Aluminium carbide

Names
Preferred IUPAC name

Aluminium carbide

Other names

Aluminium carbide

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 1299-86-1 Y
* 12656-43-8 N

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChemSpider |

* 21241412 Y

EC Number |

* 215-076-2

MeSH | Aluminum+carbide

PubChem CID

* 16685054

UN number | UN 1394

InChI

* InChI=1S/3C.4Al/q3*-4;4*+3 Y

Key: TWHBEKGYWPPYQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

* InChI=1/3C.4Al/q3*-4;4*+3

Key: TWHBEKGYWPPYQL-UHFFFAOYAR

SMILES

* [Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[C-4].[C-4].[C-4]

Properties

Chemical formula

| Al4C3
Molar mass | 143.95853 g/mol
Appearance  | colorless (when pure) hexagonal crystals[1]
Odor | odorless
Density | 2.93 g/cm3[1]
Melting point |  2,200 °C (3,990 °F; 2,470 K)
Boiling point | decomposes at 1400 °C[2]

Solubility in water

| reacts to make natural gas
Structure

Crystal structure

| Rhombohedral, hR21, space group[2]

Space group

| R3m（No. 166）

Lattice constant

a = 0.3335 nm, b = 0.3335 nm, c = 0.85422 nm

α = 78.743°, β = 78.743°, γ = 60°

Thermochemistry

Heat capacity (C)

| 116.8 J/mol K

Std molar
entropy (S ~~o~~ 298)

| 88.95 J/mol K

Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)

| -209 kJ/mol

Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)

| -196 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS pictograms |
GHS Signal word | Warning

GHS hazard statements

| H261, H315, H319, H335

GHS precautionary statements

| P231+232, P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P312, P321, P332+313, P337+313, P362, P370+378, P402+404, P403+233, P405, P501

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Aluminium carbide, chemical formula Al4C3, is a carbide of aluminium. It has the appearance of pale yellow to brown crystals. It is stable up to 1400 °C. It decomposes in water with the production of methane.

## Contents

* 1 Structure
* 1.1 Reactions
* 2 Preparation
* 3 Occurrence
* 4 Applications
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Structure

Aluminium carbide has an unusual crystal structure that consists of alternating layers of Al2C and Al2C2. Each aluminium atom is coordinated to 4 carbon atoms to give a tetrahedral arrangement. Carbon atoms exist in 2 different binding environments; one is a deformed octahedron of 6 Al atoms at a distance of 217 pm. The other is a distorted trigonal bipyramidal structure of 4 Al atoms at 190–194 pm and a fifth Al atom at 221 pm.[3][4] Other carbides (IUPAC nomenclature: methides) also exhibit complex structures.

### Reactions

Aluminium carbide hydrolyses with evolution of methane. The reaction proceeds at room temperature but is rapidly accelerated by heating.[5]

Al4C3 \+ 12 H2O → 4 Al(OH)3 \+ 3 CH4

Similar reactions occur with other protic reagents:[1]

Al4C3 \+ 12 HCl → 4 AlCl3 \+ 3 CH4

Reactive hot isostatic pressing (hipping) at ≈40 MPa of the appropriate mixtures of Ti, Al4C3 graphite, for 15 hours at 1300 °C yields predominantly single-phase samples of Ti2AlC0.5N0.5, 30 hours at 1300 °C yields predominantly single-phase samples of Ti2AlC (Titanium aluminium carbide).[6]

## Preparation

Aluminium carbide is prepared by direct reaction of aluminium and carbon in an electric arc furnace.[3]

4 Al + 3 C → Al4C3

An alternative reaction begins with alumina, but it is less favorable because of generation of carbon monoxide.

2 Al2O3 \+ 9 C → Al4C3 \+ 6 CO

Silicon carbide also reacts with aluminium to yield Al4C3. This conversion limits the mechanical applications of SiC, because Al4C3 is more brittle than SiC.[7]

4 Al + 3 SiC → Al4C3 \+ 3 Si

In aluminium-matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide, the chemical reactions between silicon carbide and molten aluminium generate a layer of aluminium carbide on the silicon carbide particles, which decreases the strength of the material, although it increases the wettability of the SiC particles.[8] This tendency can be decreased by coating the silicon carbide particles with a suitable oxide or nitride, preoxidation of the particles to form a silica coating, or using a layer of sacrificial metal.[9]

An aluminium-aluminium carbide composite material can be made by mechanical alloying, by mixing aluminium powder with graphite particles.

## Occurrence

Small amounts of aluminium carbide are a common impurity of technical calcium carbide. In electrolytic manufacturing of aluminium, aluminium carbide forms as a corrosion product of the graphite electrodes.[10]

In metal matrix composites based on aluminium matrix reinforced with non-metal carbides (silicon carbide, boron carbide, etc.) or carbon fibres, aluminium carbide often forms as an unwanted product. In case of carbon fibre, it reacts with the aluminium matrix at temperatures above 500 °C; better wetting of the fibre and inhibition of chemical reaction can be achieved by coating it with e.g. titanium boride.[citation needed]

## Applications

Aluminium carbide particles finely dispersed in aluminium matrix lower the tendency of the material to creep, especially in combination with silicon carbide particles.[11]

Aluminium carbide can be used as an abrasive in high-speed cutting tools.[12] It has approximately the same hardness as topaz.[13]

## See also

* List of compounds with carbon number 1

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mary Eagleson (1994). Concise encyclopedia chemistry. Walter de Gruyter. p. 52. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5. https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00eagl.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gesing, T. M.; Jeitschko, W. (1995). The Crystal Structure and Chemical Properties of U2Al3C4 and Structure Refinement of Al4C3. 50. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, A journal of chemical sciences. pp. 196–200.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
4. ↑ Solozhenko, Vladimir L.; Kurakevych, Oleksandr O. (2005). "Equation of state of aluminum carbide Al4C3". Solid State Communications 133 (6): 385–388. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2004.11.030. ISSN 0038-1098. Bibcode: 2005SSCom.133..385S.
5. ↑ qualitative inorganic analysis. CUP Archive. 1954. p. 102. https://books.google.com/books?id=rzI9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102.
6. ↑ Barsoum, M.W.; El-Raghy, T.; Ali, M. (30 June 1999). "Processing and characterization of Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, and Ti2AlC0.5N0.5". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 31 (7): 1857–1865. doi:10.1007/s11661-006-0243-3.
7. ↑ Deborah D. L. Chung (2010). Composite Materials: Functional Materials for Modern Technologies. Springer. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-84882-830-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=vGstB0vDe04C&pg=PA315.
8. ↑ Urena; Salazar, Gomez De; Gil; Escalera; Baldonedo (1999). "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of the microstructural changes occurring in aluminium matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles during casting and welding: interface reactions". Journal of Microscopy 196 (2): 124–136. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00610.x. PMID 10540265.
9. ↑ Guillermo Requena. "A359/SiC/xxp: A359 Al alloy reinforced with irregularly shaped SiC particles". MMC-ASSESS Metal Matrix Composites. http://mmc-assess.tuwien.ac.at/data/prm/duralcan/a359_sic.htm.
10. ↑ Jomar Thonstad (2001). Aluminum Electrolysis : Fundamentals of the Hall-Héroult Process 3rd ed.. Aluminum-Verlag. p. 314. ISBN 978-3-87017-270-1.
11. ↑ S.J. Zhu; L.M. Peng; Q. Zhou; Z.Y. Ma; K. Kucharova; J. Cadek (1998). "Creep behaviour of aluminum strengthened by fine aluminum carbide particles and reinforced by silicon carbide particulates DS Al-SiC/Al4C3composites" (abstract). Acta Technica CSAV (5): 435–455. http://www.iee.cas.cz/acta/98_5a.htm.
12. ↑ Jonathan James Saveker et al. "High speed cutting tool" U.S. Patent 6,033,789, Issue date: Mar 7, 2000
13. ↑ E. Pietsch, ed.: "Gmelins Hanbuch der anorganischen Chemie: Aluminum, Teil A", Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934–1935.

* v
* t
* e

Aluminium compounds

Al(I)|

* AlBr
* AlCl
* AlF
* AlI
* Al2O

Al(II)|

* AlB2
* AlB12
* AlO

Al(III)|

* AlAs
* Al(BH4)3
* AlBr3
* AlCl3
* AlF3
* AlH3
* AlI3
* AlN
* Al(NO3)3
* Al2(CO3)3
* Al(OH)3
* Al(OH)2OAc
* Al(OH)(OAc)2
* Al(OAc)3
* Al2SO4(OAc)4
* AlP
* AlPO4
* AlSb
* Al(C5H7O2)3
* Al(MnO4)3
* Al2(MoO4)3
* Al2O3
* Al2S3
* Al2(SO4)3
* Al2Se3
* Al2Te3
* Al2SiO5
* Al4C3
* AlOHO
* Al(OH)2CO2C17H5
* NaAlH2(OC2H4OCH3)2
* LiAlH2(OC2H4OCH3)2

| Alums|

* (NH4)Al(SO4)2
* KAl(SO4)2
* NaAl(SO4)2

|

Organoaluminium(III) compounds|

* (Al(CH3)3)2
* (Al(C2H5)3)2
* Al(CH2CH(CH3)2)3
* Al(C2H5)2Cl
* Al(C2H5)2CN
* Al(CH2CH(CH3)2)2H
* Al(C2H5)2Cl2C2H5Cl
* Ti(C5H5)2CH2ClAl(CH3)2

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*[CID]: Compound ID
*[H261]: In contact with water releases flammable gas
*[H315]: Causes skin irritation
*[H319]: Causes serious eye irritation
*[H335]: May cause respiratory irritation
*[P231+232]: Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture
*[P261]: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
*[P264]: Wash … thoroughly after handling
*[P271]: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area
*[P280]: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection
*[P302+352]: IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water
*[P304+340]: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing
*[P305+351+338]: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do – continue rinsing
*[P312]: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell
*[P321]: Specific treatment (see … on this label)
*[P332+313]: If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention
*[P337+313]: Get medical advice/attention
*[P362]: Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse
*[P370+378]: In case of fire: Use … for extinction
*[P402+404]: Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container
*[P403+233]: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed
*[P405]: Store locked up
*[P501]: Dispose of contents/container to …
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