Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse

Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Anabolic steroids were ranked 19th in dependence, 9th in physical harm, and 15th in social harm.[1]

Research data indicates that steroids affect the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter systems of the brain.[2] In an animal study, male rats developed a conditioned place preference to testosterone injections into the nucleus accumbens, an effect blocked by dopamine antagonists, which suggests that androgen reinforcement is mediated by the brain. Moreover, testosterone appears to act through the mesolimbic dopamine system, a common substrate for addictive substances. Nonetheless, androgen reinforcement is not comparable to that of cocaine, nicotine, or heroin. Instead, testosterone resembles other mild reinforcers, such as caffeine, or benzodiazepines. The potential for androgen addiction remains to be determined.[3]

Anabolic steroids are not psychoactive[citation needed] and cannot be detected by stimuli devices like a pupilometer which makes them hard to spot as a source of neuropsychological imbalances in some AAS users.

## Contents

* 1 Dependence potential
* 1.1 Diagnostic Statistical Manual
* 1.2 International Classification of Diseases
* 1.3 National Institute on Drug Abuse
* 2 Causes and treatment
* 2.1 Childhood trauma
* 3 Illicit use by groups
* 3.1 Criminals
* 3.2 Governments
* 3.2.1 Law enforcement
* 3.3 Sports
* 3.3.1 Professional wrestling
* 3.3.2 Students
* 3.3.2.1 Middle school
* 4 Side effects
* 4.1 Male specific side effects
* 4.2 Female specific side effects
* 4.3 Universal side effects
* 4.3.1 Physical side effects
* 4.3.2 Injection side effects
* 4.3.3 Psychological side effects
* 5 References

## Dependence potential

The Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) and the International Classification of Diseases, Volume 10 (ICD-10) differ in the way they regard Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids' (AAS) potential for producing dependence.

DSM IV regards AAS as potentially dependence producing. ICD-10, however, regards them as non-dependence producing.[4] Anabolic steroids are not physically addictive but users can develop a psychological dependence on the physical result.[5]

### Diagnostic Statistical Manual

For DSM-IV, anabolic-androgenic steroid dependency is found in the "other substance-related disorder" (which includes inhalants, anabolic steroids, medications) section and can be coded, depending on which diagnostic criteria are met.[6]

### International Classification of Diseases

ICD–10 criteria for dependence include experience of at least three of the following during the past year:[7]

* a strong desire to take steroids
* difficulty in controlling the use
* withdrawal syndrome when use is reduced
* evidence of tolerance
* neglect of other interests and persistent use despite harmful consequences

However, the following ICD-10-CM Index entries contain back-references to ICD-10-CM F55.3:[8]

* Abuse
* hormones F55.5
* steroids F55.5
* drug NEC (non-dependent) F19.10
* hormones F55.5
* steroids F55.5
* non-psychoactive substance NEC F55.8
* hormones F55.5
* steroids F55.5

ICD-10 goes on to state that "although it is usually clear that the patient has a strong motivation to take the substance, there is no development of dependence or withdrawal symptoms as in the case of the psychoactive substances."[6]

### National Institute on Drug Abuse

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) says that "even though anabolic steroids do not cause the same high as other drugs, steroids are reinforcing and can lead to addiction. Studies have shown that animals will self-administer steroids when given the opportunity, just as they do with other addictive drugs. People may persist in abusing steroids despite physical problems and negative effects on social relationships, reflecting these drugs' addictive potential. Also, people who use anabolic steroids typically spend large amounts of time and money obtaining the drug; another indication of addiction. Individuals who use anabolic steroids can experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking them, including mood swings, fatigue, restlessness, loss of appetite, insomnia, reduced sex drive, and steroid cravings, all of which may contribute to continued use. One of the most dangerous withdrawal symptoms is depression. When depression is persistent, it can sometimes lead to suicidal thoughts. Research has found that some people who use anabolic steroids turn to other substances such as opioids to counteract the negative effects of steroids."[9]

## Causes and treatment

Males who use anabolic androgenic steroids often have a troubled social background.[10]

### Childhood trauma

25% of male weightlifters reported memories of childhood physical or sexual abuse in an interview.[citation needed] Anabolic steroids are sometimes used by people with muscle dysmorphia (a specific type of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)) as a defense mechanism.[11] Yohimbine (a common pre-workout ingredient), although it fails to increase testosterone levels as had at first been suspected, has at higher doses been discovered to be useful in facilitating recall of traumatic memories during post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment that can be used in conjunction with exposure therapy.[12][13][14]

## Illicit use by groups

### Criminals

Anabolic steroid use has been associated with an antisocial lifestyle involving various types of criminality.[15]

### Governments

#### Law enforcement

Steroid abuse among law enforcement is considered a problem by some. "It's a big problem, and from the number of cases, it's something we shouldn't ignore. It's not that we set out to target cops, but when we're in the middle of an active investigation into steroids, there have been quite a few cases that have led back to police officers," says Lawrence Payne, a spokesman for the United States Drug Enforcement Administration.[16] The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin stated that "Anabolic steroid abuse by police officers is a serious problem that merits greater awareness by departments across the country".[17] It is also believed that police officers across the United Kingdom "are using criminals to buy steroids and abuse their power for sexual gratification" which he claims to be a top risk factor for police corruption.

### Sports

#### Professional wrestling

Following the resurgence of Bill Graham, the Oversight and Government Reform Committee investigated steroid usage in the wrestling industry.[18] The Committee investigated WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), asking for documentation of their companies' drug policies. WWE CEO and Chairman, Linda and Vince McMahon respectively, both testified. The documents stated that 75 wrestlers—roughly 40 percent—had tested positive for drug use since 2006, most commonly for steroids.[19][20]

#### Students

##### Middle school

According to a 1998 study, 2.7% of middle school students admitted to taking steroids. 2% of non-users indicated they would use them in the future.[21]

## Side effects

There are heavy physiological side effects that affect the human body upon using anabolic steroids. Both men and women can use androgenic (testosterone) hormones and experience the repercussions. There are "Male Specific",[22] "Female Specific",[22] Universal,[22] Physical,[22] Injection related,[22] and Psychological[22] side effects that occur from anabolic steroid use.

### Male specific side effects

These side effects pertain to males which include:[22]

* Male breast enlargement
* Shrunken testicles
* Decreased sperm count to the point of sterility or infertility
* Impotence
* An enlarged prostate
* Low back pain
* Water retention.

### Female specific side effects

These side effects pertain to females which include:[22]

* Breast shrinkage
* Facial hair growth
* Extreme clitoral enlargement
* Menstrual irregularity (such as late periods, or lack thereof)

### Universal side effects

These side effects can happen to any people of any sex. They are broken down into three categories which are the Physical,[23] Injection related,[22] and Psychological[22] side effects.

#### Physical side effects

Side effects that men and women experience physically include:[22]

* Decreased libido
* Deepened voice
* Headaches
* Kidney pain
* General skin infections and skin tearing
* Striae
* Alopecia
* Severe acne on the face and back
* Urticaria
* Liver disease
* Kidney damage
* Gastrointestinal distress
* Eczema
* Increased heart size

#### Injection side effects

Common side effects of anabolic steroid use via injection include:[22]

* Neurovascular injury (damage to blood vessels and nerve clusters)
* Hematoma
* Fibrosis
* Bacterial infection
* Hepatitis B or C
* HIV infection.

#### Psychological side effects

Anabolic steroid abuse can affect one's psyche, regardless of gender. Psychological damages from abuse include:[22]

* Psychological dependence and addiction
* Mood swings
* Short-term personality changes during periods of increased use
* Increased aggression
* Paranoia
* Mania
* Delusions of grandeur
* Psychosis
* Irrational thoughts and behavior
* Memory loss
* Panic attacks

Note that all of these side effects of anabolic steroid use may or may not occur. Side effects occur because of hormonal imbalances. Non-direct reasonings for steroid use for sports can also stem from the low positive dope tests that occur before an event.[24] When competition is at an all-time high, the incentive to use steroids becomes that much easier as sports events do not have a just way to provide fool-proof drug tests.[23]

## References

1. ↑ "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet 369 (9566): 1047–1053. March 2007. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60464-4. PMID 17382831.
2. ↑ Dopinglinkki > Anabolic steroids induce long-term changes in the brain
3. ↑ "Reinforcing aspects of androgens". Physiology & Behavior 83 (2): 279–289. November 2004. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.012. PMID 15488545.
4. ↑ "Dependence-Producing Potential of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids". Addiction Research & Theory 7 (6): 539–550. 1999. doi:10.3109/16066359909004404.
5. ↑ "The price of steroids | Men's Fitness UK". Mensfitness.co.uk. 2008-09-03. http://www.mensfitness.co.uk/nutrition/supplements/1100/price-steroids.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Complexities in clarifying the diagnostic criteria for anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence". The American Journal of Psychiatry 166 (10): 1187; author reply 1188. October 2009. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09060846. PMID 19797448.
7. ↑ "Anabolic androgenic steroids: What the psychiatrist needs to know". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 13 (3): 203–211. 2007. doi:10.1192/apt.bp.105.000935.
8. ↑ "2014 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code F55.3 : Abuse of steroids or hormones". Icd10data.com. http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F50-F59/F55-/F55.3.
9. ↑ "DrugFacts: Anabolic Steroids | National Institute on Drug Abuse". Drugabuse.gov. http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/anabolic-steroids.
10. ↑ "Troubled social background of male anabolic-androgenic steroid abusers in treatment". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2: 20. July 2007. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-2-20. PMID 17615062.
11. ↑ "Why do people abuse anabolic steroids? | National Institute on Drug Abuse". Drugabuse.gov. http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/anabolic-steroid-abuse/why-do-people-abuse-anabolic-steroids.
12. ↑ "Pharmacology of cognitive enhancers for exposure-based therapy of fear, anxiety and trauma-related disorders". Pharmacology & Therapeutics 149: 150–190. May 2015. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.004. PMID 25550231.
13. ↑ "Enhancing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 14 (8): 893–910. August 2014. doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.934677. PMID 24972729.
14. ↑ "The Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder". Extreme stress and communities: impact and intervention. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1995. pp. 421–44. ISBN 978-0-7923-3468-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=sVuMSVEY83UC&pg=PA421.
15. ↑ "Criminality among individuals testing positive for the presence of anabolic androgenic steroids". Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (11): 1274–1279. November 2006. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.11.1274. PMID 17088508.
16. ↑ "Steroid abuse among law enforcement a problem nationwide". The Ann Arbor News. 27 December 2010. http://www.annarbor.com/health/steroid-abuse-among-law-enforcement-a-problem-nationwide/.
17. ↑ "Anabolic Steroid Use and Abuse by Police Officers: Policy & Prevention". The Police Chief. June 2008. http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=1512&issue_id=62008.
18. ↑ Brian Lockhart (2010-03-01). "WWE steroid investigation: A controversy McMahon 'doesn't need'". Greenwich Time. http://www.greenwichtime.com/news/article/Sunday-subscriber-advantage-WWE-steroid-385857.php#page-1.
19. ↑ "documents". World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.. http://oversight.house.gov/images/stories/documents/20081231141129.pdf.
20. ↑ "Deposition details McMahon steroid testimony | News from southeastern Connecticut". The Day. 2007-12-13. http://www.theday.com/article/20100609/NWS12/306099933/1019&town=.
21. ↑ "Anabolic steroid use by male and female middle school students". Pediatrics 101 (5): E6. May 1998. doi:10.1542/peds.101.5.e6. PMID 9565439.
22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 Anabolic steroid abuse in public safety personnel: a forensic manual.. London, England: Academic Press. January 2015.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Steroid Analysis (2nd ed.). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 2010.
24. ↑ "Anabolic Steroids: Metabolism, Doping and Detection in Human and Equestrian Sports.". Steroid Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer. 2010. pp. 743–836.

Classification|

* ICD-10: F55.5

|

{{Navbox

| name = Androgens and antiandrogens
| title = Androgens and antiandrogens
| state = collapsed
| listclass = hlist
| groupstyle = text-align:center;

| group1 = Androgens
(incl. AAS)

| list1 =

AR agonists|

* Testosterone derivatives: Androstenediol dipropionate
* Boldenone undecylenate
* Clostebol
* Clostebol acetate
* Clostebol caproate
* Clostebol propionate
* Cloxotestosterone acetate
* Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA)
* Prasterone enanthate (DHEA enanthate)
* Prasterone sulfate (DHEA sulfate)
* Quinbolone
* Testosterone#
* Testosterone esters (e.g., testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate]], testosterone propionate]], testosterone undecanoate]], testosterone ester mixture]]s (Deposterona, Omnadren, Sustanon, Testoviron Depot))

* Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: Androstanolone (stanolone, dihydrotestosterone, DHT)
* Androstanolone esters
* Bolazine capronate
* Drostanolone propionate (dromostanolone propionate)
* Epitiostanol
* Mepitiostane
* Mesterolone
* Metenolone acetate (methenolone acetate)
* Metenolone enanthate (methenolone enanthate)
* Stenbolone acetate

* 19-Nortestosterone derivatives: Bolandiol dipropionate
* Nandrolone esters (e.g., nandrolone decanoate, nandrolone phenylpropionate)
* Norclostebol
* Norclostebol acetate
* Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)
* Trenbolone acetate
* Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate)

* 17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: Bolasterone
* Calusterone
* Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)
* Fluoxymesterone
* Formebolone
* Metandienone (methandienone, methandrostenolone)
* Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)
* Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate
* Methandriol dipropionate
* Methandriol propionate
* Methyltestosterone
* Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether
* Oxymesterone
* Penmesterol
* Tiomesterone (thiomesterone)

* 17α-Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives: Androisoxazole
* Furazabol
* Mebolazine (dimethazine)
* Mestanolone
* Oxandrolone
* Oxymetholone
* Stanozolol

* 17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: Ethylestrenol
* Mibolerone
* Norethandrolone
* Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)
* Propetandrol (propethandrol)

* 17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)

* 17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: Danazol
* Gestrinone
* Progestins (e.g., ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone), levonorgestrel, norgestrel, norethisterone (norethindrone), [[Chemistry:Lynestrlynestrenol, Norgestrienone|norgestrienone]])
* Tibolone

* Progesterone derivatives: Medroxyprogesterone acetate

|

Progonadotropins|

* Antiestrogens (e.g., tamoxifen, Chemistry:Clomifene

| group2 = Antiandrogens
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
| groupstyle = text-align:center;
| groupwidth = 9em;

| group1 = AR antagonists
| list1 =

* Steroidal: Abiraterone acetate
* Canrenone
* Chlormadinone acetate
* Cyproterone acetate
* Delmadinone acetate
* Dienogest
* Drospirenone
* Medrogestone
* Megestrol acetate
* Nomegestrol acetate
* Osaterone acetate
* Oxendolone
* Potassium canrenoate
* Spironolactone

* Nonsteroidal: Apalutamide
* Bicalutamide
* Cimetidine
* Darolutamide
* Enzalutamide
* Flutamide
* Ketoconazole
* Nilutamide
* Seviteronel†
* Topilutamide (fluridil)

| group2 = Steroidogenesis
inhibitors

| list2 =

5α-Reductase|

* Alfatradiol
* Dutasteride
* Epristeride
* Finasteride
* Saw palmetto extract

|

Others|

* Abiraterone acetate
* Aminoglutethimide
* Bifluranol
* Cyproterone acetate
* Flutamide
* Ketoconazole
* Nilutamide
* Seviteronel†
* Spironolactone

| group3 = Antigonadotropins
| list3 =

* D2 receptor antagonists (prolactin releasers) (e.g., domperidone, metoclopramide, risperidone, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, sulpiride)
* Estrogens (e.g., bifluranol, [[diethylstilbestrol, estradiol, estradiol esters, ethinylestradiol, ethinylestradiol sulfonate, paroxypropione)
* GnRH agonists (e.g., leuprorelin)
* GnRH antagonists (e.g., cetrorelix)
* Progestogens (incl., chlormadinone acetate, [[cyproterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, gestonorone caproate, [[Chemistry:Medroxyprogesterone medroxyprogesterone acetate, Chemistry:Megestrol acetate|megestrol acetate]])

| group4 = Others
| list4 =

* Androstenedione immunogens: Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
* Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)

| liststyle = background:#DDDDFF;

| list3 =

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

See also
Androgen receptor modulators
Estrogens and antiestrogens
Progestogens and antiprogestogens
List of androgens/anabolic steroids

* v
* t
* e

Androgen receptor modulators

AR|

| Agonists|

* Testosterone derivatives: 4-Androstenediol
* 4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)
* 4-Hydroxytestosterone
* 4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone
* 5-Androstenedione
* 11-Ketotestosterone
* 11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
* Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)
* Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)
* Androstenediol 3β-acetate
* Androstenediol 17β-acetate
* Androstenediol diacetate
* Androstenediol dipropionate
* Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)
* Atamestane
* Boldenone
* Boldenone undecylenate
* Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)
* Clostebol
* Clostebol acetate
* Clostebol caproate
* Clostebol propionate
* Cloxotestosterone
* Cloxotestosterone acetate
* Dehydroandrosterone
* DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)
* DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)
* DHEA sulfate
* Exemestane
* Formestane
* Plomestane
* Quinbolone
* Silandrone
* Testosterone# (+dutasteride)
* Testosterone esters
* Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate

* Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 1-Androstenediol
* 1-Androstenedione
* 1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)
* 1-Testosterone
* 3α-Androstanediol
* 5α-Androst-2-en-17-one
* 7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
* 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
* Androsterone
* Bolazine
* Bolazine capronate
* Dihydroethisterone
* Dihydroethyltestosterone
* Dihydrofluoxymesterone
* Dihydromethylandrostenediol
* Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (androstanolone, stanolone)
* Dihydrotestosterone esters
* Drostanolone
* Drostanolone propionate
* Epiandrosterone
* Epitiostanol
* Mepitiostane
* Mesabolone
* Mesterolone
* Mesterolone cipionate
* Methyldiazinol
* Nisterime
* Nisterime acetate
* Prostanozol
* Stenbolone
* Stenbolone acetate
* Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)

* 19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)
* 11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
* 11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
* 19-Nor-5-androstenediol
* 19-Nor-5-androstenedione
* 19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
* Bolandiol
* Bolandiol dipropionate
* Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)
* Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)
* Dienedione
* Dienolone
* Dimethandrolone
* Dimethandrolone buciclate
* Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
* Dimethandrolone undecanoate
* LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)
* Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
* Nandrolone
* Nandrolone esters
* Norclostebol
* Norclostebol acetate
* Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)
* Oxabolone
* Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)
* Trenbolone
* Trenbolone acetate
* Trenbolone enanthate
* Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate
* Trenbolone undecanoate
* Trendione
* Trestolone (MENT)
* Trestolone acetate
* Trestolone enanthate

* Dihydrotestosterone and 19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
* 5α-Dihydronandrolone
* 5α-Dihydronorethandrolone
* 5α-Dihydronorethisterone
* 5α-Dihydronormethandrone
* 5α-Dihydrotrestolone
* 19-Norandrosterone

* 17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: Bolasterone
* Calusterone
* Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)
* Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)
* Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)
* Enestebol
* Ethyltestosterone
* Fluoxymesterone
* Formebolone
* Hydroxystenozole
* Metandienone (methandrostenolone)
* Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)
* Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate
* Methandriol diacetate
* Methandriol dipropionate
* Methandriol propionate
* Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)
* Methyltestosterone (+esterified estrogens)
* Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether
* Oxymesterone
* Penmesterol
* Tiomesterone

* 17α-Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives: Androisoxazole
* Desoxymethyltestosterone
* Furazabol
* Mebolazine (dimethazine)
* Mestanolone
* Metenolone
* Metenolone acetate
* Metenolone enanthate
* Methasterone
* Methyl-1-testosterone
* Methylepitiostanol
* Methylstenbolone
* Oxandrolone
* Oxymetholone
* Stanozolol

* 17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: Bolenol
* Dimethyldienolone
* Dimethyltrienolone
* Ethyldienolone
* Ethylestrenol
* Methyldienolone
* Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)
* Metribolone
* Mibolerone
* Norboletone
* Norethandrolone
* Propetandrol
* RU-2309
* Tetrahydrogestrinone

* 17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)
* Vinyltestosterone

* 17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: Δ4-Tibolone
* Danazol
* Desogestrel
* Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)
* Etonogestrel
* Etynodiol
* Etynodiol diacetate
* Gestodene
* Gestrinone
* Levonorgestrel
* Levonorgestrel esters (e.g., levonorgestrel butanoate)
* Lynestrenol
* Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
* Norethisterone
* Norethisterone esters (e.g., norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate)
* Norgestrel
* Norgestrienone
* Quingestanol
* Quingestanol acetate
* Tibolone

* Progesterone derivatives: Medroxyprogesterone acetate
* Megestrol acetate

* Others/unsorted: 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone
* 5α-Androstane
* Alternariol
* Cl-4AS-1
* Drupanol
* ZM-182345

|

Mixed
(SARMs)|

* Nonsteroidal: 198RL26
* ACP-105
* AC-262536
* Acetothiolutamide
* Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)
* BMS-564929
* DTIB
* Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)
* FTBU-1
* GSK-4336A
* GSK-8698
* LG-121071 (LGD-121071)
* LGD-2226
* LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)
* LGD-3303
* LGD-4033
* JNJ-26146900
* JNJ-28330835
* JNJ-37654032
* ORM-11984
* R-1
* RAD140
* RU-59063
* S-1
* S-23
* S-40503
* S-101479
* Triclosan

* Steroidal: EM-9017
* MK-0773
* TFM-4AS-1
* YK-11

Antagonists|

* Steroidal: 7α-Thioprogesterone
* 7α-Thiospironolactone
* 7α-Thiomethylspironolactone
* 11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
* 15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
* Abiraterone
* Abiraterone acetate
* Allyltestosterone
* Benorterone
* BOMT
* Canrenoic acid
* Canrenone
* Chlormadinone acetate
* Clascoterone
* Clometerone
* Cyproheptadine
* Cyproterone
* Cyproterone acetate
* Delanterone
* Delmadinone acetate
* Dicirenone
* Dienogest
* Drospirenone
* DU-41165
* Edogestrone
* EM-4350
* EM-5854
* EM-5855
* EM-6537
* Epitestosterone
* Galeterone
* Guggulsterone
* Medrogestone
* Megestrol acetate
* Mespirenone
* Metogest
* Mexrenone
* Mifepristone
* Nomegestrol acetate
* Nordinone
* Osaterone
* Osaterone acetate
* Oxendolone
* Potassium canrenoate
* Promegestone
* Prorenone
* Rosterolone
* RU-15328
* SC-5233 (spirolactone)
* Spironolactone
* Spirorenone
* Spiroxasone
* Topterone
* Trimegestone
* Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)
* Zanoterone

* Nonsteroidal: 5N-Bicalutamide
* AA560
* Antarlides
* Arabilin
* Apalutamide
* Atraric acid
* AZD-3514
* Bakuchiol
* BAY-1024767
* Bicalutamide
* Bisphenols (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S)
* BMS-501949
* BMS-570511
* BMS-641988
* CH5137291
* Cimetidine
* Cioteronel
* Cyanonilutamide
* Darolutamide
* DDT (via metabolite p,p’-DDE)
* Dieldrin
* DIMP
* Endosulfan
* Enzalutamide
* EPI-001
* Fenarimol
* Flutamide
* Hydroxyflutamide
* Inocoterone
* Inocoterone acetate
* Ketoconazole
* Ketodarolutamide
* Lavender oil
* LG-105
* LG-120907
* LGD-1331
* Linuron
* Methiocarb
* N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide
* N-Desmethylapalutamide
* N-Desmethylenzalutamide
* Nilutamide
* ONC1-13B
* Pentomone
* PF-998425
* Phenothrin
* Prochloraz
* Procymidone
* Proxalutamide
* Ralaniten (EPI-002)
* Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)
* RD-162
* Ro 2-7239
* Ro 5-2537
* RU-22930
* RU-56187
* RU-57073
* RU-58642
* RU-58841
* Seviteronel
* Thalidomide
* Topilutamide (fluridil)
* Valproic acid
* Vinclozolin
* YM-580
* YM-92088
* YM-175735

GPRC6A|

| Agonists|

* Cations (incl. aluminum, calcium, Gadolinium

|

See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Androgens and antiandrogens
Estrogen receptor modulators
Progesterone receptor modulators
List of androgens/anabolic steroids

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Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Anabolic-androgenic_steroids_abuse&oldid=523027"
*[AAS]: anabolic–androgenic steroid
*[AR]: Androgen receptor
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*[t]: Discuss this template
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*[SARMs]: Selective androgen receptor modulator
*[GPRC6A]: G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A