* Adatanserin
* Altanserin
* Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine)
* AMDA
* Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine)
* Chlorprothixene
* Cinanserin
* CSP-2503
* Deramciclane
* Dotarizine
* Eplivanserin
* Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole)
* Fananserin
* Flibanserin
* Glemanserin
* Irindalone
* Ketanserin
* KML-010
* Landipirdine
* LY-393558
* mCPP
* Medifoxamine
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* MIN-117 (WF-516)
* Naftidrofuryl
* Nantenine
* Nelotanserin
* Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
* Pelanserin
* Phenoxybenzamine
* Pimavanserin
* Pirenperone
* Pizotifen
* Pruvanserin
* Rauwolscine
* Ritanserin
* Roluperidone
* S-14671
* Sarpogrelate
* Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone)
* SR-46349B
* TGBA01AD
* Teniloxazine
* Temanogrel
* Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
* Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline)
* Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine)
* Volinanserin
* Xylamidine
* Yohimbine

* Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline)

5-HT2B|

* Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex
* Aminorex
* Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine)
* BW-723C86
* DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM)
* Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide)
* Lorcaserin
* MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA)
* Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP)
* PNU-22394
* Ro60-0175
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)

* Antagonists: Agomelatine
* Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone)
* Cyproheptadine
* EGIS-7625
* Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine)
* Ketanserin
* LY-393558
* mCPP
* Metadoxine
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* Pirenperone
* Pizotifen
* Propranolol
* PRX-08066
* Rauwolscine
* Ritanserin
* RS-127445
* Sarpogrelate
* SB-200646
* SB-204741
* SB-206553
* SB-215505
* SB-221284
* SB-228357
* SDZ SER-082
* Tegaserod
* Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine)
* Trazodone
* Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine)
* TIK-301
* Yohimbine

* Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine))

5-HT2C|

* Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21)
* 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT)
* α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT)
* A-372159
* AL-38022A
* Alstonine
* CP-809101
* Dimemebfe
* DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM)
* Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide)
* Flumexadol
* Lorcaserin
* MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA)
* MK-212
* ORG-12962
* ORG-37684
* Oxaflozane
* PHA-57378
* Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline)
* Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP)
* PNU-22394
* PNU-181731
* Ro60-0175
* Ro60-0213
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)
* Vabicaserin
* WAY-629
* WAY-161503
* YM-348

* Antagonists: Adatanserin
* Agomelatine
* Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine)
* Captodiame
* CEPC
* Cinanserin
* Cyproheptadine
* Deramciclane
* Desmetramadol
* Dotarizine
* Eltoprazine
* Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole)
* Etoperidone
* Fluoxetine
* FR-260010
* Irindalone
* Ketanserin
* Ketotifen
* Latrepirdine (dimebolin)
* Medifoxamine
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* Nefazodone
* Pirenperone
* Pizotifen
* Propranolol
* Ritanserin
* RS-102221
* S-14671
* SB-200646
* SB-206553
* SB-221284
* SB-228357
* SB-242084
* SB-243213
* SDZ SER-082
* Tedatioxetine
* Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
* TIK-301
* Tramadol
* Trazodone
* Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline)
* Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine)
* Xylamidine

* Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz
* Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine))

5-HT3–7|

| 5-HT3|

* Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol)
* m-CPBG
* Phenylbiguanide
* Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine)
* RS-56812
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* SR-57227
* SR-57227A
* Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ))
* Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane)
* YM-31636

* Antagonists: Alosetron
* Chemistry:Arazasetron
* AS-8112
* Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine)
* Azasetron
* Batanopride
* Bemesetron (MDL-72222)
* Bupropion
* Cilansetron
* CSP-2503
* Dazopride
* Dolasetron
* Galanolactone
* Granisetron
* Hydroxybupropion
* Lerisetron
* Memantine
* Ondansetron
* Palonosetron
* Ramosetron
* Renzapride
* Ricasetron
* Tedatioxetine
* Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine)
* Thujone
* Tropanserin
* Tropisetron
* Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine)
* Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon)
* Vortioxetine
* Zacopride
* Zatosetron

* Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857
* Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)

5-HT4|

* Agonists: 5-MT
* BIMU8
* Capeserod
* Cinitapride
* Cisapride
* CJ-033466
* Dazopride
* Metoclopramide
* Minesapride
* Mosapride
* Prucalopride
* PRX-03140
* Renzapride
* RS-67,333
* RS-67,506
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Tegaserod
* Usmarapride
* Velusetrag
* Zacopride

* Antagonists: GR-113808
* GR-125487
* L-Lysine
* Piboserod
* RS-39604
* RS-67532
* SB-203186
* SB-204070

5-HT5A|

* Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD)
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT)
* Valerenic acid

* Antagonists: Asenapine
* Latrepirdine (dimebolin)
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* Ritanserin
* SB-699551

* Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide)
* Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)

5-HT6|

* Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide)
* Hypidone
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, ST-1936, tryptamine)
* WAY-181187
* WAY-208466

* Antagonists: ABT-354
* Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone)
* AVN-101
* AVN-211
* AVN-322
* AVN-397
* BGC20-760
* BVT-5182
* BVT-74316
* Cerlapirdine
* EGIS-12,233
* GW-742457
* Idalopirdine
* Ketanserin
* Landipirdine
* Latrepirdine (dimebolin)
* Masupirdine
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* MS-245
* PRX-07034
* Ritanserin
* Ro 04-6790
* Ro 63-0563
* SB-258585
* SB-271046
* SB-357134
* SB-399885
* SB-742457
* Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin)
* Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline)
* Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine)

* Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide)
* Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)

5-HT7|

* Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT
* AS-19
* Bifeprunox
* E-55888
* Ergolines (e.g., LSD)
* LP-12
* LP-44
* LP-211
* RU-24,969
* Sarizotan
* Serotonin (5-HT)
* Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan)
* Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT)

* Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine)
* Butaclamol
* DR-4485
* EGIS-12,233
* Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215,840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole)
* JNJ-18038683
* Ketanserin
* LY-215,840
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* Ritanserin
* SB-258719
* SB-258741
* SB-269970
* SB-656104
* SB-656104A
* SB-691673
* SLV-313
* SLV-314
* Spiperone
* Chemistry:SSR-181507
* Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
* Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine)
* Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide)
* Vortioxetine

* Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide)
* Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)

* See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
* Adrenergics
* Dopaminergics
* Melatonergics
* Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents
* Monoamine metabolism modulators
* Monoamine neurotoxins

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*[5-HT1AR]: 5-HT1A receptor
*[GABAAR]: GABAA receptor
*[PAMs]: positive allosteric modulators
*[α2δ]: alpha2delta subunit
*[VDCC]: voltage-gated calcium channel
*[SSRIs]: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
*[SNRIs]: Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
*[SARIs]: Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors
*[TCAs]: Tricyclic antidepressants
*[TeCAs]: Tetracyclic antidepressants
*[MAOIs]: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
*[mAChRs]: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
*[nAChRs]: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
*[NAMs]: negative allosteric modulators
*[GABAA]: γ-Aminobutyric acid A
*[GlyR]: Glycine receptor
*[NMDAR]: N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
*[GlyT1]: Glycine transporter 1
*[GlyT2]: Glycine transporter 2
*[AMPAR]: α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
*[KAR]: Kainate receptor
*[DHEA]: Dehydroepiandrosterone